Chromosome. Haploid kunye diploid inani zofuzo.

Abantwana ilifa kubazali babo kudlule zofuzo ezithile. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abaselula "ithatha" ukususela uhlobo omdala kobuso, ingakumbi intloko, izandla, umbala iinwele, njalo njalo). Kuba ukudluliselwa imikhwa abazali ukuba abantwana umzimba elihambelana inkqunto, ezifana deoxyribonucleic acid. Le izinto unique inika inkcazelo malunga Ukwahluka wendalo eziphilayo. Kubhaliwe ngokohlobo ikhowudi. Igcina chromosome.

Xa iseli yabantu iqulethe izibini ezimashumi-amathathu iiyunithi zolwakhiwo kwaye kukwasetyenziswa yona zofuzo. Kwimeko nganye kwezi "duet" iqulethe unit ezimbini twatse ngokupheleleyo zesakhiwo zisebenza. Umahluko kukuba ezi izibini zahlukile enye kwenye. Zofuzo zibaliwe mane anantlanu mane anesithandathu ucansi. Ngelo xesha, le duo efanayo kuphela namantombazana, xa amadoda njengoko ezahlukeneyo. Zonke iiyunithi kwesakhiwo kwaye esebenza, ngaphandle ngesondo, zibizwa ngokuba "autosomes." Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zofuzo kuninzi yakhiwa izakhi ezifana njengeprotini. Zahluke ngembonakalo, ezinye zazo subtle, omnye - mfutshane kancinci nje kunelinye, kodwa elowo kubo amawele. Chromosome ebekwe (okanye, njengoko kuthiwa, karyotype) sisigqeba zofuzo, nenoxanduva ukudluliselwa yofuzo. Cinga loo unit noshowo kwaye kukwasetyenziswa yona microscope ongcono ngexesha iseli division (isigaba metaphase). Ngeli xesha zofuzo akhiwa into efana chromatin kwaye sele kuqalisa ukufumana isixa esithile, ngamanye amazwi, ploidy.

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, iseli kwabantu izibini engamashumi amabini anesithathu lweziqalelo ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kwaye zisebenza. Xa eziphilayo ngabanini ploidy ngamnye.

Haploid kunye diploid inani zofuzo. Ingcamango ploidy umiselwa inani iiseti chromosome kwi iiseli (ubukhulu becala) kwi nuclei. Xa eziphilayo, i zofuzo ukuba bafundelane ngezibini, kwaye unpaired. iiseli Human wabumba diploid iseti chromosome, kabili Esti. Loo iseti isakhiwo kwaye zisebenza ngokufanayo zonke iiseli somatic. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba diploid chromosome iseti yomntu ngamnye iquka autosomes-44 no-2 zofuzo ngesondo. iseti Haploid zofuzo na iqela elilodwa lweziqalelo unpaired noshowo kwaye zisebenza weeseli lwegciwane. Le set iqulathe autosomes ezingamashumi amabini kuphela chromosome enye ngesondo. Haploid iseti isethi kanye diploid zofuzo babe khona omnye ngexesha elinye. Oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngexesha lenkqubo ngesondo. Kweli nqanaba, i enye haploid nezigaba diploid. Bama isethi epheleleyo yakha omnye. Emva koko, ababini abangatshatanga ekuzameni ukuba zenze iseti epheleleyo ye noshowo kunye nezinto zokusebenza njl

Diploid chromosome iseti yiseti zofuzo, apho ikhona kuzo zonke iiseli zomzimba. Yonke zofuzo ukuba uphawu lwento anikiweyo, zithiwe thaca ngababini. Umntu ngamnye unalo chromosome iseti diploid iyakwazi equlathe autosomes mane anesine elementi sex ezimbini zesakhiwo zisebenza. I diploid Inani zofuzo uphawu le elilodwa kwaye zonke iiseli somatic ngaphandle iiseli anzuploidnyh, haploid kunye polyploid.

Maxa wambi kuyenzeka ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho ebekwe iiyunithi zesakhiwo zisebenza. Ukwehluleka zingachaphazela ukuyilwa ukuphazamiseka chromosomal (umzekelo, Syndrome Ezantsi kaThixo - triosomii Education, okt waphula kwisibini mabini-yokuqala ukuvela kukho chromosome elongezelelweyo (yesithathu)). Uphononongo zofuzo kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba ezi zinto zinefuthe elibi kakhulu emzimbeni womntu.