Le nokusulungekiswa zesilivere: ekhaya

Okwangoku, iindlela ezininzi ezaziwayo zokucoca metal, esebenzayo zombini elabhoratri kweli khaya. Enye indlela injalo lokulungisa, kude kube ngoku isetyenziswa kuphela xa amashishini ezizodwa ubugcisa abenzi.

Yintoni liphucula

Ngokuqhelekileyo, igama elithi "yokucokisa" kuthetha nokufumana otyhidiweyo msulwa ophezulu ngokusebenzisa kuthotho iinkqubo ukususa ukungcola. Le nkqubo lwenziwa kumanqanaba eziliqela, iyileyo ukusebenzisa iindlela ezithile physico-chemical yokuzahlula kwezinto ziphazamisa. Amaninzi esinjalo ngendlela uhluza amatye anqabileyo.

I ekrwada izinto ngenxa affinirovaniya kule imeko isenokuba ezilahliweyo izacholo, 'ugwebu isilivere "oluludaka emva zokuhlanjululwa wombane izinto negolide schlich.

liphucula yesiliva

Ngokufuthi, le ndlela yokuhlanjululwa lisetyenziswa ukuvelisa isilivere eliphezulu-grade. Ngokubanzi, inkqubo akukho kwahluka iinkqubo ezifanayo kwenzelwa ezinye iintsimbi amanene, ahle okanye ezingezo-ayoni. Umzekelo, ukuba nokusulungekiswa yegolide nesilivere okanye naziphi na iintsimbi platinum isenokuba efanayo. Kuphela kwezinye iimeko inkqubo zahluke.

Iindlela zokuphucula

Xa technology lolokunyibilikisa isilivere zimelwe ngeendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo nokusingatha - intsimbi kufuneka icocwe ngayo ubumdaka, lwekhemikhali, okanye indlela kupelirovannym electrolytic. Ayifane kusetyenziswa ekususeni chlorine kwemfuneko. Ukukhethwa iindlela kungenxa isilivere ukuba aphathwe kwaye imeko yaso. Yiba intsingiselo kunye neempawu inkqubo yemveliso.

Indlela ukukhetha indlela

Kuba eliphezulu-grade yesilivere isicelo yokucokisa electrolytic ekuqaleni. Ngesiqhelo, xa usebenzisa le ndlela, kukho imveliso imihla. Electrolysis kunceda ufumane ntumbuluko ezizodwa isilivere ngenxa igcwala-ukuncipha intsebenziswano apho ubumdaka musa ukungena ngexesha zokucoca.

Kwimeko apho Argentum egcinwe ngohlobo kwesisombululo (sulphates ezingenakunyibilika kunye kloride), indlela kunoqoqosho kakhulu kwaye lula i nokufumba imichiza metal (kwezinye iimeko - electrochemical) indlela.

aluminiyamu Base wayedla wabahlula usebenzisa cupellation - kule meko ukwandisa linyulu umxube ilula.

indlela cupellation

Ngokuba lo hlobo kufuna yokucokisa ezikweni chashepodobnyh (kulingwa lomlilo) Iziko. Inkqubo zokuhlanjululwa esetyenziswayo zokunyibilikiswa lead isilivere oxidized phambi kwe-oksijini. Zonke izinto ukungcola, kuquka ezinganyibiliki kakhulu, abazahlulayo ukusuka metal amanene, amnike ntumbuluko isalamane: ingxubevange igolide kunye nosapho platinum zesinyithi.

Ukwenza yokucokisa eziko preheat efunekayo. Lubeke technical umxube abakhokelayo-esilivere, itshiswa de yokunyibilika epheleleyo. Umoya eziko run kwemali ukuba unobangela igcwala ngokuqulethwe macandelo. Emva kokugqitywa unyango ubushushu ngokuyinyibilikisa isusiwe yaye agalelwa ngumngundo.

Ngaphakathi kwiziko igcwele Marl - uhlobo ngodongwe, ukuba abe zizityebi lekalika, nokuba isakhiwo amazwe. It lubamba oxides elikhokelayo lasekwa ngo lokulungisa, njengoko yokugqibela badla ngumphunga xa zibethwa ukungena komoya. Xa uphuma, emva igcwala ngayo ubumdaka, ingxubevange efunyenwe kwezihlahla rainbow ngaphezulu. Xa ngokuhlaziya kwi mxube ukukhazimla eliqaqambileyo yesilivere, nto leyo ibonisa affinirovaniya ukugqitywa.

