Cruiser Admiral Hipper (1937-1945): imbali kwendalo nobomi. German lwaphela

nqanawa isiJamani "Admiral Hipper" wayengomnye cruisers best elinzima Kriegsmarine ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Wathabatha inxaxheba kuthinjwe eNorway, wayeqhuba uthotho ahlasela kwi-Atlantic, kunye ukulwa yakhe yokugqibela wathabatha ebandayo Sea Barents. Lowo yokugqibela kunye neminyaka emibini enesiqingatha Cruiser yobomi bakhe yaqhubeka kwizibuko status caretaker.

design

Ephepheni, Cruiser Admiral Hipper wabonakala ngo-1934. Ixesha kwi Naval Ikomkhulu ukuba baqulunqe iimfuno ezisisiseko inqanawa elitsha. Okokuqala, kwinqanawa elinde elingana ukujongana kwabachasi elizayo isiFrentshi, British. Okwesibini, Navy German wayefuna inqanawa ukuba ungaya ngokukhawuleza ukusukela kwi Zempi yotshaba "Dunkirk" yaye "eStrasbourg". Le ngongoma yayibaluleke kakhulu - imodeli data uthembisa ukuba abazingeli abaninzi eyoyikekayo zesantya cruisers ngokwaneleyo. Ekugqibeleni, okwesithathu, imveliso entsha kwakuthetha ukuba imisebenzi bagqogqa kwisithuba yolwandle nolwandle.

Cruiser Admiral Hipper behlelo uhlobo eponymous of cruisers enzima. Kwacetywa ukuba kwakhiwe loo iinqanawa ezintlanu. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphandle "Hipper" wabonakala "Prints Oygen" yaye "Blücher". Ezinye neempahla ezimbini "Lützow" yaye "Seydlitz" akazange abe nexesha ukugqiba. Cruiser Heavy "Admiral Hipper" yathiywa emva uFranz von Hipper, ngubani umthetho iqembu iinqanawa German kwi Idabi Dogger Bank kunye yiJutland.

zokwakha

Bookmark "Admiral Hipper" waqala Julayi 6, 1935 kwindawo yokwenza nokulungisa iinqanawa e Hamburg. Oku kwenzeka emva yokulahlwa iSivumelwano Versailles, ngexesha Uzikrwelela umda umkhosi waseJamani kunye weenqanawa. Hitler wayelungiselela impindezelo waziphatha inkanuko, ngoxa amazwe noloyiso kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I khangele kuyo ngokusebenzisa iminwe yam. Ukuze ugcine ngandlel ngobuso urhulumente waseBritani ukugqiba isivumelwano eyahlukileyo phantsi apho Navy German sele ifumene ilungelo ukunyusa imikhosi yayo yomkhosi wamanzi ukuya kwi-35% ye-British. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa amaJamani akazange acinge izimvo kwabachasi elizayo waza waqalisa luhamba ngesantya esincomekayo kakhulu ukulungiselela kwegazi ezizayo.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kunyaka yagqitywa igoqo ngexesha isitya lokwakha. Februwari 6, 1937 le Cruiser enzima emanzini. Kumsitho ibhotile yemveli champagne bayibethe umfazi Admiral Raeder, owayalela izithuthi. Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wakhonza kwikomkhulu von Hipper, lo gama kokuqala kwinqanawa omtsha wanikela intetho ingqungquthela.

Ngenxa ukuba kube ngokukhawuleza eJamani bakhuphisane amasebe zomkhosi ifuna zonke izinto ezintsha, izixhobo kunye nabasebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, ukwamkelwa "Admiral Hipper" rhoqo elinye ixesha. "Kuprintwa Oygen" nkqu nangaphezulu ezakhiwe. Kumsitho ngokubhengezwa yale nqanawa ubuzinyaswe uHitler kunye ibamba of Hungary Miklosh Horti. Indawo yokwakha yayo e Kiel, apho kamva yaguqulelwa and "hipper". Last wabonakala Cruiser "Blucher" kuhlobo kwabo cruisers enzima.

