Biography emfutshane Ivana Fedorova - nguvulindlela, abantu abadala kunye nabantwana ebhalwe

Namhlanje, siye sibe iincwadi eziqhelekileyo - iincwadi, iimagazini, amaphephandaba. Bathi akubizi, ukuba zifumaneke ngokubanzi, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba sengqondo ngakwabo kudla nambeko kwaye kukungakhathali. Kwaye kanye le ncwadi eninzi ngaphezu kwegolide, ababenako kuphela esisityebi kunene. Ukudalwa incwadi enye wachitha iminyaka emininzi, maxa wambi amashumi eminyaka. Yaba umsebenzi wezandla nzima kwaye onzima, kunye nelungelo lokuba umbhali kwakujongwa ilungelo, apho ungafumana wonke umntu.

EYurophu, izinto zaqala ukutshintsha phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-15, xa waseJamani Johann Gutenberg wasungula umatshini wokushicilela. Ngo-Russia, i kuqala cofa wokushicilela ngokwemiyalelo Ioanna Groznogo ngo-1563 wakha Ivan Fedorov. Yintoni esiyaziyo ngayo namhlanje? biography emfutshane Ivana Fedorova - nguvulindlela, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala baya kuba umdla kakhulu. It ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

imvelaphi

Kuba mbali ezithile abayazi umhla nendawo wokuzalwa Ivana Fedorova, yokuzalwa kwakhe. Kukholelwa, Noko ke, kwanokuba ke wazalwa e Moscow, kwindawo ethile phakathi kweminyaka 1510 no-1530, yaba Belarusian Ragozina endala. Abaphengululi abaninzi ubomi nguvulindlela unokugxininisa ukuba wazalwa ngo-1510 kweli phondo ukulungela ukusebenza.

qala biography

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Ivan Fedorov wafunda kwiYunivesithi Cracow ukusuka 1529 ngo-1532, yaye wafumana isidanga sedigri. Le irekhodi igcinwe kwi University mpepha. Mhlawumbi apha ukuba weva malunga yazo.

Emva kwikomkhulu, lo mfana waba Church of St Nicholas Gostunskii. Abafundileyo, kakuhle ukufunda, kakuhle yabola, weza phantsi ukusekelwa Metropolitan Macarius. Le yokugqibela wayesondele Tsar Ivan abangcangcazelisi, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba nguye lowo wacebisa ukuba owonithemba ekudalweni umatshini wokushicilela yokuqala eRashiya ndodana ekwaziyo.

Ukwakhiwa indlu yokuqala Russian yoshicilelo

biography emfutshane Ivana Fedorova - nguvulindlela, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala elivelisa Into ebalulekileyo. Ngowe-1550, ubomi Fedorov wajika elibukhali. Ngokomyalelo Ioanna Groznogo wayalelwa ukuba aququzelele yoshicilelo. Usungulo umsebenzi omkhulu kwisixhobo se wokushicilela wokuqala Russian. Abanyanisekileyo abancedisi esingoovulindlela umsebenzi onzima baba uPetros Mstislavets kunye Marusha Nerefev. Imisebenzi zagqitywa kuphela ngo-1563.

"Umpostile" yaye "Breviary"

April 17, 1563 inkosi waqalisa ukwenza incwadi yokuqala "Umpostile." Lase liphelile phantse ngonyaka. Umhla esemthethweni sapapashwa ithathwa Matshi 1, 1564.

Nayiphi ngobomi olufutshane Ivan Fedorov - nguvulindlela, ngokuba abantwana okanye abadala ukuba babhale, qiniseka ukuba ayikhankanye le ncwadi, kodwa umkhumbula izibakala umdla ezifana:

• ncwadi amaphepha 268, apho 262 babalwayo;
• It wakhululwa ngolwimi Old Slavonic;
• yoshicilelo kusetyenziswa ebomvu, namnyama kunye negama eprintiweyo abomvu izahluko;
• elinonobumba wokuqala ekuqaleni kwisahluko esitsha ngasinye zabuya ngesandla abaculi;
• isahluko ngasinye Wavatha entle nezidanga zeentyantyambo ezenziwe ngezandla;
• ngenani lilonke "Umpostile" yaba iikopi 1000, apho 47 kuphela abasindayo.

