Biocoenosis - imizekelo. biocenoses yendalo neyenziweyo

Ekuhambeni yobomi bemihla ngemihla asinguye wonke ebona benxibelelana ezahlukeneyo nezakhiwo zendalo. Bayagxalathelana ukusebenza, akukho nabani na, ngaphandle ukuba eziphila yobungcali okanye eziphilayo, sikhangele ngokukhethekileyo yokuba bawela isikwere okanye ipaka. Kulungile I kubanjwe wegqitha, ngoko yintoni? Kodwa ke loo nto biocenosis. Imizekelo vukele ezinjalo, kodwa intsebenziswano rhoqo kunye ecosystem, ngamnye wethu umele ukhumbule, ukuba kuphela anakanyisisa. Siza kuzama ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha yintoni kanye le biocenoses, iyintoni kwaye oko kuxhomekeke.

Yintoni biocenose?

Kungenzeka, bambalwa abantu khumbula ukuba wayefunda School of biocenoses. Grade 7, xa eziphilayo ezi ndaba kude kwixa elidlulileyo, kwaye khumbula iziganeko ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Khumbula ukuba ube biocenosis. Lo gama yi ngokudibana amagama amabini Latin, "BIOS" - ubomi "cenosis" - eziqhelekileyo. Eli gama libhekisela isethi ahlala kwindawo enye, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano nokusebenzelana Cya, umngundo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Naluphi na uluntu eziphilayo iquka amacandelo biocenosis ezifana:

• Cya (microbiocenosis);
• uhlaza (phytocoenosis);
• izilwanyana (zoocenoses).

Ngalinye kula macandelo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye kumelwa ngabantu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba phytocoenosis licandelo ephambili yokufumanisa microbiocenosis kunye zoocenoses.

Xa wenza lo mbono?

Le mbono "biocoenosis" yaphakanyiswa yi-German hydrobiologist Mobius ngenkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha, xa befunda kwiindawo North Sea Oyster yokuhlala. Ebudeni isifundo, wafumanisa ukuba ezi zilwanyana ungaphila kuphela kwiimeko ezichazwe ngokungqongqo, luphawulwa ubunzulu, isantya sokuqukuqela, lobushushu amanzi etyuwa. Ukongeza, Mobius wabonisa ukuba kunye iimbatyisi kuchazo intsimi omiweyo ziintlobo kakuhle echazwe yezityalo zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyana. Ngokusekelwe data, ngo-1937, i-nzulu wazisa umba phantsi ingqalelo kukuba ibhekisela unxulumano zamaqela eziphilayo, eziphilayo zihlala kwindawo enye, ngenxa kuphuhliso yembali iintlobo kunye elide zivunywa. Ingcamango yanamhlanje "biocoenosis" eziphilayo nemvelo kukuthi ngentetho evakalayo noko ngokwahlukileyo.

ngezigaba

Namhlanje, kukho iimpawu eziliqela ngazo ukuba Cazulula biocenosis. Imizekelo yokuhlelwa ngokusekelwe zobukhulu:

• makrobiotsenoz (ulwandle, iintaba, iilwandle);
• mezobiotsenoz (kumgxobhozo ehlathini, entsimini);
• microbiocenosis (intyatyambo, i isiphunzi endala, igqabi).

Kwakhona biocenoses kufuneka zihlelwe ngokungqinelana yokuhlala. Inqununu walibona ntlobo zintathu zilandelayo:

• elwandle;
• amanzi;
• komhlaba.

Ngamnye kubo lungahlukaniswa ube superordinate, ezincinane iqela lendawo. Ngenxa yoko, biocenosis zolwandle lungohlulwa lube ipelagic benthic kunye nezinye ezishelifini. Amanzi uluntu ababazalayo emlanjeni, nomgxobhozo nechibi. biocenoses ezisendle ziquka lonxweme kwelizwe, intaba kunye iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ethafeni.

Ulwahlulo elula uluntu zebhayoloji na ulwahlulo lwabo biocenoses yendalo neyenziweyo. Phakathi kuqala ukwahlula primary kuyilwa ngaphandle nempembelelo yabantu, kwakunye lesibini, aye aguquka ngenxa ifuthe ziintlekele zendalo okanye imisebenzi lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu. Cinga ngokubanzi iimpawu zazo.

uluntu Natural eziphilayo

biocenoses Natural amele umbutho eziphilayo, okudalwe imvelo ngokwayo. Ezi uluntu iinkqubo zendalo ephuhlisa, ukuphuhlisa umsebenzi ngokwentando yayo, nemithetho yayo siqu. eziphila German B. Tischler ichonge ezi mpawu zilandelayo ezenzeka kwiziseko ezinjengezo;

1. Kukho uluntu izinto olwalusele, nto leyo ukumela lweentlobo ngamnye kunye nezakhiwo yonke.

2. Ezinye iindawo abahlali kutshintshwa. Ngokomzekelo, iintlobo mntu unokunyanzelwa ngaphandle kwaye endaweni ngokupheleleyo lelinye ukuba iimfuno ezifanayo kwiimeko zentlalo, kungekho emibi xa iyonke.