Cupellation ingqalelo zokuhlanjululwa ubuchule rough ngenxa yokuba nakwabangapasanga inkululeko ngokupheleleyo ubumdaka: zonke iintsimbi amanene kwi ingxubevange lema endaweni. Le nokusulungekiswa ngegolide, isiliva, iqela platinum isinyithi ngenxa yokuzahlula wabo wenziwa ngezinye iindlela.

indlela electrolysis

Electrolysis affinirovaniya njenge ndlela belusenziwa ezingqondweni kabini maleko elektroniki: inkqubo anode uyosuleleka kunye Isiqwengana yesilivere afakwe kwisingxobo, lo cathode - i zizixwexwe wabumba ngentsimbi non-entsimbini. I electrode antywiliselwa kwi isisombululo ehlanjululweyo metal nitrate (lwee- ion - 50 mg / ml) akwenza nitric acid kwi ukuxinana 1.5 g / L, kunye ombane lidlule.

Izingxobo anode ziya amaqhosha undissolved zesilivere, ngokunjalo ungcoliseko. Isithuba cathode isampulu esulungekileyo iqokelelwe ifomu microcrystalline. Umthamo zesilivere akhululwe nivuke nezinye kwipali inkqubo leyo evusa isekethe elifutshane. Ukuze kungavimbela isimo esinjalo, ikhule amaqhekeza crystalline phantsi ukukhwezela isisombululo oblamyvayutsya electrode cathode enxuseneyo kufuphi indawo. Papalata engumphumela ofunyenweyo kwenze uze uphoseke etshe. Kubalulekile ukubuyisela electrolyte ngexesha, ukwenzela ukuba xa ukungcola ukho njengokuba ubhedu, emva kokuba inkqubo kuyimfuneko ukuqalisa nokufumba yayo encotsheni cathode metal amanene.

Ukuba isisombululo isilivere uziphethe ngathi iseli electrochemical, njengoko ndlela inokusetyenziswa ngokukuko ukwahlulwa electrolytic ngentsimbi. Le anode inokuba grafayithi okanye-bako (aluminium), i cathode - insimbi. Imimoya element isetelwe hayi ngaphezulu kwe-2 V. Indlela abasabela ngokwayo lwenziwa de zonke isimemezelo yesilivere.

chemical liphucula

Silver asuswe ngu iindlela imichiza evela izisombululo ityuwa okanye colloids. Yinkqubo multistage. Kuba inkqubo efunekayo sodium sulfite, wongezelela ukuba indlela exchange ithatha indawo omnyama kwenze amanene ityuwa entsha metal. Emva kokugqiba indlela, umxube ngenxa obegalelwe ammoniac sal (ammonium chloride) okanye ityuwa. Lo mxube elihlala de ukwahlukana ecacileyo iqhezu - kufuneka iqulunqwe yinxalenye turbid nengafihliyo. Silver lifakwa kucingwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukuqaliswa olongezelelweyo neetyuwa hayi ebangela turbidity.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini Ukuqhela esulungekileyo chloride metal - nobushushu.

Indlela carbonate ngenxa Ukuqhela chloride yesilivere

Le ndlela kubandakanya ukufumana esulungekileyo chloride yesilivere ezomisiweyo - into ehamba ngayo imali lizama sodium carbonate. Lo mxube yayithi ngokuyinyibilikisa shushu (efunekayo ukugcwalisa indebe isiqingatha kuphela imixholo ngenxa yokunyuka ngenxa zazivelela negesi). Ekugqityweni ukuyilwa kwemveliso nobudlova inkqubo ubushushu, ukufikelela amanani ezifunekayo ukuze fusion cwaka.

Emva olupholisa isilivere incamatheliswe kwaye phantsi ukuphinda-lokunyibilikisa, emva koko imveliso abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ogqityiweyo. indawo okugwenxa kungaba yinto yokuba soda technical iba nefuthe elibi kwi imeko ngokuyinyibilikisa. Kodwa ke ukugqithisela iphambili yale ndlela yokucokisa wemichiza yi isantya wayo.

