Asia-Pacific: uphuhliso lorhwebo, intsebenziswano

Pacific imakethi inkulu ehlabathini, yaye amandla wayo ikude lee ndidiniwe. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko uqikelelo ingcali phambili kwixesha elizayo isabelo kulo mmandla kwimarike yehlabathi kuya ukwandisa kuphela. Usazise ngeenkcukacha ezithe vetshe yintoni na ummandla Asia-Pacific. Ngokwahlukeneyo kuhlala phezu namathemba eliqikelelweyo yophuhliso lwayo.

Intsimi le ndawo

Okokuqala, fumanisa ukuba yintoni na kummandla Asia-Pacific ngokwalo indawo. Ngokwemveli, amazwe ezifakwe kulo mmandla zithathwa ukuba urhulumente, kubekwe phezu kunxweme Pacific Ocean, kwakunye eMongolia eLaos.

lonke Ummandla-Asia-Pacific lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe zithili zi-4, apho bahambelana iindawo zehlabathi, apho States yelo kuyo: i-North American, South American, Asian kunye zaselwandle. Ukongeza, lo mmandla Asian yohlulwe sub-ndawo ezimbini: North Asia kunye mpuma Asia.

Kwingingqi North American ibandakanya mazwe alandelayo: Canada, eUnited States, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, eNicaragua, Costa ifune, Panama.

Yi kummandla eMzantsi Melika zikarhulumente: Colombia, Ecuador, ePeru Chile.

Le subregion North Asian kuquka amazwe: China (saseTshayina), Mongolia, eJapan, Korea, Republic of Korea, weRiphabliki China (Taiwan), eRashiya. I-Asia-Pacific mmandla, kuba eli qela abahlala kwindawo enkulu, yaye kufuneka itotali labantu liphezulu.

Xa subdistrict of South-East Asia kuquka mazwe alandelayo: Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, iLaos, Brunei, Thailand. Iingcali ezininzi apha ziquka eMyanmar Nepal. Ukongezelela, kwezinye iimeko, India naye ukhonza lizwe lilungu kwingingqi Asia-Pacific, kodwa ucinga ukuba kwimeko ukubandakanywa yaseIndiya mmandla ochwepheshe yayisathe inqabile, kwaye lizwe akukho ukufikelela kwi-Pacific Ocean, akayi ukunyamekele thina njengoko mxholo APR.

Ummandla Oceanic iquka inani Oceania ithi, uninzi lwazo ezincinane kakhulu. Phakathi amazwe, zonke ngaxeshanye malunga sobummandla kunye noqoqosho, kule ndawo kufuneka yabelwe Australia, New Zealand kunye Papua - New Guinea. ithi ezincinane: Fiji, Solomon Islands, Palau, Nauru, Federation of Micronesia, Vanuatu, i-Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa. Kufakwe imimandla emininzi ixhomekeka, ezifana eGuam, Tokelau, French Polynesia, kunye nabanye.

History of the mmandla

siqonde ukuba yintoni na ummandla wePasifiki Ukuze ngakumbi ngqo, kuyimfuneko lokumba imbali yayo.

Ukwakheka karhulumente indala kummandla abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo China. Yena kufanele ingqalelo enye neebhedi impucuko emhlabeni. Le-karhulumente yokuqala apho na ngakumbi kwi BC III kwiwaka. e. Oku kwenza imeko yamandulo of China (Asia Pacific), ezifana eYiputa eMesopotamiya - impucuko kakhulu kuMbindi Mpuma.

Kamva, kwakukho ithi mpuma Asia (inkulu kubo - ubukhosi Khmer uBukhosi), e-Japan kunye Korea. China waba intsimi leyo ngokulandelelana mzuzu ubukhosi ezahlukeneyo, kunye neziko kwezenkcubeko neyoqoqosho yommandla. Kwanasemva kokuba ukuyilwa yombuso yaseYurophu Mongols ngenkulungwane XIII, simanyene amazwe ilizwekazi ukusuka eRashiya ukuya Pacific Ocean (enyanisweni, isahlulo yasentshona ATR mihla), eyona nekomkhulu lalo Genghis Khan wenza Khanbalik (ngoku eBeijing), waza wafunda isithethe yaseTshayina kunye nenkcubeko.

