I-luvo ngokwentshukumisa, uyakwazi ukuguquka transmission

I-luvo yabantu isebenza uhlobo zizityalelo emzimbeni wethu. It edlulisela imiyalelo evela izihlunu ingqondo, amalungu, iithishu neenkqubo iziganeko eza kubo. Umlawuli angxamele luvo isetyenziswa njenge uhlobo yenethiwekhi data. Yintoni na? umsebenzi Indlela fast? Ezi, kwakunye amanye mibuzo iza kufunyanwa impendulo kweli nqaku.

Yintoni naloo nto-luvo?

Ngoko sikubiza nokulatyuza nemincili ukuba kwanwenwa ecaleni imicu nje impendulo ukukhuthazwa zemithambo-luvo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba ukudluliselwa kolwazi ukusuka receptors ezahlukeneyo kwenkqubo luvo. Kwaye kulo, yena, ukuze amalungu ezahlukeneyo (izihlunu kunye namadlala). Kwaye yintoni le nkqubo a physiologically? Indlela ukudluliselwa umlawuli angxamele-luvo kukuba inwebu iineuron uyakwazi ukutshintsha kwimpuhle yabo electrochemical. Kwaye sinomdla kule nkqubo ithatha indawo leesynapse. ngezantya-luvo amaphupho ingahluka ngaphakathi 3 12 ngomzuzwana. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu malunga nayo, yaye izinto ezichaphazela ngayo, siza sithethe.

isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi izifundo

Indlela yokuqala ngokwentshukumisa-luvo iye yabonisa zizazinzulu German E. Hering kunye Helmholtz kulo mzekelo isele. Ngelo xesha, kwaza kwaphengululwa kwafumaniseka ukuba uphawu bioelectrical Ukhuthaza ngesantya elikhankanywe ngaphambili. Ngokubanzi, oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka nolwakhiwo ekhethekileyo imicu-luvo. Ngeendlela ezithile bafana intambo yombane. Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho ukufana kunye nayo, le axons kukho abaqhubi, yaye insulators - esingxotyeni lwabo myelin (bamele Schwann iseli inwebu, nto leyo nenxeba maleko ezininzi). Ngaphezu koko, isantya luvo ngokwentshukumisa kuxhomekeke ikakhulu kwi sangqa imicu. Kucingwa indlela yesibini phawu lubalulekileyo usambathisa umbane. Koko, njengoko myelin lipoprotein izinto yomzimba ezisetyenzisiweyo, nto leyo eye iipropati Heating. Ezinye iimeko ilingana, kokukhona kuya kuba umaleko yayo, amaza-luvo iya kuba ngokukhawuleza. Kwanaxa mzuzu asikwazi ukuba le nkqubo kuphandwe ngokupheleleyo. Ubukhulu enokuthanani luvo inhliziyo yakho, uyakuhlala imfihlelo kunye kwisifundo sophando.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Ukuba sithethe umendo ngokwentshukumisa-luvo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba myelin esingxotyeni ifayibha kungakhankanywanga ecaleni ubude balo lonke. Iimpawu lokwakha yokuba imeko yangoku kubhetele ukuba xa kuthelekiswa kunye nokudalwa enemikhono yodongwe zokwambathisa ezikhoyo, nto leyo ambathe kwenziwa kwi intonga ngentambo yombane (nangona kulo mzekelo, lo Umzobo wesi). Ngenxa yoko - kukho, non-zigqunyiwe izitishi zombane ezincinane, ukusuka apho ion yangoku ngokulula kumpompoza ngaphandle Umzobo wesi kokusingqongileyo (okanye ngokuphendululekileyo). Xa olu inwebu Ijalele. Ngenxa yoku, ebizwa ngokuba inyathelo enokubakho isizukulwana kwiindawo ukuba wayesoloko. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yindawo Ranvier. Ubukho kwindlela kuvumela ukwenza naloo luvo kwaqhenqetha kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Makhe sithethe ngale kule mizekelo. Ngoko ke, isantya luvo ngokwentshukumisa kwi ifayibha enkulu myelinated, netoti leyo yahluka ngaphakathi 10-20 microns ka 70-120 ngomzuzwana. Kanti nabo isakhiwo non-ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo, nani amaxesha ngaphantsi kwama-60!

