Ezinye - yintoni na le nto?

Intwana ngaphezu kwekhulu eyadlulayo, abantu wayengazi ubukho kumaqela ahlukeneyo igazi. Malunga RH into, safunda lukhulu kamva, kwiminyaka 76 kuphela eyadlulayo. Ukususela ngoko igazi Uyekile ukwenza ezibulalayo ngokwendalo kwaye sele phantse abaqhelekileyo inkqubo usindisa ubomi babantu abaninzi kangaka ehlabathini lonke.

Inzululwazi lutofelo

Ezinye - le yenye yezona iinkalo Haematology, inzululwazi igazi. Yena izifundo gazi, ukunkonkxa, livuleka igazi ngaphandle, wayila ababambeleyo igazi ngumntu, kwakunye nonyango iingxaki kunokwenzeka kunye ukutofelwa kwaye emva kwayo. Haematology kunye Transfusiology ingakumbi - phambili amasebe zezonyango namhlanje. Oku akothusi.

Ukuze oogqirha, iingcali labagula kakhulu, obstetricians; anesthetists kunye lokususa ukuvela kunye nophuhliso lenzululwazi ezifana Transfusiology - oku linyathelo elikhulu phambili.

elikhulu Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo: ukutofelwa igazi lisetyenziswa kuphela olungxamisekileyo sinokuthi: njengento yokugqibela. Kwiimeko apho sifo inkqubela, nawo onke amanye amanyathelo zonyango okanye ngotyando basilele, ugqirha akwazi ukuthatha umngcipheko umguli. I ugqirha isigulane kwaye usoloko wayesazi ukuba izinga impumelelo malunga ulingana amathuba yokufa.

Namhlanje Transfusiology - yinto inzululwazi mihla nokuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza. It kusekho okuninzi ezeza nezi.

Basics igazi

Isiseko Ngokutofela inzululwazi wabeka ukuvulwa 1900 no 1940 uhlobo lwegazi kunye RH factor. Kungelo xesha abantu bafunda ngobukho babantu emhlabeni kunye namaqela amane:

• I - 0.
• II - A.
• III - B.
• IV - AB.

Kwaye ke ubukho izinto ezimbini rhesus:

• Positive (Rh-).
• Negative (H. +).

izifundo Ezinye bavunyelwe ukuba oonobangela leengozi ku lutofelo kunye umboniso itshathi ehambelanayo kumaqela igazi (bona. Ezantsi).

lwegazi kunye RH into ayikwazi ukutshintsha phezu ubomi, musani akuxhomekekanga kuhlanga, isini, kwaye ilifa neempawu ngamnye. Ezinye i oogqirha eqinisekisiwe kwaye wafundisa ukuba asebenzise olo lwazi xa unonophelo izigulane ezifuna ukutofelwa.

igazi

Namhlanje, ukutofelwa igazi labantu bonke ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa ngolondolozo kunye nozinzo phantse asisetyenziswa konke. esetyenziselwa ikakhulu amacandelo eyimfuneko isigulane yodwa indlela fractionation, ngokukodwa kakubi kwaye kakhulu emkhenkceni. ukusetyenziswa zegazi, iiseli ezibomvu ngeembambo, plasma, leukocytes ingqondo.

Kuxhomekeka kwindawo yolawulo eziyila igazi, kukho iintlobo ilandelayo lutofelo (ukumnika):

• Emthanjeni (ngokusebenzisa emthanjeni).
• Intraarterially (via kwemithambo).
• Ofaka (kungena umzimba ithambo yesigulana).
• Intracardiac (kungena ventricle lasekhohlo ngqo entliziyweni okanye okuhlatywa ngesikhumba).
• Intrauterine (ne RH-ungquzulwano ukukhulelwa okuhlatywa wavelisa osadaleka esibelekweni).

Xa ufuna ukutofelwa igazi

Nangona impumelelo kunye namava clinical enkulu ukutofelwa, le nkqubo kuthathwa intsebenziswano enkulu transplantologicheskoy kwaye akuqinisekisi ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo iingxaki kunye neengozi kwixesha elide.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho izikhokelo ezicacileyo lutofelo:

1. Iimpawu ingundoqo (ngaphandle izigulane igazi basengozini enkulu yokufa, akukho Izimo):

• ukulahleka kwegazi;
• yothuse emva trauma;
• karhulumente terminal (ukufa yethishyu kwi unyuko).

2. Iimpawu isihlobo (ngaphandle kokutofelwa igazi nomonde, ukuze niphile, yaye inxalenye kuphela yonyango ugqirha kunye nomonde kufuneka siqwalasele ngenyameko Izimo kunokwenzeka baqonde ezinganobungozi kulindeleke iziphumo.)

• igazi ngenxa yokopha;
• igazi e wegazi inyathelo ezingapheliyo;
• coagulation syndrome zandise ngaphakathi iimpahla;
• ukopha mkhulu kuno-30%;
• kophulwa umthetho coagulation igazi, akukho iSADC unyango;
• kubazali bakhe, ukuqina kwesibindi, ihepatitis etsolo, ebangela igazi ekunqandeni labayo;
• Umhlaza igazi kunye nezinye imihlaza;
• ubuthi kakhulu;
• nokudumba.

Xa akunakwenzeka ukuba igazi igazi?