Russia kuqala waya kunxweme Pacific ngenkulungwane XVII. Ukususela ngoko ke iimfuno karhulumente zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kunye mmandla. Sele Nerchinsk Treaty esayinwe 1689 - uxwebhu lokuqala lwaseburhulumenteni phakathi eRashiya neChina, eboniswe umahluko imimandla eziphembelela kula mazwe kule ngingqi. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zilandelayo, uBukhosi Russian yandisa ibizwa eziphembelela kwiMpuma Ekude, nto leyo evumela ukuba utsalele Russian Federation inxalenye mihla ngokungagungqiyo kummandla Asia-Pacific.

, Kuye kwavela zemfundo zoluntu kunxweme olusentshona kwilizwekazi American, leyo, ngumzali, kuba kwinxalenye esempuma yommandla Asia-Pacific kamva ngaphandle Asia. imfundo "ubukumkani" Peruvian ka-Cusco, ukusuka apho kwinkulungwane XV kwakukho odumileyo Imperiya Inkov, bobabo 1197 BC. umbuso Aztec eMexico kwenzeka naye emva koko.

Kodwa iindawo ezahlukeneyo kummandla elikhulu, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba APR ngenxa xesha, esibe zikhankanywe ngasentla, zathi saa, kunye nabemi kunxweme olusentshona ye-Pacific Ocean wayengazi nto malunga abemi bonxweme lwasempumalanga, kwaye vice versa. Xa umlinganiselo omnye kummandla Asia-Pacific ngcembe waqalisa ukuba kuphela emva kokuba enkulu geographical ezifunyaniswe XV-XVII eminyaka. Naso xa Columbus wafumanisa Melika, kwaye Magellan ndahamba ihlabathi. Kakade ke, ukudityaniswa uqoqosho kwinqanaba lokuqala isantya kunokuba kade, kodwa ke sele kwinkulungwane XVI, i Philippines yaqukwa kwi Viceroyalty Spanish of New Spain ikomkhulu yayo eMexico.

Ngowe-1846, emva kokuba ukutshintshwa kwe-United Kingdom Oregon, ilizwe Pacific iye enye ithi ezanda yelo xesha - eUnited States. Emva kokuba nokudliwa California, United States ebanzi nibahluba waphuma waya Pacific Ocean yaye kungekudala waba amandla okhokelayo kummandla kwiminyaka emibini, ubukhulu becala echaphazela uqoqosho kunye neemarike. Emva kokuba ukwandiswa eUnited States ukuya kunxweme olusentshona kwinkulungwane XIX, ummandla wePasifiki waqalisa ukuba bafumane imisebenzi umanyano lwezoqoqosho.

Kodwa close ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwi imilo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho zale mihla Asia-Pacific zifumaneka kuphela emva kokuba ulwahlulo yobukoloniyali kwenkulungwane XIX, iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi inkqubo ongagungqiyo. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uBukhosi of Japan, ngokusekelwe umfelandawonye iJamani yamaNazi, wazama yi umkhosi wamajoni ukuqinisekisa isikhundla lawula kule ngingqi, kodwa woyiswa yimikhosi encedisayo.

modernity

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, njengoko lonke, amazwe Asia-Pacific Kwandile yahlulwe kwiinkampu ezimbini yezopolitiko: Socialist imodeli wophuhliso kunye wongxowankulu. Kwinkampu yokuqala, kweenkokeli eSoviet Union kunye neTshayina (nangona Kwakhona ungquzulwano ezizinzululwazi phakathi mazwe mabini), elinesibini, alawulwa US. baba Canada, Australia, Japan kunye US Ukongeza, kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kummandla Asia-Pacific kweminquba nkulu. Emva kwexesha kwacaca ukuba, nangona iintsilelo ezininzi, i-nkulu (entshona) umfuziselo kophuhliso loqoqosho iseke ngokwalo njengendlela yimpumelelo.

Nkqu woyiswa emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, Japan unyule imodeli Western yophuhliso, ngoncedo lwe-United States, kwiminyaka elifutshane ixesha iye yaba lelinye lamazwe kakhulu kwezoqoqosho phambili, kungekuphela nje kummandla kodwa ehlabathini ngokubanzi. Le meko iye ngokuba "mmangaliso Japanese kwezoqoqosho." Ngasekupheleni-imi- 80 uqoqosho kweli lizwe, kuzise wamsongela kuza phezu kweli hlabathi ngokwemigaqo GDP, kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke ngenxa kwintlekele yoqoqosho.