Phi na?

abese Nerve kwenzeka kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo. Ukukwazi ukwenza le "imiyalezo" yenye iimpawu zazo eziphambili. Inika Imiqondiso ngokukhawuleza nemithambo ngokwentshukumisa andise efanayo axons imigama emide. Ngoko ke, oko kumzimba ibalulekileyo kuthetha ukuba kwabelwane ngolwazi kuyo. Idatha kwi yashukunyiswa usasazwa ugqithiselwa nge utshintsho rhoqo uhambo. Isebenzisa inkqubo ephucukileyo kweempepha, nto leyo ezihanjiswayo amakhulu neemvakalelo-luvo ngomzuzwana. Eziliqela umgaqo efanayo, nangona ingxaki ebonakalayo yokubaleka elektroniki computer. Ngoko ke, xa amaza-luvo kwenzeke kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo, ukuba ukuyifunda ngendlela ethile, uze kuphela idluliselwe. Kulo mzekelo, ulwazi abahamba ngendlela "pakisha" ezizodwa, apho ube nenombolo nesimilo phindo. Konke oku bubekwa ndawonye, kwaye isiseko umsebenzi zombane zesingqisho esengqondweni ibhaliswe ngokusebenzisa electroencephalogram.

iintlobo cell

Ethetha ngokulandelelana yokosulela luvo ngokwentshukumisa, umntu ukungabahoyi iiseli zemithambo-luvo (iiseli zemithambo-luvo), kwaye apho kukho ukutshintshwa imiqondiso yombane. Ngoko ke, ngenxa kubo ukunxibelelana amalungu ahluka-hlukileyo omzimba wethu. Kuxhomekeka yesakhiwo nokusebenza iintlobo ezintathu:

1. Receptor (sensitive). Bona ikhodi kwaye ukuguquka ube amaza luvo zonke zizinto thermal, imichiza, yiacoustic, mechanical kunye nokukhanya.
2. Eyodwa (nezaziwa ngokuba reflex okanye umqhubi). Baya bakhonza lizisebenzise nokusebenzisa pulses. Inani labo inkulu kwi ingqondo yoluntu umnqonqo.
3. Effector (motor). Befumana imiyalelo evela kwinkqubo luvo ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo ezithile ezenziwa zaye (imitha yelanga eqaqambileyo ukuvala amehlo akhe, njalo njalo).

neuron nganye unomzimba iseli kunye nenkqubo. Umendo umlawuli angxamele luvo ngokusebenzisa umzimba uqala kunye yokugqibela. Iinkqubo ezi ndidi mbini:

1. Luvo. Bona babe umsebenzi kwimbono receptors aphazamiseke ibekwe phezu kwalo.
2. Axons. Enkosi kubo, iminqweno-luvo kudluliselwa ukusuka kwiseli emzimbeni ukusebenza.

Esinye isici elinika umdla

Ethetha babambelele kwiiseli ze ngokwentshukumisa-luvo, kunzima ukuba kukuxelela malunga omnye umzuzu umdla. Ngoko, xa behleli bodwa, ngoko, ngoko, impompo sodium-potassium ababandakanyekayo ukuhamba ion ngendlela ezakwenza kufikelelwe isiphumo amanzi kunye netyuwa ngaphakathi ngaphandle. Ngenxa ukungalingani umahluko enokubakho lonke inwebu efumaneka inokubonakalisa ukuya ku-70 millivolts. Kuba kuthelekiswa - kuba yi-5% ingabikho rhoqo iibhetri AA. Kodwa kamsinya nje utshintsho iseli karhulumente, ngoko lizama onesiphumo aphazanyiswa, kunye nabo baqale kubuyela ebutsheni. Oku kwenzeka xa udlula umendo ngokwentshukumisa-luvo. Ngenxa yintshukumo ion esebenzayo yaye esi senzo kubizwa ngokuba banekhono isenzo. Xa ufikelela inani ethile ngoko inkqubo umva, kwaye iseli ifikelela ngxi.