Ngowe-1565, iintlelo ezimbini kwakhululwa incwadi yesibini - ". Breviary" Of iikopi 345 ukuba asinda 7 kuphela.

flight

Okulandelayo, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane Ivan Fedorov - nguvulindlela, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala ukuba babhale, isixelela ukuba kwafuneka abaleke eMoscow. Kwakukho izizathu ezininzi:

• ukuba nguvulindlela walwa ukukhanya liphezulu ngenxa yokoyika eyayiza lula ukufunda nokubhala yoshicilelo incwadi abantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nabantu ofundileyo nzima ukuba asebenzise ngaphezulu;
• Baba aneliseke nababhali e yoonongendi, ngubani eneneni baphulukana isonka;
• Abefundisi wavakalisa Ukusungulwa ezimbi zendlu yoshicilelo.

Ukucofa ukuze ukubaleka wabanika nelokuqala 1566, nto leyo ekhokelele umshicileli yokuqala Ivan Fedorov balahlekelwa phantse zonke izinto. Waya Lithuania.

period Lithuanian

Grand Duchy of Lithuania ndamkelwa eshicilelweyo weengcibi. Umshicileli yokuqala Ivan Fyodorov usebenzisa Hetman Chodkiewicz owakhe isityalo esitsha yoshicilelo in Zabludovo. Ngowe-1568-1569 gg. Yanyatheliswa "ivangeli yayisetyenziselwa", yaye ngowe-1570 wabona ukukhululwa "Psalter kunye chasoslovtsem".

Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo Chodkiewicz ngequbuliso kunqunyulwa mali zokushicilela, Fedorov iye thaca kwilali encinane yaye bayacetyiswa ukuba benze wokufama. Ivan Fedorov - nguvulindlela, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu amafutshane abantwana kunye nabantu abadala leyo ichazwe kweli nqaku, wahlala ethembekile ityala lakhe. Waqokelela impahla yabo kunye nosapho (uyazi, ukuba belithe leza liyindoda enomfazi kunye nabantwana) bafudukela kweso sixeko.

Umsebenzi eLviv

Okwesithathu, umshicileli yokuqala Ivan Fyodorov waqalisa ubomi ngokutsha. Esehlela indlu ushicilelo, apho ngo-1574 wapapasha iincwadi 2:

• "Umpostile" kunye izongezo nezilungiso;
• "Primer".

Le yamva - enye yeencwadi zixabisekileyo ehlabathini. Phambi ixesha lethu iye yafikelela Umzekelo 1 kuphela kuyo. Namhlanje, igcinwe kwithala leencwadi Harvard.

Ezihambayo kunye kwelanga

Ngowe-1575, Fedorov wafumana isimemo ukusuka kwenye aziingangamsha ityebileyo - Konstantina Ostrozhskogo, abe umatshini wokushicilela entolongweni in Volyn. Pioneer yavuma kwaye kwakhona safudukela kwindawo entsha. Kukho imali olinene wahlela umatshini wokushicilela.

Ostrog yaba lelona xesha undiqhamisile ubomi Ivan Fedorov. Nge 1578 nge 1581 gg. wamkhulula iincwadi 6.

Ngo-1582, amatyala yoshicilelo inkosi wabuyela intsapho yakhe eLvov, apho wafela khona ubuhlwempu ngo-1583. Yena wangcwatyelwa woonongendi yaseSt Onufrievskom. Oku yaphela ibhayografi emfutshane Ivan Fedorov - nguvulindlela, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala ukuba babhale.