Ukongeza, ekubeni i-imi- 60 lwekhulu XX, ukusebenza kakhulu kwezoqoqosho wabonisa "Asia Tigers ezine." Ngoko ukubiza mazwe alandelayo: i-Republic of Korea (South Korea), Singapore, Taiwan kunye Hong Kong. inqanaba labo yophuhliso nakakhulu ngaphezu kwenqanaba kwamanye amazwe Western aseYurophu. amazinga okukhula Good kwakhona wabonisa kwiiPhilippines kunye Thailand. Kodwa kumazwe yali, ingakumbi, Vietnam, Mongolia, iLaos, Cambodia kunye noqoqosho North Korea kaThixo imana ukuba mandundu kakhulu.

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union ngowe-1991, imeko yezopolitiko kule ngingqi litshintshile kakhulu. Ukusuka uqoqosho olunyulu yobusoshiyali wala namazwe afana neTshayina, Noko ke, leyo, nje yokugqibela avunyelwe kwixesha elizayo ukuze abe ngomnye iinkokheli njengenkqubo yoqoqosho yehlabathi. Olunjalo utshintsho, kunjalo, kodwa yimpumelelo kakhulu, kwaye kukho abathile amanye amazwe yobusoshiyali efakwe kummandla Asia-Pacific. Nkqubo iye zidudulelwe imvelaphi e Vietnam. Apho, nangona ebukumkanini obuqhubekekayo ideology abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, njengokuba e-China, iziqalelo ze rhwebo ziye zaziswa. Cambodia ngokubanzi wala imfundiso yobusoshiyali.

Emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR, iRashiya iye salahlekelwa ayo aphambili kule ngingqi, kokubini kwezoqoqosho ngokwemiqathango kwezopolitiko, kodwa ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-2000, ukubonisa ukukhula okubonakalayo kwezoqoqosho, ubukhulu becala ukubuyisela abalahlekileyo.

nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho mmandla ebangelwe nengxaki Asian zemali zeminyaka 1997-1998. "Asia Tigers Four" baye bahlupheka kakhulu. Le ngxaki kakhulu kwama ukukhula kwabo. A ebengayilindelanga nalo abele kuqoqosho Japanese. Oku le ntlekele iye yaba ngomnye oonobangela emiselweyo eRashiya ukususela ngo-1998. Ezininzi iingxaki ekhoyo yommandla Asia-Pacific imvelaphi kwezi ziganeko kaxaka.

uqoqosho China uye weva ubunzima, kodwa, xa kuthelekiswa namazwe zikhankanywe apha ngasentla, hayi kangangokuba kungekudala ukuba ngummeli ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-2014, uqoqosho China iye wafudukela kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini, ngaphambi US GDP nokuthengwa kwamndla. Leader kwesi salathisi China isekhona langoku, nangona kunjalo kude nangoku obuphantsi US GDP kubizwe. Ngapha koko, ngoku imveliso evela China kulawula imarike Asia-Pacific, ikakhulu ngenxa yeendleko zabo iphantsi kakhulu.

Le yoqoqosho lwehlabathi lobunzima ka-2008 kulo nyaka kwaba nefuthe elibi kuqoqosho mmandla, kodwa ziyingozi njengoko nengxaki Asian ka-1997. Ngoko ke, kummandla Asia-Pacific yeyona ngomnye neengingqi zoqoqosho zinamandla ehlabathini, kunxweme olusempuma of America kunye neNtshona yeYurophu.

iinkokheli zelizwe

Okulandelayo singathetha ngento uhlobo lizwe okwangoku alawula kulo mmandla, yaye yintoni izibonelelo oko benza.

Isibakala sokuba kummandla Asia-Pacific ihamba phambili kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, kungqinwa yinto yokuba amazwe nje ezintathu kummandla (i-US, China kunye Japan) wathabatha kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini yi GDP encinane. GDP (PPP) Iinkokeli, China nase-United States. indawo wesithathu uya eIndiya, ezinye iingcali kukwabhekiselele kummandla Asia-Pacific. Le ishumi ephezulu kwesi salathisi kuquka amazwe afana eJapan, eRashiya kunye Indonesia.

Ilizwe kakhulu ngabantu ehlabathini kwakhona lelinye lamazwe Asia-Pacific - China. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inani labemi beli lizwe ligqithisile uphawu abantu 1.3 billion of. Le ishumi wombiwe kuquka namazwe afana kummandla, i-US, Indonesia. Russia kunye Japan.