Ukuqala inkonzo

German Cruiser «Admiral Hipper» ibithe yaqeshwa Aprili 29, 1939. Uyakufika kanye ngexesha - sisondela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Second. Iinyanga zokuqala ezimbalwa ukusebenza kwawo inqanawa egcinwe kwi izilingo zeemvavanyo Kiel. March 20, 1940 abasebenzi wayalelwa ukuba athumele inqanawa eya Cuxhaven. "Admiral Hipper", kwakunye phantse onke amalungu zangoku Kriegsmarine, kwakumele ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kuhlaselo lwemimandla eNorway, elisuke laba yinxalenye yokusebenza "Vezenbyurg" (or "Iimfundiso kwi Weser").

Cruiser wakhokela iqela lesibini, injongo leyo kokuba kuthinjwe into kwizibuko ebalulekileyo Trondheim. Yena wancediswa abonakalisi "Jacobi", "iRiedel", "Ekoldt" yaye "Heinemann". Kwi ibhodi i "Hipper" baba signalers, iqela kwikomkhulu Luftwaffe kunye yinxalenye nomkhosi 83 kunye webutho 138th yentaba. Kwakufuneka anyamekele neebhetri Norwegian unxweme.

Butho ushiye Cuxhaven Aprili 6 maxongo iimeko zemozulu. Apha endleleni engena kokulwa encinane imikhosi yaseBritani. Ke kaloku amaNgesi babeyazi intshukumo amaJamani, nangona kunjalo kukho ixesha elide nako ukuqonda injongo oyinyaniso kunye nesiqulatho salo msebenzi.

"Iimfundiso kwi Weser"

April 8, 1940 kwindlela eya Norway Cruiser "Admiral Hipper" wemka kwikhondo yangaphambili waya ngumtshabalalisi kuhlangula "grnd von Arnim." Le nqanawa nemoto inqanawa "Glouvorm" British kwiklasi enye. Injengele i "Hipper" uHelmut Heye wahlasela utshaba inqanawa nangona izikrini umsi utshaba kunye torpedoes. Ngexesha lonke ukulwa, "Glouvorm" kanye yahlaselwa Cruiser waseJamani, embetha ngasekunene kwakhe kufutshane-maza. Yaba umonakalo minor, kodwa umonakalisi British ayikho lula njalo yaphunyuka yazika. Ekugqibeleni "Glouvorm" kuhlawulwa ukuhlaselwa "hipper" ramming, imiphumo apho kwafuneka ukuba lilungiswe iiveki ezintathu.

Ngobusuku ka-Aprili 9, le Cruiser waseJamani zihleli kwi iindlela Tronhyema. Ukuzama ukumelana baseNorway wayethozamile kunene: ibhetri kunxweme wadubula, emva koko utshaba wancama kumlo butho waseJamani. umsebenzi iqela yenzeke. Le Cruiser "Admiral Hipper" babuyela eJamani ukulungiswa.

"Juno"

NgoMeyi, uzicwangcise sikhephe e Kiel, apho kwasekwa uxhulumano, nto leyo ukunceda ezinye iinqanawa German wanamathela eNorway ngenxa ukuqapha yaseBritani. Lo msebenzi oluzayo ubizwa ngokuba "Juno." Ukongeza "Hipper" ukuba ubuhanjelwe Zempi "Gneisenau" yaye "Scharnhorst" kunye ababhuqi "Lodi", "Galster", "Shemann" yaye "Shtaynbrik.

Endleleni eya eNorway wadibana Cruiser British ton-530 trawler "konwele". A ngephenyane elincinane weza phantsi umlilo-105 mm German guns anti-moya. Kungekudala yena trawler axis kwaye yazika. Ngelo xesha benza kude "Shemann" betshona itanki yomkhosi wamanzi "Oli Pioneer."