Izifo ezimandundu yenkqubo sentliziyo, amanqanaba we2 3 ukusilela yokujikeleza, yegazi, ukufa kwamalungu omzimba, isifo sephepha, nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba exacerbation, utyekelo ukuze zenze amahlwili igazi, isifuba, rheumatism, nokwaliwa, nokudumba yemiphunga - zonke Izimo ngqo ngenjongo yokulitofela . Naliphi na iziko igazi uyala ukwamkela izigulane nezifo ezifana nokucebisa ukuba sijonge ezinye iindlela, ngaphantsi yingozi zonyango.

indlela yokwenza

Kwi yokwamkelwa njengesigulane Institute of Haematology kunye Igazi ngegazi lakhe wasiwa ukuba ukujonga uhlobo kunye RH factor. Olu hlahlelo ukucacisa okukhawulezayo yenziwa ngqo emehlweni abantu. Kwakhona umzuzwana ndimncinile ngokungqinelana uxilongo, igazi kuthathwa kwi uhlalutyo kwezonyango kulinganiswa uxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga intliziyo, ubushushu bomzimba. Emva koko wenze iisampuli zebhayoloji ehambelanayo ukuba uxhuluma kunye namacandelo igazi ukuba igazi. Kwangale yomguli ilawulwa 15 ngeemililitha leqela lendlela ulandelele impendulo.

Ukuba konke kuhambe kakuhle, lokuqala ulungiselela upakisho kunye namacandelo (ubushushu okanye ndikufuna), kwaye isigulane liyayisayina amaxwebhu ayimfuneko. Igazi wamgalela ngokutsho indlela ekhethiweyo kwezindlela gqirha.

Emva kokuba nkqubo yabelwa ukuba alale, uhlolo rhoqo komamkeli, ulawulo lobushushu emzimbeni (ukuya kathathu ngeyure emini) waza wenza igazi kunye nocazululo nomchamo.

Yintoni igazi esetyenziselwa lutofelo

Kakade ke, lo mthombo iphambili igazi processing kunye nokulungiselela kweekhomponenti okuqhubekayo abaxhasi. Kodwa ke kukho eminye imithombo.

Ntsha kwakhona - okokuqala lonke igazi intambo yosana kunye beendawo. Oku eqokelelwe emva kokuba umntwana azalwe. Intambo yosana uyagawulwa, kwaye aseptically igazi eliseleyo wasiwa ibhalbhu okhethekileyo. Emva kokubeleka ngalinye waqokelela umlinganiselo 200 ml. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo inzululwazi ngoku kucetyiswa ukuba sikugcine abantwana babo kwiibhanki ezizodwa. Kulindeleke ukuba oogqirha elizayo uya kuba nako ukuphathwa ngegazi imfesane yosana inani enkulu izifo.

Cadaver - igazi labantu okunempilo ngesiquphe waza wafa (ngenxa ziintlekele neengozi, iposi engabalulekanga, ukothuka, Ukopha ebuchotsheni, ukusilela intliziyo congestive, njalo njalo). Uthango wenza kweeyure zingaphelanga iinyanga ezintandathu emva kokufa kwimali litres ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwisine. Ungaze usebenzise igazi labantu kunye nezifo ezosulelayo, Oncology, i-HIV, isifo sephepha, negcushuwa, wafa yityhefu.

Autohemotransfusion - ukutofelwa igazi kubanjwa ngaphambili isigulane lihlanjululwe ngayo oko. Kwakhona kuyenzeka umothuko esiswini yophela ngaphakathi olunzulu izlivshuyusya kuqokelela igazi kwikhavithi umzimba baze emva zokuhlanjululwa elawulwa ukuba isigulane kwakhona. Le nkqubo luba ngakumbi, njengoko awuzibandakanyi ithuba lusenokungamkelwa.

umnikelo

Sonke isibhedlele kwilizwe lethu rhoqo udinga egazini. Phosela babizwa ngokuba ngemihla donor, kukho abanikeli yabantu abanikeli esebenzayo kunye nabaxhasi udumo, kodwa nangona kunjalo, izibonelelo kunqaba.

impilo nganye isihlobo abemi belizwe lethu eneminyaka engama-18 ukuya 55 bangathatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo ukuze ndisindise ubomi. Oku kuya kufuna kuphela isicelo ukuya kwisitishi ekufutshane kwegazi. Ngaphambi kokuba nayiphi na uviwo kwenziwa simahla (kubandakanywa negcushuwa, ukuminxeka HIV). Uninzi lwamavolontiya igazi simahla, kodwa kukho zemali iindlela incentives. Bonke abantu abanikelayo bafumana qho mandatory ngomhla isidlo igazi sasemini okanye isidlo, imbuyekezo yemali, kwakunye kwemveliso olongezelelweyo. Igazi lungenziwa rhoqo kwiiveki ezisibhozo, ukuya kahlanu ngonyaka.

Research Institute of Haematology kunye Igazi

Igazi - namhlanje ifumaneka iinkqubo ezininzi esibhedlele. Kodwa Russia kukho Russian Research Institute of Haematology kunye Igazi FMBA, nto leyo kuthathwa iziko phambili kumaziko eli lizwe yenzululwazi kunye zonyango. Le ibekwe eSt Petersburg kweyesi-2 Sovetskaya esitratweni, 16.

Transfusion Research Institute inika zonke iintlobo-i-art neengxaki ezinxulumene unyango kunye nezifo ezinxulumene igazi. Phakathi neendonga zaso benza unyango somhlaza, ugcino iiseli stem, isampulu kunye nokugcinwa amalungu kunye nezihlunu emzimbeni womntu. Kwakhona kwi-Institute walungelelanisa Department of zamathambo Traumatology; iwodi, ngemitha, utyando, ukusebenza iindidi ezahlukeneyo uxilongo kwelebhu.