3. Ngenxa yokuba, xa iimfuno yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo biocoenosis esahlukileyo, ngoko ke inkqubo liphela supraorganismal esekelwe kwaye xona uthwele nemikhosi waqondisa oppositely.

4. Ngamnye kuluntu zendalo isekelwe phezu ummiselo ubungakanani omnye uhlobo komnye.

5. Ubungakanani naziphi na iinkqubo supraorganismal zixhomekeke imiba yangaphandle.

Iinkqubo Artificial eziphilayo

Biocenosis zamntu, zigcinwe yaye zilawulwa ngabantu. UNjingalwazi B. G. Ioganzen laqalisa ingqiqo eziphilayo antropotsenoza, okt esidalwe ngumntu ngabantu yenkqubo zendalo, umzekelo, isikwere, ehlala okanye Aquarium. Phakathi biocenosis bodwa agrobiocenoses ngumntu (agrocnosises) - ekuhlaleni okudalwe umntu ukuvelisa naziphi iimveliso. Ezi ziquka:

• ndawo;
• imigudu;
• amachibi;
• nezimbuku likhanyelwe;
• amadlelo;
• nentsimi, ukuba sikhule kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo;
• ezinemithi yomthunzi edwelileyo;
• emasimini okwenziwe ewuhlaziyayo.

Agrocenoses iimpawu uphawu zezi:

Le nkqubo yokufakelwa eziphilayo kakhulu ingazinzi, yaye kuya kubakho malunga nonyaka, agrobiocenoses zengca ingaphelelwayo ziya kubamba malunga neminyaka emithathu ngaphandle koncedo lomntu agrocnosises imifuno kunye neenkozo izityalo. biocenoses iyizinzise iziqhamo ngumntu, njengoko kungekho mpembelelo abantu, baya kuba nako ukuba khona amashumi ambalwa.

• agrophytocenosis njengesiseko lobomi;
• nokunqongophala kweenkqubo ukuzeyisa;
• iyantlukwano low;
• ukubusa izilwanyana zasekhaya okanye izityalo ezilinyiweyo;
• ukufumana inkxaso eyongezelelweyo evela umntu (ukutshabalalisa ukhula kunye nezinambuzane, isichumiso, njl);
• ukungakwazi ubukho elide ngaphandle koncedo lomntu.

Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba nkqu ihluphekileyo iintlobo agrocnosises iyantlukwano iqanjwa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto akwi kumaqela ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo kunye taxonomic. Nayiphi kwindawo ngumntu okanye nokutya izityalo, - abemi eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo biocenosis. Imizekelo - eli candelo rye okanye ingqolowa, apho ngaphandle inkcubeko omkhulu othi "live" kunye nokhula; nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo (zombini izitshabalalisi kunye bachasene nabo); kunye nobuninzi ezincinane kunye ezingenamqolo.

Iiyunithi noshowo biosystems

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, biocenosis yendalo neyenziweyo kuquka amacandelo eziliqela izinzile zokusebenza ezifana phytocoenosis, kunye zoocenoses microbiocenosis. Lowo phambili yi phytocoenosis, nto leyo uluntu sisityalo izinzile. Ngenxa fixity kunye nokungakwazi, ukuba isiseko rhoqo noko ngenxa isakhiwo eziphilayo le nkqubo. Cya, ngokungafaniyo izityalo, akaqhotyoshelwanga nayiphi na inxalenye komhlaba kwaye kwenziwe ngumoya okanye amanzi imigama ngokwanelisayo elide. Unxulumano oluphakathi amacandelo eboniswe biocenosis ngokuxhomekeke izilwanyana ngezityalo, ekubeni kuphela nezihluma nga ukuguqula izinto ezingaphiliyo ibe organic.

A indima enkulu ebomini naliphi na iqela loluntu eziphilayo ukudlala izinto ezincinane ezenza igalelo kwinguqu umcimbi efile organic zibe kwezimbiwa.

