Annealing steel njenge uhlobo lonyango ubushushu. technology metal

Ukudalwa izinto ezintsha yaye ulawule iimpawu zabo - bubuchule zobugcisa metal. Enye izixhobo zayo ilunyango ubushushu. Ezi nkqubo yenza kube lula ukuguqula iimpawu, ngokufanelekileyo, umda wokusetyenziswa aluminium. Annealing ngensimbi - ebanga option for yokunqanda neziphene mveliso kwiimveliso, ukwandisa amandla abo kunye nokuthembeka.

Inkqubo Tasks ezahlukeneyo

imisebenzi annealing lwenziwa ukuze:

• Noun isakhiwo intracrystalline,-odolwa izinto alloying;
• ukunciphisa kugci- zangaphakathi, igqwethwe okanye ngenxa umahluko ngokukhawuleza ubushushu zobugcisa;
• ukwandisa nokuthamba izinto ukuze machining elandelayo.

operation Classical ubizwa ngokuba "annealing ngokupheleleyo", kodwa kukho inani iinguqulelo zayo, kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu ezinqwenelekayo kunye neempawu wale misebenzi: aziphelelanga, kwe- ephantsi (iqhagamshela), isothermal, recrystallization, normalizing. Bonke ziyafana mgaqo, kodwa iindlela zonyango ubushushu sentsimbi zahluke kakhulu.

unyango Ubushushu ngokusekelwe kwimizobo

Zonke utshintshwano kushishino sentsimbi lo, ezo zisekelwe umdlalo of obushushu bahambelana ngokucacileyo ukuba kwisazobe aluminiyamu yentsimbi-carbon. It is a kufundisa ukumisela emincinci yodidi carbon okanye ayini alahle, kwakunye neendawo izakhiwo inguqu kunye neempawu zazo phantsi kwempembelelo ubushushu okanye ukupholisa.

Metal iteknoloji silawula le grafu zonke iintlobo annealing yodidi carbon. Kuba aziphelelanga, eliphantsi recrystallization "eqala 'amaxabiso ubushushu line PSK, ezizezi indawo yayo ebaluleke _Ac1. annealing Full nensimbi normalizing thermal ezijolise umgca GSE umzobo, sayo ezibalulekileyo yaye IZe ₃ Mseb _m. Kwakhona sihlele likwenza ngokucacileyo indlela uqhagamshelo unyango ubushushu lubalulwe umbandela umxholo carbon kunye ithuba lokwenza yalo efanelekileyo ukwenzela ingxubevange ethile.

annealing ngokupheleleyo

Izinto: castings kunye forgings of ingxubevange pro-eutectoid, apho ukwakheka sentsimbi kufuneka bazalise le carbon ngayo imali ukuya kwi 0.8%.

injongo:

• utshintsho eliphezulu kwi emincinci onesiphumo maka kunye noxinzelelo actuation eshushu isakhiwo nonuniform ferrite-ngeperlite ontlakantlaka kuhle-olungisiweyo eyohlobo olulodwa;
• ukunciphisa ngobulukhuni nokwandisa ductility ngenxa machining elandelayo.

Technology. Annealing steel kubushushu ngaphezu ingongoma ebalulekileyo 30-50˚S _Ac3. Emva kokuba iimpawu ngozi wobushushu le metal kuzinika inkxaso ngeli nqanaba kangangexesha elithile, ikuvumela ukugqiba zonke zinguquko eziyimfuneko. ngeperlite ezinkulu kunye neenkozo ferrite atshintshe ngokupheleleyo abe austenite. Inqanaba elilandelayo - pholisa okucothayo kule eziko, apho inkqubo kwakhona ahluka ukusuka ferrite austenite kunye ngeperlite nokuba ukhozo entle kunye nesakhiwo eyohlobo olulodwa.

steel annealing epheleleyo ishenxisa iziphene lwangaphakathi kakhulu entsonkothileyo, nangona kunjalo, yeyona obusa elide kakhulu namandla.

annealing soft

Izinto: steel hypoeutectoid, izitenxo lwangaphakathi ezingezo-kakhulu.

Injongo Ukuncitshiswa ubungakanani kunye nokunciphisa beenkozo ngeperlite, ngaphandle ukutshintsha zeendawana ferrite.

