Afrika yoMbutho kunye neeminerali. Akha ukukhululeka of Africa

Yonke into entle khumbula ukuba Afrika kwilizwekazi ishushu kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Kodwa bambalwa uyazi ukuba Afrika - kuba nayo i "phezulu" amazwekazi, njengoko ine- izinga eliphezulu kakhulu babengabafo avareji ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. isiqabu Afrika ezahlukeneyo kunye nezintsonkothileyo: kukho iintaba, Amathafa, amathafa amakhulu, zokubambela kukade icangcisiwe mlilo extinct.

UNcedo nawuphi mmandla yaziwa ukuba ngokusondeleyo enxulumene isakhiwo ziitectonic plates kwaye zejoloji ntsimi. Uncedo e-Afrika kunye nezibonelelo kwezimbiwa yelizwekazi nazo enxulumene zomhlaba lelizwekazi. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha kulo mba.

Plan echaza lwamancedo Afrika

isiqabu uphawu ukunika nayiphi kwilizwekazi kwisicwangciso ethile. Uncedo Afrika sichazwa algorithm ilandelayo:

1. ezweni uphawu isakhiwo ziitectonic plates.
2. Uhlalutyo imbali kolu qweqwe lomhlaba.
3. Iimpawu lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle (ezisuka ngaphandle kunye iqala) isiqabu-izinto.
4. Inkcazelo iimpawu ngokubanzi isiqabu yelizwekazi.
5. Ukwabiwa yobude kwelona qondo.
6. Izimbiwa kunye nendawo zabo phezu kummandla yezwe.

Low and High Afrika

Inkcazelo Africa isiqabu kufuneka uqale nesibakala sokuba lizwekazi, kunye kwindawo orographic lwembono, yahlulwe ezimbini: kwi-Afrika esezantsi nephezulu.

Low Afrika ngaphezu kwe-60% yendawo lilonke ilizwekazi (ngokobume ke ezisemantla, entshona nakumbindi Afrika). It esilawulwa ukuphakama 1000 eemitha. Afrika High iquka iinxalenye kumazantsi kunye nempuma yeli lizwekazi, apho ukuphakama avareji ka-1000-1500 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Apha kukho kwakhona indawo ephezulu - Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 meters), Kenya kunye Rwenzori.

iimpawu ngokubanzi isiqabu Afrika

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele iimpawu eziphambili isiqabu-Afrika.

Eyona iphambili kukuba imizila nemisinga uthe tyaba ukuba becala. iintaba erhangqwe nemisinga kuphela emzantsi kumntla-ntshona. E East Afrika, uninzi ntlango tyaba.

Afrika esilawulwa iintlobo ezifana isiqabu: umhlaba, amathafa, enkangala, Amathafa, uqoqo, buttes kunye massifs mlilo. Kule meko zibekwe kwi kwintsimi yezwe sele edyokhweni kakhulu ngaphakathi kuyo zihambelana ngokubanzi komhlaba - amathafa agudle, kwaye emancamini - iinduli neentaba. Olu phawu lu dityanisiwe isakhiwo ziitectonic plates yeAfrika, enkulu edulusele eqongeni amandulo Precambrian kwaye ezindaweni zayo amalungiselelo ngajingayo ndawo.

Kuzo zonke iinkqubo intaba oselula Afrika kuphela Atlas. Xa ngasempumalanga lizwekazi yolula iikhilomitha phezu 6000 ubude elikhulu Great Rift Valley. Kwiindawo iziphene zayo kwasekwa mlilo mkhulu, kwaye emigodini kwakhiwa edikeni nzulu kakhulu.

Oku kufanele ukuba zidweliswe kunye iintlobo ezininzi zoncedo-Afrika. Ezi ziquka Atlas, zoKhahlamba kunye neCape Mountains, The Highlands mTiyopiya, Highlands Tibesti kunye Ahaggar, eMpuma Afrika Plateau.

ezintabeni Atlas

Amaxwebhu ntaba isiqabu ka-Afrika, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, kuphela emzantsi kumntla-ntshona belizwekazi. An iintaba Afrika i Atlas.

Atlas Iintaba eqale kwiminyaka million 300 eyadlulayo ngenxa ingozi ye yaseYurophu neepleyiti Afrika. Kamva, ukuba navuswa ukuya kubude omkhulu ngenxa kwiintshukumo ziitectonic plates ukuba senzeka xa ekupheleni Paleogene. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iinyikima ezenzeka kule ndawo kanye ngoku.

Atlas ubunjwe okokuqala Marl, lekalika mlilo yamandulo. Masimu sisimbiwa zizityebi intsimbi, kwakunye phosphorite neoli.

Yeyona intaba likhulu e-Afrika inkqubo ebandakanya iintaba ezininzi kakhulu ngaxeshanye:

• Atlas High.
• Rif.
• Tel Atlas.
• Middle Atlas.
• Atlas Sahara.
• Anti-Atlas.

Ubude lilonke kuluhlu intaba - malunga 2.400 neekhilomitha. Ukuphakama aphezulu zifumaneka kummandla Morocco (Mount Toubkal, 4165 meters). Amanzi ukuphakama avareji ziyahluka phakathi kweemitha 2000-2500.

ezintabeni Drakensberg

Le nkqubo yentaba kumazantsi eli lizwekazi ukwakweli intsimi yamazwe amathathu - Lesotho, uMzantsi Afrika kunye neSwaziland. Ingongoma eliphezulu zoKhahlamba Iintaba - Mount Thabana Ntlenyana kwi 3482 iimitha eliphezulu. Iintaba kwasekwa kwiminyaka million 360 eyadlulayo, ngexesha Hercynian. Anakho igama yoyikekayo imbonakalo yayo zasendle ekude.