izenzo ezingafunwa

Ukuthetha malunga inguqu umlawuli angxamele-luvo yaye andise yawo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba bekuya kuba milimitha measly ngomzuzwana. Ngoko ke esandleni imiyalezo esuka engqondweni ukuya ukufikelela kuzo kwimizuzu, nto leyo ngokucacileyo ayilunganga. Apha kwakhona idlala indima ekomelezeni ubuchule amanyathelo esingxobeni myelin ngazo ngaphambili. Kwaye bonke "ukungenzi" zawo zibekwe ngendlela eyenza ukuba babe kuphela nempembelelo entle izinga umkhosi esandleni sakhe. Ngoko ke, xa angxamele ufikelela ekupheleni kwindawo engundoqo ye Umzobo wesi mzimbeni mnye, ukuba utshintshela iseli elandelayo, okanye (ukuba sithethe ngayo ingqondo) ngamahlumela ezininzi zemithambo-luvo. Kodwa ke kule meko ichazwe mva a bit eyahlukileyo umgaqo.

Indlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo?

Masithethe, yintoni ulandelelwano transfer-luvo ngokwentshukumisa isebenza kwezona ndawo zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo luvo. Kukho luvo evela kubamelwane babo ezahlulwe sisithuba izikhewu ezincinane ekuthiwa leesynapse. Isakhono esisenzo sacanda mkhandanisi kubo; ngoko ufuna enye indlela ukuya iseli elandelayo luvo. Ekupheleni kwenkqubo nganye kukho njengamaqhakuva amancinane ekuthiwa vesicles presynaptic. Ngamnye kubo uqhagamshelwano okhethekileyo - neurotransmitters. Xa kuziwa kwi intshukumo isakhono, ezo molekyuli bekhululwe kwi pouches. Ukuwela synapse kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe ukuya receptors ezizodwa beemolekyuli ukuba ibekwe kwi ndizayo. Xa oku intsalela kuphazanyiswa, yaye mhlawumbi kukho isakhono inyathelo elitsha. Ngokuphawulekayo oko, kodwa bengazi, iingcaphephe sele ukufunda umba unanamhla.

neurotransmitters umsebenzi

Xa inkqubo iqaqambisa inkqubela-luvo, kukho iindlela ezininzi eziya kwenzeka kubo:

1. Baya kwentamo.
2. Baye ewisa chemical.
3. Yiya phaya amadlu yakho (ebizwa ngokuba reuptake).

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 bebone into eyothusayo. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba iziyobisi echaphazela neurotransmitters (kwakunye ukukhutshwa zabo, kwaye kombuso umva) angayitshintsha isimo sengqondo yomntu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, inani lakhula ezifana "Prozac" ibhloko le reuptake serotonin. Kukho izizathu ezithile zokukholelwa ukuba izifo Parkinson ukuze ityala intsilelo kwi dopamine neurotransmitter ebuchotsheni.

Ngoku abaphandi abafunda umda states of psyche yabantu, uzama uku bana phandle indlela le yonke echaphazela ingqondo yomntu. Okwangoku, njengokuba Awunayo impendulo yalo mbuzo ibalulekileyo: yintoni ebangela ukuba neuron ukudala amandla isenzo? Ngoxa indlela "launch" iiseli ukuba imfihlo. Eyona umdla ngokwembono puzzle umsebenzi ephambili luvo ebuchotsheni.

Ngokufutshane, bayakwazi ukusebenza kunye amawaka neurotransmitters, bathunywe ngabamelwane babo. Iinkcukacha malunga processing kunye nokuhlanganiswa olu hlobo ukubetha, thina phantse ayaziwa. Ngoxa ukusebenza kule amaqela amaninzi uphando. Okwangoku, ndajika ukuze ndibone ukuba zonke pulses ezifunyenweyo ezihlangeneyo, kwaye neuron yenza isigqibo - nokuba ukugcina amandla amanyathelo lize lizidlulisele. Kule nkqubo esisiseko isekelwe nokusebenza ngobuchopho bomntu. Kulungile, ngoko ke akumangalisi ukuba asiyazi impendulo kule iqhina.