Kwingingqi Asia-Pacific sineenkalo ezine ezinkulu eli lizwe liphela: Russia, Canada, China nase-United States. Ukongeza, amazwe alishumi phezulu ziquka Australia (indawo 6).

kummandla Asia-Pacific njengenxalenye kurhwebo lwehlabathi

Xa siqwalasela zizo zonke uqoqosho onke amazwe akwingingqi Asia-Pacific, singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba mmandla imakethe inkulu ehlabathini, apho, xa uqwalasela zonke izalathi si zokunikwa uqoqosho amazwe afana ne-US, China naseRashiya, imarike yaseYurophu kweli nqanaba akakwazi bakhuphisane. Silindele Europe, ummandla Asia-Pacific nhlanganiso senziwa. Iingcali kwangaphambili i lag ebonakalayo kuqoqosho ngakumbi jikelele ye-EU kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu ukusuka kuqoqosho Asia-Pacific kwixesha elizayo.

Ke kaloku kwimarike yokubanga phezulu kummandla Asia-Pacific ngayo iimveliso, eyimveliso apho ubugcisa elektroniki zakutshanje zisetyenziswa.

Intsebenziswano kunye Integration

intsebenziswano Interstate ummandla Asia-Pacific idlala indima ngokwanelisayo ebonakalayo lulungelelaniso ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe. Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwamazwe ezohlukeneyo kummandla ezivakaliswe ekudalweni Unxulumano ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ezi zezi: kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kwisikrini Organisation (Thailand, iLaos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Myanmar), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (Russia, China, India, Pakistan kunye eziliqela Central Asia ico), Asia intsebenziswano -Pacific (APEC) (amazwe-21 kule ngingqi, kubandakanywa i-US, China kunye Russia).

Ukongeza, kukho iqela lemibutho ezincane ukuthi, ngokwahlukileyo igama ngasentla, musa kufikelela kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa kwezoqoqosho ithi, kwaye zibanga kumacandelo athile. Umzekelo, i-Asian Development Bank ligxininisa kumsebenzi kwicandelo zemali.

La maziko inkulu kwezoqoqosho

Esi sixeko sikhulu, iziko lwezopolitiko noqoqosho kule ngingqi ziquka eLos Angeles, San Francisco (USA), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing (saseTshayina), Taipei (Taiwan), Tokyo (saseJapan), Seoul (South Korea), Jakarta (Indonesia ), Sydney, Melbourne (Australia), Singapore.

Ngamanye amaxesha, phakathi amaziko wabiza isixeko eMoscow. Nangona ibekwe kude lwePasifiki, kodwa sekunjalo likomkhulu kunye sisixeko ezinkulu ngokobume amandla inkulu Pacific - Russia.

Indima Russia kwingingqi Asia-Pacific

ERashiya ukubaluleka nokubambisana Asia-Pacific kunzima ukuba zazi. Le yenye iinkokheli le SCO yentlangano, nayo leyo iquka China, leyo yenye yeeprojekthi uhlanganiso inkulu kule ngingqi. Kwakhona, i-Russian Federation - lizwe likhulu ubukhulu kwabo efakwe kummandla Asia-Pacific. Russia babenalo imbeko phakathi inkulu ezilishumi kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi ngokwemiqathango ye-GDP, nto leyo egxininisa ngakumbi ukubaluleka kwayo kuloo mmandla.

Ithemba kakhulu urhulumente Russian umisela ekwandisweni wentsebenziswano kunye nezinye iingingqi yinkokeli - China.

uqikelelo zophuhliso

uphuhliso olunokubakho kummandla Asia-Pacific kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi zoqoqosho nezopolitiko. Kwangaxeshanye, kusenokwenzeka sele kuthi ngoku ukuba le ngingqi ibe yenye yeenkokheli kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Yaye kwixesha elizayo kulindeleke ukuba amaziko yezoqoqosho yeli hlabathi of Western Europe kunye US East Coast na ummandla ummandla Asia-Pacific.

Ngo-2030, i-GDP iyonke kulindeleke ukuba yande ngama-70% kule ngingqi.

Ixabiso le ndawo

Asia-Pacific yenye kwimimandla ezintathu ezinkulu kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini, kunye ne-East American kunye Western yaseYurophu. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo kule mimandla, umsebenzi ishishini ukuba kancane, Asia-Pacific, ngokuchaseneyo, yindawo ethembisa kakhulu apho uhambisa iinkqubo eziphambili kwezoqoqosho.

Ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, oko ummandla Asia-Pacific lelona ziko, nto leyo kwixa elizayo uya kulawula ngokupheleleyo uqoqosho lwehlabathi.