Amaxwebhu amiselweyo ekuphatheni - oku ... amaxwebhu omthetho. Amaxwebhu omthetho kwakunye olumisiweyo

Kweli hlabathi wonke ngandlel 'ithile owayamileyo kwimimiselo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemithetho. ukuhlanganiswa wabo, yena, nezaziwa zokulawula izixhobo. Le esemthethweni izenzo ezihambelana kwifom emiselweyo. Oku ngazo kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kweli nqaku.

definition

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, imimiselo - a izenzo zomthetho, ezithi apapashwa kwaye samkelwa phakathi kobuchule yegosa eligunyazisiweyo (kwakunye nomasipala abasemagunyeni, imibutho yabasebenzi, imibutho yezorhwebo kunye nentsebenziswano) okanye referendums intlanganiso, kunye ukubambelela ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngokungqongqo ukuba iinkqubo nemigaqo, esekwe yi mithetho. Last ngokwemveli ziqulathe yonke imithetho eziyimfuneko olugunyazisiweyo yokuziphatha ezakhelwe ukusetyenziswa ezininzi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Noko ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba yonke siganeko, isenzo okanye into usenokuba inani elaneleyo ukutolika. Oku kwenzeka ntoni kule meko. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amagama ngakumbi esesikweni ithi ukuba, ukususela kwinqanaba umbono lo umthetho, imimiselo - ukuba amaphepha yoshishino iimpawu ezithile kubalulekile ababonisa ngokukhethekileyo ubuntu babo. Eyona ezisisiseko kubo sihlolisise.

ubungqina

Amaxwebhu asemthethweni luphawulwa khrayitheriya zilandelayo: indlela kwemithetho; ifomu ephepheni; phambi iinkcukacha; sikhokelo olwazi; ukungqinelana ne-siseko kunye nezinye izenzo ukuba amandla omthetho mkhulu; intshayelelo olusisinyanzelo abemi kunye nemibutho. Ezi ziquka: ukupapashwa kwiqumrhu ogunyazisiweyo (urhulumente wengingqi okanye igunya loluntu); ubukho imbopheleleko yenu kwemimiselo yezomthetho ezijoliswe systematization zonke amanqanaba yobudlelwane karhulumente. Ukongeza, ukwamkelwa uxwebhu olutsha kunganqanda okanye ukurhoxisa ngokupheleleyo isiphumo amaxwebhu endala eqhelekileyo.

yeempawu ezibonakalayo

izenzo olumisiweyo-zomthetho, kunye nemiqondiso ezidweliswe ngentla kwakhona ezinye iimpawu azalwa kuphela. Cinga ezinye zazo. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba amaxwebhu omthetho kunye nommiselo yoluntu kwindalo. Ngapha koko, urhulumente weli lizwe unelungelo lokunika amagosa ngamnye noomagunya, amalungelo bebonke njengoko ukulungiswa kunye nokwamkelwa izenzo. Oku kucacisa kwakhona ukuphunyezwa elandelayo amaxwebhu ezivunyiweyo. Ukuba uhlobo loluntu ukwahlula ingqalelo amaxwebhu zoshishino kuyo nayiphi na eminye imigaqo. Eyona yesibini ithi amaxwebhu olumisiweyo elawulayo kufuneka luvunywe ngamaqumrhu okanye ogunyaziswe amagosa. Kubalulekile ukuba kukhunjulwe ukuba ngasinye sezifundo ze-mthetho libe lelona ubungaka- nobuchule balo. Eyona lwesithathu uphawu iingxelo ukuba ukwamkelwa uxwebhu kufuneka uphumezo echanekileyo iinkqubo ezithile. Ngakumbi ngenyameko ngale mithetho ilapha ngasentla kufuneka ihlonitshwe xa ukuzithathela umthetho omtsha. Ukongeza, ibhalwa inani iimfuno ezahlukeneyo, hayi kuphela uyilo, kodwa umxholo. osemqoka elilandelayo imida amanyathelo negunya okwethutyana, luluvo and spatial. nemigaqo esisiseko wazala imithetho ethile ngokusemthethweni. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, kuba lo msebenzi yenza kube lula ukuthetha zohlobo esisinyanzelo.

ngezigaba

Ngokuphathelele onke amalungiselelo ezichazwe ngasentla, mihla amaqumrhu karhulumente, sanikwa nemisebenzi komthetho ezahlukeneyo nemimiselo evela e-ekutolikwa kunye ngamnye. Kuyimfuneko ukuba acacise ukuba kuqala ukusetyenziselwa iinkcazelo kunye utoliko imithetho okanye imigaqo. Ngenxa yoko, le yokugqibela zenza izenzo sebenzisa amalungelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezithi zisetyenziswe kumashishini non-karhulumente, kwakunye namalungu ngamnye kunye namagosa. amaxwebhu olumisiweyo lombutho (non-state) ezi ad hoc uhlobo isicelo kwaye zithunyelwe abantu abathile. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kucace ukuba izenzo yomthetho - ligama ehlangeneyo. Kusenokuba neendidi mimiselo. Ngoko ke, amaxwebhu asemthethweni ezinokuhlelwa yi ezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo.

