UMphathiswa weFransi: indima kunye namandla akhe

Isakhiwo sezopolitiko saseFransi sakha ngenxa yoluphuhliso olude lomgaqo-siseko kunye nokutshintshwa okuphindaphindiweyo kweendlela zeRiphabliki kunye nezamasiko zenkqubo yelizwe. Imbali eyingqalileyo yelizwe ibangele ubuninzi beempawu zenkqubo yayo yamandla. Intloko karhulumente ngumongameli, onikwe amandla amakhulu. Iyiphi indawo uNdunankulu waseFransi ahlala kuyo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, kubalulekile ukuphendukela kwimvelaphi yomgaqo-siseko welizwe elikhoyo.

IRiphabliki yesihlanu

Ukuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili kwakuyiyo yokuqala kwimbali yezopolitiko yanamhlanje yeFransi. Ukukhululwa kwelizwe ukusuka kumsebenzi we-fascist wanikezela ukusekwa kwenkqubo yentando yesininzi kunye nokwamkelwa komgaqo-siseko ofanelekileyo. Umthetho omtsha osisiseko waqala ukusebenza ngowe-1946. Ukususela kuyo kwaqala ixesha elidlulileyo, elibizwa ngokuba yiRiphabliki yeLine (ezi zintathu zangaphambili zadalwa kwaye zachithwa emva koMbutho oyiNtlabathi oyiNtlabathi).

Ngowe-1958, isongelo semfazwe yembambano yanyanzelela ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko kwaye yomeleza amandla omongameli, owayengumGeneral Charles de Gaulle ngaleso sikhathi. Eli nyathelo laxhaswa luluninzi kwipalamente yamacandelo e-bourgeois. Ngenxa yeziganeko, imbali yezopolitiko yelizwe yangena ngexesha le-5 yeRiphabhulikhi, eqhubekayo nanamhla.

Siseko

Enye yeemeko ezibalulekileyo ezifezekileyo ngexesha leengxoxo phakathi kweGeneral Charles de Gaulle kunye namalungu epalamente kwakuyisivumelwano malunga nokwahlukana kwemisebenzi kaMongameli kunye noMphathiswa weFransi. Ngokubambisana, imigaqo eyenza isiseko somgaqo-siseko omtsha senziwa. Banikezela unyulo lwenkokheli yombutho kuphela kwi-universal suffrage, ukuhlukana kwamagatsha amathathu karhulumente kunye nolwahlulo oluzimeleyo.

Umthetho omtsha osisiseko usungula uhlobo loorhulumente oludibanisa iimpawu zepublic republic and parliamentary republic. UMgaqo-siseko we-1958 unikela intloko yelizwe ilungelo lokumisela amalungu eKhabhinethi. Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente, ke, uxanduva lwepalamente. Umthetho ophambili weRiphabliki yesihlanu ubuye wahlaziywa ngamaxesha amaninzi ngokumalunga nokunikezelwa kokuzimela kwiikoloni kunye nokupheliswa kwesigwebo sokufa, kodwa imigaqo yayo eyintloko yayingaguqukanga.

Isakhiwo sezopolitiko

Inkqubo yamandla karhulumente ibandakanya umongameli, unkulumbuso weFransi, urhulumente kunye nepalamente, yahlula ngamagumbi amabini: iNdibano yesiZwe kunye neSeti. Ukongezelela, kukho iBhunga loMgaqo-siseko. Lo ngumzimba weluleko, oquka zombini amalungu epalamente kunye namalungu karhulumente.

Indima yomongameli

Umgaqo-siseko we-1958 ubonisa imbono kaGeneral Charles de Gaulle kwinkqubo karhulumente. Isici esicacileyo somthetho osisiseko weRiphablikhi yesihlanu yi-intolongo yamandla ezopolitiko ezandleni zomongameli. Intloko karhulumente inenkululeko enkulu yezenzo ekwakheni ihabhinethi entsha kwaye ikhetha abo baphezulu kwizikhundla eziphezulu kurhulumente. INdunankulu waseFransi iqeshwe kwithuba likaMongameli. Umqathango kuphela wokuvunyelwa kokugqibela kwesi sikhundla kukuzithemba kweNdibano kaZwelonke malunga nomviwa otyunjwe ngumntu wokuqala welizwe.

Intloko karhulumente inikwe amandla akhethekileyo kwintsimi yokwenza umthetho. Izenzo ezithatyathwe yiPalamente ziqala ukusebenza emva kokuba zivunywe nguMongameli. Unelungelo lokubuyisela umrhumo-mali ukuba uphinde uhlolwe kwakhona. Ukongezelela, intloko yeemeko zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nemimiselo efuna imvume kuphela kuMphathiswa weFransi.

UMongameli weFifethi yeRiphablikhi yintloko yegqeba elilawulayo lamagunya kwaye ngelixa elinye ithuba linomthelela kumsebenzi wequmrhu lomthetho welizwe. Lo mkhuba uhambelana nombono wenkokheli kazwelonke ephakanyiswe nguCharles de Gaulle, osebenza njengomququzeleli jikelele.

Indima kaNdunankulu

Intloko ka rhu lumente inoxanduva lokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya kunye nezoqoqosho. UNdunankulu waseFransi uzalisekisa imisebenzi kaSihlalo kwiintlanganiso zeekomiti eziphakathi. Uphakamisa izithuba zomsebenzi kwiinkonzo zenkonzo zokuvunywa ngokutsha kwintloko yombuso. Ukuba inkulumbuso ifuna ukuyeka phantsi, kufuneka ifake ingxelo kumongameli, owamkelayo okanye abenayo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwimbali yeRiphablikhi yesihlanu yayisibonelo somphathiswa ophindaphindiweyo waseFransi. UJacques Chirac wabamba le ngxelo kabini phantsi kooMongameli uValerie d'Estaing noFrancois Mitterand.

Ukuba iqela elichasayo lininzi kwiNdibano yesiZwe, intloko kaRhulumente ayikwazi ukumisela i-prime minister ngokwengqiqo yakhe. Kule meko, amandla omongameli waseFransi akancinci.