Technology. Amalahle i metal ukuya lobushushu iwile umsantsa phakathi iingongoma ezibalulekileyo _Ac1 kunye _Ac3. Ukungakhuseleki okusilelayo ezikweni ezineempawu ozinzileyo lula ngokuzalisa le iinkqubo eziyimfuneko. Ukupholisa lwenziwa kancinci, kunye neziko. Ngelo output ukunika isakhiwo esifanayo pearlitic-ferritic entle-olungisiweyo. Kunye nempembelelo thermal enjalo iguqulelwa kwi ngeperlite entle, ngembonakalo yikristale ferrite kuhlala ingatshintshanga, kwaye oku kungatshintshwa ngokokwakheka kuphela, nazo usile.

annealing Soft ngensimbi yenza ukulinganisa imeko sangaphakathi kunye neempawu zezinto ezilula, kuba namandla kakhulu.

A annealing ephantsi (recrystallization)

Izinto: zonke iintlobo ezityikitywe carbon ziintsimbi, ingxubevange sentsimbi ezinomthamo carbon phakathi 0.65% (umz, ibhola sithwele), kunye nezahlulo olungenanto ezenziwe zesinyithi nonferrous ukuba musa ziqulathe na iziphene lwangaphakathi ixesha elide, kodwa zifuna ukulungiswa non-eneji.

injongo:

• Ukususwa neengxaki lwangaphakathi kunye uhlobo lukhuni ukusebenza ngenxa deformation zombini ebandayo kunye eshushu;
• kubulawe imiphumela emibi lungapholi ngokungalinganiyo izakhiwo nge welding, ductility eyonyukileyo kunye namandla amalungu;
• homogenizing le emincinci of yokunyibilikisa isinyithi non-ayoni;
• lamellar ngeperlite spheroidization - amnike ifomu granular.

Technology.

Ukufudunyezwa iinxalenye eziveliswa kwi 50-100˚S ngezantsi _Ac1 emaxongo. Phantsi yempembelelo ezi ziphumo bayiyeka utshintsho zangaphakathi ezingephi. yonke le nkqubo ithabatha malunga 1-1.5 iiyure. lobushushu sentengo leminyaka kwezinye izinto:

1. Carbon steel nobhedu aluminium - 600-700˚S.
2. aluminiyamu nickel - 800-1200˚S.
3. aluminium - 300-450˚S.

Ukupholisa lwenziwa umoya. Martensitic kunye yodidi bainitic technology metal inika igama elahlukileyo le nkqubo - iholide eliphezulu. Yindlela elula nezifikelelekayo ukuphucula iimpawu iinxalenye nezakhiwo.

Iqhagamshela (nokuhanjiswa annealing)

Izixhobo: iimveliso eyahlulayo enkulu, ingakumbi baphose insimbi.

Injongo: nokwabiwa ngokufanayo ye elements alloying atom ngembonakalo yikristale emkhusaneni kwaye yonke ivolyum ingot ngenxa lobushushu kwe- eliphezulu; ukuthambisa isakhiwo preform, ukunciphisa yokuqaqadeka yayo phambi kokuphumeza imisebenzi yenkqubo elandelayo.

Technology. Amalahle kwaziswa ukuvelisa ubushushu 1000-1200˚S eliphezulu. iimpawu thermal Esitalini kufuneka igcinwe, ukuba ibe ixesha elide - malunga 10-15 iiyure, kuxhomekeka kubungakanani nokuntsonkotha kobume cast. Ukupholisa olucothayo kulandela ukugqitywa kwazo zonke izigaba abasabela-lobushushu eliphezulu.

Ixesha elide, kodwa inkqubo ngempumelelo kakhulu ngokulinganiswa le emincinci kwezakhiwo ezinkulu.

annealing isothermal

Izinto: carbon ipleyiti steel qikeka, iimpahla exutyiweyo eliphezulu-ingxubevange.

Injongo: Ukuphucula emincinci, ukususwa iziphene lwangaphakathi ixesha elincinci.