In "Orama" Ngaloo ngokuhlwa, Juni 6, "Admiral Hipper" ukwakhiwa ngowe-1937 alukhawulele ethutha yasemkhosini yaseBritani. Inqanawa wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe Norway kunye uyolo IsiNgesi lalize (ngaphandle Eyona umyalelo). volleys abaliqela lwezinto noqhushumbiso benze umsebenzi wabo: "Orama" betshona kancinci ukuya emazantsi olwandle. The British yayinyuka ababekhwele iinqanawa German.

Juni 8 Cruiser kunye ezimelene abonakalisi bayalelwa ukuba kuthunyelwa Trondheim. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, "Admiral bese" ayikwazanga ukuthatha inxaxheba ekutshatyalalisweni ophethe moya "zona". Iintsuku ezimbalwa ezilandelayo inqanawa ezichithwa kwiindlela Trondheim. Emva koko, ngokuhlwa ngoJuni 20, "bese" waya sisebenzisa le inomzimba ezonakeleyo "Scharnhorst". Cruiser wathabatha intsimi i "Gneisenau" yaye "Galsterom". Uhambo ngesithomo yayimfutshane. Ezinzulwini zobusuku "Gneisenau" yaye torpedoed yi ngwenya "Clyde" yaseBritani. Wempi wathabatha amanzi amaninzi, kwaye squad kwafuneka abuyele Trondheim, ngaphandle sizalisekisauthumo wayo. Ngenxa umonakalo ngeenqanawa amabini aphambili "Admiral Hipper" liye laba iyunithi kakhulu ekulweni Wesithathu kumanzi North Norwegian.

Atlantic kuhlasela

Ezinye cruisers odumileyo iMfazwe Yehlabathi II kudala isetyenziswe kuphela amanzi emhlabeni. Ngoko ke "Admiral Hepper." November 30, 1940 kuphela, ekugqibeleni wenza kudala elindelwe kwi kusukwa kolwandle wakhe. Mid-Atlantic kwi ngama ka Brest-Newfoundland ayenyakazela convoys British. Kule zone, intersected iindlela zothutho, ihanjiswa imikhosi qhinga kunye imithwalo. Kuphela nqanawa simahla, nako ukuhlasela convoys ngelo xesha kwaba "Admiral Hipper". Ezinye cruisers odumileyo iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngazo. Ngokuchasene nentsukaphi kwezi meko, masenze ingxolo elwandle emantla, inqanawa liqala "Operation Nordzeetur".

December 25, "hipper" wafumana ezikhaphayo ema Cruiser "Barwick 'kunye neeyunithi ezininzi cruisers ukukhanya. nqanawa waseJamani wahlasela elo qela, kodwa ukufumana isisongelo ngokunzulu boyisiwe, lweMedia. Xa kwenzeka Inoyolo izisebenzi yakwazi ukuba asindise umkhumbi wakhe umonakalo ebonakalayo.

Ukuba iyitshinizele kunye nentlanganiso angasebenzi kunye gada, Yomphathi Meisel omtsha uye wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele eYurophu. Oomatiloshe wadinwa ukulwa umsebenzi kwiimeko zemozulu kunye nemozulu embi. Kodwa emva kosuku kwi indlela ebuyela eFransi wayithimba "hipper" Ekugqibeleni lucky. Zamob wahlaselwa yabarhwebi kwinqanawa "Yamuna". Ithagethi hit imipu ithala, bekunye torpedoes ezimbini. Inqanawa yazika ngokukhawuleza, kodwa Maisel babesoyika ukuba amaBritane ikwazile ukuba adlulisele umkhosi ekufuphi wonogada. Ukuba sele ebambe "Hipper", ngoko ke amaJamani ayeza kwakhona kwafuneka ukuba silwe idabi olungalinganiyo. Ngoko ke, wagqiba with "Yamuna", umphathi wanika umyalelo ukuya ku France. Ikhawuleza, Maisel akazange kummisela ibhodi egxile ulwandle of amaNgesi. Ngenxa yoko, bonke abantu 111 kwi "Yamuna", wafa. NgoDisemba 27, "Admiral Hipper" zihleli kwi esemkhumbini in Brest.