Isibaluli lokuqala - kwenkululeko the

Kwahluka izenzo Iimbono nomphandle wocango. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ifuthe yokuqala zonke izifundo ukuba ziyalungiswa. Umzekelo, kusenokuba abathile nemibutho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yendawo yabo yomsebenzi.

Isibaluli yesibini - le amandla omthetho

Le bemfuno umisela ubukho lweentlobo efana nemithetho kunye nemigaqo. I abanalo kuqala nge amandla omthetho eliphezulu, naphakathi yesibini, ke, kuquka onke amanye amaxwebhu yolawulo. Eli candelo ikwaquka yokuba le mithetho kamasipala ezingangqubaniyo isigaba sokuqala, kodwa nabo bathatha ngaphandle imvelaphi yayo.

Isibaluli sesithathu - uhlobo zesifundo

Ukuhlelwa kwenzeka ukuba imizimba okanye abantu abanoxanduva upapasho kunye nokwamkelwa kwamaxwebhu zolawulo. Njengoko yaziwa, izenzo nga kwamkelwa yi zimvo, amagosa, urhulumente okanye amagosa karhulumente, ngokunjalo ngumongameli welizwe. Ukongeza, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwabela amaxwebhu ezivunywe ngenkxaso mzimbeni mnye kuphela, kwaye abo ezifuna ukubandakanyeka izakhiwo ezininzi. Uhlobo lokugqibela izenzo esemthethweni esetyenziswa kwiimeko imibuzo yokuziphatha jikelele okanye imisebenzi apho enxulumene ukuya entlanganweni.

iimfuno Regulatory

Ukususela nkcazelo ingasentla, kulandela ukuba nasiphi na isenzo kufuna zinjalo imithetho, ukususela ekusekweni de ukurhoxiswa ngokunxulumene ukuqaliswa umthetho omtsha. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho iqela ezifunekayo kubo ngokwabo amaxwebhu asemthethweni. Okulandelayo, iimeko ezininzi ezingundoqo ziya kuqwalaselwa.

Lokuqala - isicelo i injongo

imimiselo Umgangatho idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhobiseni amagunya zazo zolawulo. Oku kungafezekiswa, ukuba amaxwebhu afikileyo akayi kuba isicatshulwa okanye isiqhamo Ngumntu egulayo. Imigaqo kufuneka kusebenza kutshanje ze kusebenze njengento eya ku vangama ka yinyani. Nangona le mfuneko kakhulu jikelele kwaye isetyenziswa kuwo onke amaxwebhu asemthethweni, kodwa oko kwenziwe indalo kunye nokuvunywa izigwebo ezintsha, kuya kusiba kakhulu ethandwa.

Okwesibini - isakhiwo engqongqo

amaxwebhu eyamKelekileyo akuzukuba uluhlu umbhodamo lemigaqo. Omnye kufuneka isahlulo sibe intshayelelo, kungenjalo eyaziwa ngokuba kwintshayelelo. khona ngokwemveli sichaza iinjongo kunye neenjongo, oluboniswe iimpawu imeko yentlalo-yezopolitiko, nto leyo yathi ngexesha wokwamkelwa. Ukuqala umzimba omkhulu nqaku liqulathe uluhlu nokucaciswa la magama asetyenziswe. Okulandelayo, izinto ezilandelayo ezibhalwe kwisicatshulwa: ngabalawulwa zomthetho nezobudlelwane ezivela (umzekelo, abasemagunyeni zemali kunye ekubhataleni irhafu); inkcazelo imisebenzi yabo kunye namalungelo (ukuhlawula irhafu, ukujonga ukuchaneka umsebenzi); iinzuzo kunokwenzeka kunye nemisebenzi promotion (ukuncipha ipesenti tax); izohlwayo kunokwenzeka (umzekelo, ngokusilela ukuhlawula).

Okwesithathu - elula necacileyo

amaqumrhu karhulumente okanye amagosa achaphazelekayo ukulungiswa nokwamkelwa kwamaxwebhu zolawulo, kufuneka ukhumbule enye into elula: inqanaba yabantu emfundo ahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo afanayo kwezomthetho isebenza kubo bonke. Ngenxa yoko, kufuneka lwenziwe ngendlela eqondakalayo kucwangciselwa kwinqanaba eliphakathi-yengqondo, maxa wambi ngezantsi avareji. Akhawunti ye umongo uxwebhu olumisiweyo kuyimfuneko kukumisela ngolwimi olulula, kodwa ukuba babambelele style engqongqo kwaye, kakade, ukuthobela imithetho yokuziphatha esesikweni.

isiphelo

izenzo olumisiweyo-ngokomthetho - enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo izilungiso kwindlela kawonke-wonke. Kakade ke, oku kuphunyezwa kuphela xa umzobo yokuluka kwaye ekrelekrele.