Indlela kwakhona ulwabiwo chloride yesilivere

Ukubuyisa yesilivere isisombululo unokuthatha iiseti ezahlukeneyo wezenzi - sulphuric acid ukuya zinc okanye zentsimbi okanye ityuwa izinyithi efanayo, kuquka aluminiyam.

I chloride medium yazise omnye izinto. Ukuya oluludaka yahlaliswa acid ekhethiweyo kwi iqela 0.2 amaqhezu abaninzi. Ukongeza isicombululo inokuba yinxalenye ngokulawula ubungakanani yendlela kunye agcwalisa balances ekupheleni kwawo. A ebonisa esemgangathweni yentsebenziswano kule meko ukhetho hydrogen - igesi iyayekwa kuveliswa ngalo mzuzu yokuchitheka ngokupheleleyo intsimbi okanye zanyamalala acid (tu bayayazi iphepha indicator).

Ukuqhela ityuwa zesilivere igqityiwe, le nkqubo uba umthunzi efanayo ukukhokela. Emva koko, iasidi igalelwe isicombululo ukuguqula amaqhekeza aseleyo iintsimbi ezingeyomfuneko (ikakhulu ngesandla isuswe). Eseleyo impahla umgubo (ebizwa ngokuba isamente yesilivere) ukuba icocwe ngamanzi Yek, womile kwaye elityeni.

chlorine liphucula

Le ndlela isekelwe kwingcinga yokuba anqabileyo njengegolide okanye isilivere isilivere iklorin abantu basabela umoya ngokukhawuleza izinto zegolide platinum nosapho. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukwahlukanisa yokugqibela ngeempahla uzihlambululayo (kwi netheknoloji inkqubo yokusulungekisa ukudliwa ixesha-yokuzahlula inkoliso aluminium ezixabisekileyo).

yegolide etyhidiweyo elinge ngohlobo igesi yeKhlorini sele kudlule. Intsebenziswano iqala izakhi ekungcoleni uhlobo ezindilekileyo, ngoko uyaqhubeka zesilivere, leyo koko ukukhetha ezinye iindlela affinirovaniya kwifomu ezimbaxa. Kloride kwi mxube bavuke kumphezulu ngenxa iityuwa asezantsi lexinene xa kuthelekiswa kunye nesinyithi.

Enye into esinceda sisulungeke kwezinye iimeko

Kwimeko ngobhedu ekungcoleni zesilivere esisiso Andithethi ingxubevange, kunye nemixube zesinyithi (angamelwa ngokohlobo chips). Emva koko, nitric kunye sulphuric acid songanyibilikisswa kwi metal. izinto bagxila esetyenziswa cold- okanye ashushu (izinga reaction kuxhomekeke kuyo).

Ukususa esingxotyeni yesilivere umxube imveliso liyavutha phezu isibane utywala okanye bath amanzi. Kwiqondo lobushushu ngaphantsi kweqondo 50-60 kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa iglasi okanye porcelain Ware. Yi le ndlela inye kubambana ihlamba metal ne-nickel, itoti okanye bakhokele.

Le nokusulungekiswa isilivere ekhaya

Zonke ezi ndlela ichazwe ngasentla, isondlo elungele ukusetyenziswa ekhaya ubukho bezixhono ezizodwa kunye namava. Beginners zama indlela electrolytic ingcono. Ngokuqhelekileyo, yokucokisa lwenziwa ngendlela enjalo nabo zesilivere.

Inkqubo izinyathelo-3. Le isilivere ezinyibilikayo kwi-nitric acid, kunye neemeko zayo nokolula alloying nokusulungekiswa yesilivere ngqo electrolysis ekhaya.