Azores Battle

Emva Atlantic uhambo "hipper" ezifuna ukulungiswa. Repair wathabatha kanye ngenyanga, kwaye sele-1 Februwari 1941 Cruiser kwakhona waya emanzini olwandle. amanani 11, ngoxa kude le Azores, inqanawa waseJamani bayeka isilumkiso shot umkhumbi "Aysland". Xa inqanawa leyo waseJamani waza wabizwa ngokuba "Dahlia." Ngoku ngeyabo Great Britain. "Hipper" yazika emva umbingelelo yayo wonogada.

Ukususela oomatiloshe bazisa kwibhodi "Ayslanda" Maisel wafunda kwexeshana zomhlaba kufuphi iqela ukuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo noweenqanawa. Yaba egesi, apho waya e Freetown (Sierra Leone). Kwakugcwele neenqanawa ezininzi kangangoko 19 yelo eNgilani, Norway neGrisi. Impumelelo enkulu yaba kukuba hide lowo akanayo ngokupheleleyo le yokhuseleko gada. Februwari 12, "Admiral Hipper" ngaphandle nayiphi na imiqobo wafikelwa iinqanawa 7. 3 ngaphezulu zonakala kakhulu.

Ukufeza impumelelo onomtsalane ngeenkonzo zazo, "Admiral Hipper" wabuyela Brest. Ngo March 1941 waya kwisixeko Kiel, apho wachitha unyaka omnye. Ngeli xesha inqanawa zaphuculwa kwaye wambu sifihle entsha. NgoMatshi 1942, wafika e Trondheim. Battlestar kulindeleke iphulo yokugqibela emantla.

"Regenborgen"

Ngokubona ukuba uhlobo cruisers enzima "Admiral Hipper" kwafuneka enze iimbalelwano convoys Arctic, umyalelo waseJamani le zithuthi ime ukukhetha iqela kwentloko senqanawa. Emva kokuqalisa i-USSR empini imisebenzi efanayo ziye zabaluleka kakhulu. convoys Arctic waya eSoviet Union kwi-US kunye UK. Ngoncedo nazo inkqubo Faka-Lease. Ngokutsho Route kuLwandle Northern kwi-USSR ekubonelelwe eziyimfuneko ukujongana umkhosi izinto imfazwe Wesithathu.

Umsebenzi ukuba ganga ngoku lori elandelayo ebizwa ngokuba "Regenborgen" ( "Rainbow"). Umyalelo kwathabatha umphathi kwi intloko Kriegsmarine Admiral Raeder. Kunye ne "hipper" owayebandakanyeka kuhlasela enye Cruiser enzima "Lutzow", anesithandathu kubabulali. Le iqembu waya elwandle ngoDisemba 30, 1942. Yaba ebusuku ezibandayo. Ngenxa ukuba ahlasele iinqanawa zagutyungelwa a uqweqwe ngumkhenkce, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano.

"Unyaka Omtsha Idabi"

Ngentsasa ka December 31 hide waphawula kubabulali ezingaqhelekanga. AmaJamani Sasinethamsanqa: amaNgesi bagqiba ukuba wabaleka waya patrol eSoviet. Ngenxa yale mposiso, umlilo, iinqanawa evulekileyo Wesithathu, yaba nempahla esiwa yamothusa epheleleyo. Nakuba kunjalo, i-British wakulungisa impazamo yakhe. imikhumbi yabo kwakhiwa ukuze yokulwa, zize zisithe lo lomsi edabini.