Isakhiwo ngokweenkqubo zebhayoloji

biocoenosis nganye echazwe isakhiwo ebonakala:

• Spatial, nkqo okanye zilaliswe, njengoko utshitshiseke yophuhliso iintlobo ngokobugcisa uluntu isithuba kwaye ubudlelwane avela akhuphisana amandla.
• Lwento ukwakheka, ubunzulu nezahlukahlukeneyo components ngokweenkqubo zebhayoloji, kwakunye lulwahlulo inani labemi ebandakanyiweyo kuwo. iintlobo zoluntu uhlumo lwendalo, ukuba ukumelwa mkhulu lwamanani, ebizwa lubalaseleyo.
• Trophic okanye ukutya, nto leyo umiselwa ukuba iisekethe supply phakathi eziphilayo.

Zonke iinkalo ezahlukeneyo noshowo biocenoses zihlobene zihlobene. Njengoko umthetho, isakhiwo ngxuba lweendawo esicwangciswe, ukumelwa zinemali ohlukeneyo kweentlobo yayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha biocenosis Isakhiwo yahluka kuluhlu encinane. Loo isimo ukumelana isalamane ukuba kwenzeka ebudeni impefumlelwano eziqalelo abasemthethweni, ebizwa homeostasis.

Esiza kuxubusha ngayo ngokweenkcukacha engundoqo isakhiwo olubonakalisa biocenosis.

Ukuma komhlaba

Biocoenosis has isakhiwo kwisithuba, esenokuba zombini nkqo nkqo.

Ubume nkqo, njengoko ngenxa nokwabiwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ezinobude bio-nkqubo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba Ukufikisa ukwakhiwa. Loo inkqubo luqinisekiswa kakhulu longline ekuhlaleni yezityalo, ezizezi indawo imimango kwezona aveza imveliso isityalo ezifana iingcambu kunye namahlamvu photosynthesizing. Kuba phytocenosis uphawu zombini Ukufikisa olungaphezu komhlaba. Sibonisa yokuqala kuhlala ithuba co-ekhula iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo bezakubaneemfuno ezahlukileyo apha kwelanga. Oku kakhulu ngokucacileyo kuchazwe emahlathini kommandla eyingcathu kwemozulu, apho kukho umthi kunye ityholwana namanqanaba aphezulu, ibekwe ngezantsi kancinane i imithana kunye nengca, kwaye kufutshane kumphezulu womhlaba - le tier zasemoyeni, ngokuqhelekileyo eyenziwa ubulembu kunye ulele.

Ukufikisa yangaphantsi ngokweenkqubo zebhayoloji ivumela phytocenoses nokusebenzisa ngeyona ndlela intle ukufuma komhlaba, ngenxa yobunzulu ezahlukeneyo kwenkqubo ingcambu yezityalo. iindawo emathafeni luphawulwa isabelo level ezintathu-: i bedded kakhulu nzulu kunye nenkqubo itephu, kulandele iingcambu papa ezahlukeneyo, yaye kufutshane kumphezulu - amatswele, iibhalbhu kunye neenkqubo ingcambu yezityalo yonyaka.

izakhiwo sicinga ukuba tye biocenosis synusia - phytocenosis inxenye equka kwezityalo omnye okanye ngaphezulu iintlobo ezinxulumene, ezahlulwe nokusingqongileyo okanye nendawo enye kwenye. Iiplastiki okwexeshana okanye isigxina, epiphytic, ndalala kwibhanka okanye ehamba.

Isakhiwo ezithile zoluntu zebhayoloji

A isici esasenza nasiphi biocenosis na isakhiwo yayo ngqo. Yobumbaxa iintlobo ubume Uhlobo kakhulu emiselwe yokuhlala kunye iqondo mbaxa iimeko apho kukho biocenosis. Imizekelo lweyantlukwano iintlobo ihlwempu - iphakeme eziphakamileyo, kumathafa, entlango. Biosystem nge etyebileyo kweentlobo - sooqaqaqa kunye namahlathi emvula.

Uhlobo, nakolu ngenani, na uhlobo ngumongo kwaye kuthiwa dominants. Ngenxa yoko, ehlathini ezinde iya kuba ezinde, kukho ingqolowa - ingqolowa. Kuyo nayiphi na biocenosis kukho iintlobo ezikhoyo kuphela ngenxa elibalaseleyo, ekuthiwa predominanty, umzekelo, ixhama kwi undergrowth ehlathini okanye iiprothini le nompleyini kunye nespruce ihlathi.

Ukongeza, uluntu zebhayoloji kufuneka edificators, okt iintlobo zezilwanyana okanye izityalo ukuba ukudala iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze ubomi kwabanye abantu. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kwi emathafeni biocenosis edificator esinamandla iintsiba.

Ukuze ukuba bahlole indima eziphilayo kulwakhiwo loluntu eziphilayo, kusetyenziswa iimpawu ezisekelwe kwi-akhawunti oluninzi, ezifana ngobuninzi bayo, rhoqo ukwenzeka, i Shannon iyantlukwano index kunye neentlobo nokuqhama.