Ukuchithwa nitric acid

nitrate Silver iphuma ngoko nangoko kuyo yonke le nkqubo - ukuthathwa 50 iigrem metal ilitha wesinyibilikisi nganye (ratio ukufumana 32 g ezilahliweyo iqhawulwa 80 g hydrogenated nitrogen oxide V). Yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano acid efunekayo ngawona ngokulinganayo ngamanzi siwagxobhagxobhe ngentonga ngeglasi. Yokucokisa enokwenziwa ngokuxuba nitrate yesilivere Ammonium Nitrate electrolyte (reaction medium ne ngaphantsi kwe-7) ukuze ufumane HNO3 efanayo. Ukuba isisombululo yahlaliswa kongezwa amaqhosha esilivere. Lo mxube kufuneka kusala iiyure 10-11, njengoko metal utshintsho ezingadibaniyo akuyi kwenzeka kwangoko. Mhlawumbi ukuba yingqombela brown ukhetho ngokukhawuleza igesi. Ukuba isisombululo uba namona oluhlaza okanye ezibuhlazarha, libonisa ubukho ubumdaka zentsimbi okanye vitriol. Le nokusulungekiswa zesilivere kunye ne-nitric acid ifunyenwe ngcono xa bala kakhulu engekho.

Ukususa isiliva isamente

Lo mxube songezwa imivalo zobhedu indlela ukubana yayeyesilivere. Phantse nangoko phezu kwamanzi metal amanene ebomvu iqala ukuba kwenze, ekufuneka zibe ngamathuba athile vuthululani isisombululo yokukhawulezisa inkqubo. Ukuba imivalo iqhawulwa ngokupheleleyo, kufuneka kuyimisela ezintsha. Emva basabela njani kule meko kucingwa ukuba apholisayo isisombululo kunye nokwahlukana yalo serebryanotsementnuyu iqhezu kunye nesabelo ulwelo elinombala.

yokuhluza

Ukwahlula metal ukusuka isisombululo isicelo ifanele kunye nephepha filter. Kwisingxobo kunye isamente ngokukhethekileyo elungisiweyo ihlangana Isicombululo: ityuwa ubhedu asebenza iphedi kwizintsu nesilivere uhlala phezu komhlaba. Kamva zisafuneka izihlandlo 5 ukuhlamba ngamanzi enkolo.

Isisombululo mhlawumbi kukho ezinye imali yesilivere intsalela. Ndikhuphe ityuwa ubhedu wongezwa kwenze sodium curd.

isamente Silver bome. Fusion lwenziwa kwi ngokuyinyibilikisa, ukusetyenziswa apho ukusebenza isampuli ecocekileyo kungalindelekanga. Fudumeza isampuli ngokulinganayo ukuphepha nemfuno uchithachitha isilivere okanye uthuli oxidized. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukongeza umphezulu anyibilike na ukubhaka Isoda kunye iboraksi ezixutywe zobukhulu alinganayo - phezu isakhiwo metal uyila yiglasi umboniso okhusela ilahleko.

Le nkcazelo eliphuma a elisezantsi-grade. Kuba nokucoca yayo ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kufuneka ukuphumeza electrolysis zesilivere. Lokulungisa, kulo mzekelo eyenziwe ndlela sele echazwe ngentla - iluncedo bayinyibilikisa metal kwi zithutha.

uthintelo ingozi

Kubalulekile ukuba gumbi kakuhle umoya. Njengokhuselo, a isikhuseli, a igawuni kunye iindondo kotyani. Ukunqanda ngaphakathi acid emanzini yongezwe mxube ngokwayo, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Amalungiselelo HNO3 abasabela Exchange yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo ngazo ukwenza ngcono yesilivere. Iamoniyam nayitreyithi Yenza kugalelwe kulo mzekelo kunye electrolyte (indlela medium lingaphantsi kwe-7). Glassware kufuneka zihlolwe zokumelana ubushushu, njengoko inkqubo ubushushu lingaba ngaphezu degrees 100. Ewiliko yazala e ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu isitya ukuthintela ngaphakathi acid.

iziphumo

Le nokusulungekiswa isilivere ayisiso inkqubo nzima phambi lobungcaphephe ethile kunye nezixhobo. Ukuba uqaphelisisa amanyathelo okhuseleko enokwenziwa ngayo ayikho elabhoratri.

Ukuze ufumane isampuli ephezulu metal olusetyenziswa yokucokisa electrolytic esilivere ekhaya, ngokuba le ndlela enciphisa umngcipheko ubumdaka abangena ngokusebenzisa i yangoku.