Ezinye iimpawu senkolelo

Kwinqaku "luvo ngokwentshukumisa" yaye "action olunokubakho" zisetyenziswa ntonye. Xa theory oku kuyinyaniso, nangona kwezinye iimeko kuyimfuneko ukuze bayithathele ingqalelo ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba uya kungena iinkcukacha, amandla isenzo nje yinxalenye ngokwentshukumisa-luvo. Xa kuqwalaselwa iincwadi zenzululwazi eneenkcukacha ingafunyanwa ukuba ekuthiwa-inwebu ukutshintsha kuphela intlawulo ukusuka HIV ngexa ezingakhiyo vice. Ekubeni phantsi umlawuli angxamele luvo ukuqonda inkqubo entsonkothileyo zesakhiwo electrochemical. Oku isasazwa phezu inwebu kwe neuron njenge abahambahambayo utshintsho amaza. Intshukumo ezinokubakho - isakhi sombane kuphela ukwakhiwa ngokwentshukumisa-luvo. It ephawula iinguqu ezithi zenzeke kwizimangalo inxenye yasekuhlaleni ndizayo.

Baphi amaza-luvo?

njani uqala phi? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ukunika nawuphi na umfundi ngenkuthalo amalungu nemincili. Kukho iindlela ezine:

1. ekupheleni receptor le dendrite. Ukuba (hayi enyanisweni), kunokwenzeka ukuba sibangela eyaneleyo, nto leyo iza kudala i okungenisa enokubakho kuqala, uze emva koko, kunye mnqweno luvo. nociceptors ukusebenza ngendlela efanayo.
2. Le inwebu leesynapse excitatory. Njengomgaqo, oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kukho ukuphazamiseka eyomeleleyo okanye summation zabo.
3. zone kubangela Dentrida. Kulo mzekelo, zibe postsynaptic excitatory asekuhlaleni efunyenwe impendulo kwizivuseleli. Ukuba esiludumbo yokuqala Ranvier of myelinated, basikeleleni abo bubonke. Ngenxa yobukho apho lwenxalenye inwebu, elo ke linyuke onovakalelo, kukho kuvela mnqweno luvo.
4. Umzobo wesi hillock. Ngoko wabiza indawo apho yemithambo-iqala. Iduli - lo pulses osetyenziswe ukwenza neuron. Kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo, ezibe zibonwa ngaphambili, imbonakalo yabo ngaphantsi okuba kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba apha inwebu une Ukukhula kobuthathaka nokuncipha depolarization kwinqanaba ezibalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, xa bekuqalwa summation of nekhono ezininzi excitatory postsynaptic, owokuqala uyiphendula kubo ndunduma.

UMZEKELO zandise excitation

amagama Story kunokubangela amathuba ngamnye ukudideka. Ukulungisa oku, kubalulekile ngokufutshane iphumele ntetho ulwazi. Ngokomzekelo, thatha umlilo.

Khumbula iingxelo iindaba ezivela ehlotyeni yokugqibela (njengoko kungekudala uza kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba aliphulaphule kwakhona). sandiswa Fire! Kulo mzekelo imithi namatyholo ukuba zikhanyiswe bahlale kwizihlalo zabo. Kodwa phambi umlilo uya akude kuloo ndawo abekuyo umthombo ngomlilo. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi luvo.

Kuyimfuneko rhoqo zokumisa ekuqaleni excitation-luvo. Kodwa akukho lula ukuyenza, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko umlilo. Ukuze wenze oku ngumntu neuron uphazamiseko lomsebenzi (ngeenjongo amayeza), okanye sebenzisa iintlobo iindlela nokomzimba. Oku kuthelekiswa umlilo ngokugalela amanzi.