Cannibalization - yintoni na le nto? Policy collectivization kwi USSR: ezibangela, inkqubo kunye neziphumo

Xa sithetha nje kwaye ngokufutshane, ukuhluthwa - nobunzima kohluthwa impahla ye abalimi kwi 30 zenkulungwane wokugqibela, apho kukho izigidi zabantu kunye ezindaweni. Ngoku le nkqubo kwafunyanwa ukuba mthethweni, kuyimfuneko ukuba amaxhoba umonakalo na.

qala ukuhluthwa

Cannibalization, okt ukuhluthwa ubuchule yamahlwempu kulak ukuba basebenzise umhlaba, kokuthathwa indlela zemveliso, "intsalela" zolawulo, kwenzeka iminyaka collectivization.

Isiqalo lunokwamkeleka umhla lokusayina (30/01/1930) Isigqibo Politburo (b). It useka iinkqubo kunye noluhlu amanyathelo okususa iifama kulak kwiingingqi apho collectivization.

Noko ke, ukuhluthwa eyona kakhulu waqala ngaphambili. ULenin wenza iingxelo malunga imfuneko yokulwa amafama sisityebi kwangoko 1918. Kungelo xesha ukuba iikomiti ezizodwa ziye kumisa, esibandakanya kokuthathwa kwezixhobo, umhlaba kunye nokutya.

"Umbethe"

nkqubo collectivization wayengawafuni kangangokuba kuwa phantsi kwawo kunye nabalimi nempumelelo, kwaye kude impumelelo yabemi.

izihlwele ebonakalayo nabalimi belizwe ndinesifo collectivization ngenkani. Cannibalization - yinto ukukhanyela kuqoqosho yayo kuphela. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa abalimi wagxothwa, zinganakwa saba lonke usapho, kungakhathaliseki ubudala. Iintsana kunye nabantu abadala nayo zikhankanywa ngokungenammiselo eSiberia, i Urals, Kazakhstan. Zonke "kulaks" babelindele ngebhaxa. Ubukhulu becala, ukuhluthwa eSoviet Union ngathi umdlalo apho imithetho iguquka. Abantu kwakufuneka akukho malungelo - eminye imisebenzi.

Ngubani ubalwe "kulaks" wagqiba ekubeni urhulumente waseSoviet ngaphandle kwetyala. Ungafumana azisusi nabani na na mehlweni okanye bathi bangquzulane kunye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni.

Into embi isebenza kubantu engathandekiyo abenzi "ukuzinkcinkca" emigudwini yabo ngaphandle ekutsaleni umdla abasebenzi. Ekuqaleni babebizwa "abalimi phakathi 'ixesha elithile abazange angamchukumisi. Kamva ke nabo abebalwa utshaba kunye neziphumo zabantu.

Iimpawu lweefama kulak

iimpawu zawo zaye kuluhlu ekufunyanisweni yokufama kulak (SNK 1929). Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ezi zilandelayo:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi eqeshiweyo imisebenzi yezolimo kunye nezinye iinkalo.
• Ukubakho kwi ubunini ematyeni yeoli lokusila umlimi, iziqhamo ezomileyo kunye yemifuno, naziphi na izixhobo ngoomatshini enjinini.
• Ukuvumela zonke iindlela ngasentla.
• Ukuqasha indawo yokuhlala.
• imisebenzi Isifundo yorhwebo, ulamlo, ngokufumana ingeniso unearned.

Izinto ezibangela ukuhluthwa

Izizathu-nkqubo engqongqo we abasemagunyeni ilula kakhulu. Ezolimo bekusoloko mthombo ukutya lizwe. Ukongeza kulo msebenzi ubalulekileyo, yi nga ku pfuna yokuxhasa inkqubo mveliso. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukumelana nenani elikhulu kwiifama ezincinane, elizimeleyo. Kulula kakhulu ukulawula ezinkulu ezininzi. Ngoko ke, waqala collectivization eli lizwe. Eyona njongo yale siganeko - ukwenza inguqu yali kule lali. nokuba imihla ethile ziye ezimiselwe ukuphunyezwa kwayo ngempumelelo. Igama ubuninzi ukuphunyezwa kwayo - kweminyaka emi-5 (kwiindawo non-iinkozo).