Emva kangangesiqingatha seyure emva kokuba kwenzeke ingozi, umthetheli-lori Robert Sherbrooke wafunda silhouette eyoyikekayo "Admiral Hipper". Le njongo kuqala bakhetha Cruiser umbhuqi "Ekeytes", nto leyo ezijoliswe yavulwa umlilo. Ngenxa yemozulu kunye gunner dymzavesy yaseJamani bekunzima ukulandelela phantsi utshaba inqanawa. Noko ke, ngentsimbi 13, "Ekeytes" batshoniswe, Noomateloshe 80 wayichola weza bophula ukunceda trawler.

Yonke into waya ngokwesicwangciso, i Kriegsmarine, kodwa ke ngelo xesha engalunganga ukuba amaJamani ngesiquphe wabonakala phezu elundini le Cruiser yaseBritani "Sheffield" yaye "Jamaica". Bagubungela "Admiral Hipper" umlilo obulalayo. abagungxuli German abaphathi bemali ukuza ukuya kwinkundla zabo, baya ukusondela kakhulu waza wafumana indawo hit obulalayo. Ngelo xesha, kwelinye Cruiser "Lutzow" wangena ukufumana lori. Ingqwayi-ngqwayi yenqanawa waqonda impazamo yakhe, kodwa kakhulu emva kwexesha; wanika umyalelo makumkiwe kwizibuko. Shoot ukusuka "Admiral Hipper", wonogada baqhubeka nohambo yayo eSoviet Murmansk. Ukungaphumeleli yokusebenza yakhokelela yokurhoxa Eriha Redera ukusuka kwisikhundla eyiNtloko Navy German.

yokugcwala

Kakhulu umonakalo eLwandle Barents Cruiser «Admiral Hipper» kulandelwa zokusilungisa, emva koko yena ababhalise ebekelwe kongomisiweke eka Gotenhafene. Izihlandlo eziliqela lehle liqela phantse polutoratysyachny. NgoMatshi 1944, ilandelwe yi-ukwenzela ukulungiselela inqanawa imisebenzi elizayo. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukwenza ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kwakungekho iindawo ezaneleyo kunye nabantu rhoqo kuphazamisana umsebenzi we-Union kunye Soviet Air Force. igumbi ibhoyila №3, avutha "kumlo loNyaka oMtsha", yaye akazange ivathisiwe. Xa umatshini umkhosi ngoku akaphilanga nkqu ukuze agade elunxwemeni.

Ndifike 1945. January 1st Fleet ulawulo wayalela icocekile "Admiral Hipper" newele yayo "Prints Oygen" iinyanga ezintathu. Ngelo xesha, kwizibuko ukuya amajoni Soviet. Ngenxa yoko, endaweni ukulungiswa kwafuneka lijongane kokukhutshwa ngobungxamo. Januwari 29, "hipper" ngasekhohlo Gotenhafen, nangona yena esebenza ngephiko elinye kuphela. Xa "chrome" ukongeza emkhombeni iqela lakhe bamisa isiqingatha amawaka evacuees. Kungekudala, lo Cruiser waba kwindawo apho 30 ngwenya eSoviet "S-13" lwaye zitshone le nqanawa umkhweli "Vilgelm Gustlov". Captain Hans Henigst ngenxa isitya ukuxinana wenza ezidlulileyo wokuba kunye liferafts, leyo emkhenkceni zadilizwa amaJamani yengozi.

NgoFebruwari 2, "Admiral Hipper" wafika kwisixeko Kiel. Ngosuku olulandelayo, eli zibuko yahlaselwa moya yaseBritani. Ngexesha kuhlasela lomkhumbi ezimbalwa hits ngaphezulu. A kwavuka umlilo kunye Cruiser elinyukayo wahlala phezu emazantsi ingxenye yakho. Emva kwesi siganeko, Navy wayeka imigudu elilize okulungisa owayesakuba lwaphela ikratshi. Emva emuva Wesithathu ngoMeyi 1945, "Admiral Hipper" wachithwa intsimbi.