Technology. Metal ekuqaleni niza kude lobushushu annealing olupheleleyo yaye baqhubeka ixesha ezifunekayo inguqu kwezakhiwo ezikhoyo ukuze austenite. Okulandelayo ngcembe zipholile ngokuntywiliselwa kwi elivuthayo yetyuwa. Ngokuzuza ubushushu 50-100˚S ukuya ngezantsi kwindawo _Ac1 ibekwe eziko ukuze sihlale kuyo kweli nqanaba ngexesha eziyimfuneko inguqu epheleleyo austenite ukuya ngeperlite kunye cementite. Olupholisa lokugqibela oluqhutywa emoyeni.

Le ndlela ivumela ukufikelela iimpawu ezifunekayo workpieces zentsimbi exutyiweyo, kulondolozwa ixesha xa kuthelekiswa annealing ngokupheleleyo.

ukuzinza

Izinto: castings, forgings nowobulali, ka aphakathi intsimbi esezantsi-exutyiweyo.

Injongo: Ukulungelelanisa isimo sangaphakathi, enika yobulukhuni ezifunwayo kunye namandla, ukuphuculwa urhulumente sangaphakathi phambi zigaba ezilandelayo yonyango ubushushu machining.

Technology. Steel lashushu kumaqondo ukuba kancinane ilayini ngasentla GSE kunye amanqaku ayo ebalulekileyo, yaye waqhubeka lupholile umoya. Ngenxa yoko, izinga lokugqitywa iinkqubo kwandisa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo ukuphumeza isakhiwo esinengqiqo yasenza kuphela kwimeko apho ukwakheka sentsimbi echazwe carbon xa imali angekho ngaphezulu kwe-0.4%. Njengoko imilinganiselo carbon kukho ukwanda bobuso. Ngentsimbi efanayo emva ukuzinza abe lukhuni enkulu okuziinkozo ezincinane ngokufanayo luhle. Le ndlela ungakwazi ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa ukuxhathisa ukwaphuka kunye aluminiyamu ductility ukusika processing.

ukukhubazeka kunokwenzeka annealing

Ngexesha ukubulawa imisebenzi unyango ubushushu kuyimfuneko ukuba zilandele ngqo kwangaphambili iindlela lobushushu ukufudumeza nokupholisa. Kwimeko zokugxojwa iziphene ezahlukeneyo kungenzeka iimfuno.

1. Igcwala lo maleko komhlaba kunye nokusekwa isikali. Ngexesha ukusebenza etyhidiweyo idityaniswe oksijini emoyeni, nto leyo ekhokelela kuseko isikali phezu kobuso workpiece. Ngokuxhomekeke zokuhlanjululwa ngokusebenzisa ngomatshini okanye ngokusebenzisa wezenzi lwekhemikhali okhethekileyo.
2. carbon baphelelwe. Kwakhona oko kwenzeka ngenxa isiphumo ioksijini kwi metal eshushu. Ukunciphisa inani carbon kule nwebu ubuso kunciphisa iimpawu zayo ngoomatshini kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ukwenzela ukuthintela ezi nkqubo, annealing intsimbi kufuneka kwenziwe ngaxeshanye kunye igalelo eziko ngaphakathi irhasi sokhuselo umsebenzi walo ongundoqo - ukuthintela unxibelelwano ingxubevange mpilo.
3. Nobushushu. Kuyinto ngenxa yokwaluphala elide kwi-oveni kubushushu eliphezulu. Iziphumo kakhulu ekukhuleni ingqolowa, ekufunyanweni non-uniform isakhiwo ingqolowa erhabaxa, ukwanda ubu. Ivavanywa ukulungiswa ngokwenza omnye mjikelo annealing ngokupheleleyo.
4. Watshisa. Kwenzeka ngenxa yexabiso zokufudumeza impermissibly eliphezulu nesantya shutter, oko esa entshabalalweni neentambo phakathi iinkozo ezithile ungcolisa ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo metal wonke kwaye akukho phantsi ukululekwa.

Ukuthintela kakuhle kubalulekile ukulandela ngokungqongqo unyango ngexa le ngxaki, baxhotyiswe ngezakhono ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo le nkqubo.

Imiba emincinci Annealing sobhedu-ezinefuthe eliphezulu ukuqhuba ubugcisa amacandelwana nawuphi ukuntsokotha, kunye nokwakheka nonxibelelaniseko isakhiwo lwangaphakathi njengoko ezifunekayo kwizigaba ezilandelayo iimpembelelo thermal, machining kunye nokuqalisa isakhiwo ukusebenza.