Noko ke, yena bekungazi kwenzeka ngaphandle ukuhluthwa. Ukuba uye wenza isiseko ekudalweni iifama ezidityanelweyo karhulumente.

Cannibalization - ke nokuphelisa zeefama ezingaphezu kwama-350 000, bahlukunyezwe phakathi 1930. Kumyinge ka-5-7% yenani lilonke iifama zabantu nganye nani ngempela 15-20%.

Ukusabela collectivization lali

Collectivization yafunyanwa abahlali kwiidolophana ezahlukeneyo. Abantu abaninzi abayiqondi into inokukuzisela, kwaye bayazi okwenyaniso abaphathi, ukuba lo cannibalization. Xa kwafika abalimi kule ubundlobongela kunye ubundlobongela, zilungelelaniswe uqhankqalazo.

Abanye abantu lithemba yokonakalisa ngokwabo ifama, wambulala ntliziyo emele kulawulo eSoviet. Ukucinezela ogwilikayo eyayibandakanyekile kwi-Red Army.

Stalin waqonda ukuba inkqubo enokwenzakalisa igama zayo uze ngesihelegu kwezopolitiko, wabhala inqaku "PRAVDA". Kuyo, waza wasigweba ngamandla ubundlobongela engogwetyiweyo esekisini zasekuhlaleni. Ngelishwa, eli nqaku zange ezijoliswe ekupheliseni sikweni, yaye zabhalelwa kwimo yakhe. Kakade ngawo 1934, nangona ukungawi abalimi iifama esihlanganyelweyo aye kuguquka 75% yeefama ngamnye.

iziphumo

Ukuhluthwa - kwinkqubo zibethe isiphelo izigidi zabantu. Ngawabo ndikunyamekele ukuthumela ngayo link usapho omkhulu babehlala kunye kwizizukulwana. Maxa wambi ezifikelela kubantu-40 kunye edityanisiwe noonyana, neentombi, abazukulwana nabantwana babazukulwana. Onke amalungu entsapho basebenza nzima ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho lwabo. Wabasusa weza onke amandla ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo. labemi beli lizwe liye lehla iminyaka 11 million 10. Oku kungenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Ngowe-1932-1933 ukuba yindlala abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-30. Iinkalo apho ekhula ingqolowa (Kuban, Ukraine), baba ngamaxhoba eziphambili. Indlala iye bakholwa ezahlukahlukeneyo kuqikelelwa ezintlanu ukuya kwezigidi ezisixhenxe. Abaninzi wafa ebasusa umsebenzi onzima, ukungondleki kunye nengqele.

Ngokwalo kwezoqoqosho, le nkqubo akuthethi ube negalelo kuphuhliso kwezolimo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iziphumo collectivization yintlekele. Kubekho ukwehla okukhulu inani leenkomo nge-30%, inani iihagu neegusha yehliswa 2 amaxesha. imveliso Iinkozo, ngokwesiko inqaku ebalulekileyo eRashiya kumazwe, yawa-10%.

Kubalimi impahla karhulumente, njengoko "a draw". abasebenzi abatsha wasebenza ngendlela slipshod, kwatyatyamba ubusela gwenxa.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke bachatshazelwa ukuhluthwa zibalwa amaxhoba zocindezelo kwezopolitiko. abasemagunyeni Local iyalelwe ukuba siqwalasele nokwenza izigqibo umonakalo yesiqhelo abemi. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka wenze ingxelo. Phantsi komthetho Russian, ukuba ungenza isicelo abemi hayi kuphela kwimeko yayo yesiqhelo, kodwa iintsapho zabo, imibutho yoluntu kunye nomntu omthembileyo.