Masimu esisityebi kwizimbiwa: platinum, igolide, itoti kunye namalahle. ihlabathi elikhethekileyo somgquba ezintabeni Drakensberg, apho kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo izezo zifumaneka apha kuphela. Inxalenye ephambili massif ntaba (Drakensberg Park) yi-UNESCO.

Drakensberg - umda sokwahlukanisa izehlo phakathi Indian Ocean uhehema lwesitya efikelela kuyo i-Orange River. Zinelungelo imilo ekhethekileyo: iziciko zabo tyaba, tabular, ezahlulwe ukhukuliseko ngentlawulo.

yaseTopiya

Uncedo Afrika ezihlaba ezahlukahlukeneyo. Apha uyakwazi ukufumana iintaba eziphakamileyo uhlobo wasezintabeni, umhlaba bahambe ezindulini, amathafa enkulu kunye kwimigongxo enzonzobila. Enye kakhulu ethandwa iintlobo isiqabu lwase na yaseTopiya, apho ibekwe Ethiopia nje kuphela kodwa namanye amazwe aseAfrika 6.

Le uluhlu intaba wokwenene yaye ukuphakama avareji km 2-3 nencopho iphezulu kwi yeemitha 4,550 (Mount Ras Dashen). Ngenxa kwiimpawu ezithile, inkangala mmandla idla ngokuba 'uphahla lwe-Afrika ". Ukongeza, i "uphahla" lidla uyankwantya; kusekho seismicity eliphezulu.

Highlands Kwiminyaka engange yezigidi kuphela 75 eyadlulayo. It iqulathe schists crystalline kunye gneisses overlain yi mlilo ngaphezulu. amathambeka kakhulu elihle yasentshona nduli umKushi, anamandla nemixawuka eBlue iNayile.

Ngaphakathi Plateau kukho iidipozithi zizityebi yegolide, isalfure, platinum, nobhedu nentsimbi ekrwada. Ukongeza, kwakhona indawo ebalulekileyo kwezolimo. yaseTopiya kugqalwa wazalelwa khona ikofu, kwakunye ezinye iintlobo ngeentlobo ingqolowa.

mlilo Kilimanjaro

Lo mlilo ayikho kuphela kwinqanaba eliphezulu yezwe (5895 meters), kodwa ke uhlobo uphawu ngenxa yonke iAfrika. Lo mlilo ukwakweli emdeni mazwe mabini - Kenya ne Tanzania. Kunye Swahili igama mlilo lithetha "intaba okhanyayo".

Kilimanjaro liphuma ngaphezu Masai ithafa 900 ubude, ukuze abangaboniyo kubonakala ukuba lo mlilo ngenzala eninzi. Izazinzulu musa ukuqikelela umsebenzi mlilo kwixa elizayo (ngaphandle ezikhutshwayo ezinokwenzeka), nangona kutshanje kokuba kufunyenwe ukuba udaka iimitha ezingama-400 ukusuka Kibo mngxuma.

Ngokutsho legend yengingqi, i-mlilo ezimbini kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo. Nangona kungekho obubhaliweyo bokuba oku. Ingongoma eliphezulu Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Peak - wokuqala waphumelela ngowe-1889, Hans Meyer. Namhlanje babeqhelisela ukoyisa ekhwankqisayo Kilimanjaro. Ngo-2010, yaseSpain Kilian Burgada emisela irekhodi kwihlabathi yanyukela ke intloko yazo mlilo iiyure ezi-5 kunye nemizuzu 23.

Anceda Afrika kunye neeminerali

Afrika - izwekazi enamandla amakhulu ezoqoqosho, nto leyo luphawulwa zigcine yezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi egudileyo, isiqabu dissected ephezulwana intsimi igalelo kuphuhliso lwamashisini kunye nokwakhiwa kweendlela kunye nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano.

Afrika zizityebi izibonelelo zendalo, apho zingaphuhliswa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye petrochemicals. Ngoko ke, lo ilizwekazi ubambe ehlabathini le igunya olungagungqiyo loovimba jikelele phosphate, titanium esikrwada, chromite, kunye tantalum. Ngomhla kummandla Afrika nazo iidipozithi elikhulu yemanganizi, ubhedu neyuranium esikrwada, webauxite, igolide kunye nedayimani. Kwi nemisinga, nokuba ayikhuphi ebizwa ngokuba 'ibhanti ubhedu "- ibhanti ambiwa owodwa nobonisa, ukususela Katanga ukuya Republic of the Congo (DRC). Ukongeza ubhedu eyiyo nayo geni igolide, ayibe, nebhekile, uranium kunye namafutha.

Ukongeza, xa kukho imithombo yezimbiwa esisityebi kunene zithathwa kunye nezo iindawo eAfrika, njengoko Atlas Mountains, eMntla Afrika kunye Ntshona Afrika (Guinea, inxalenye yayo).

Ngoko namkela siqhelane awohluke ze uncedo kwelizwekazi ishushu kobasemhlabeni. Uncedo Afrika ezizodwa nolwahlukileyo, zingafunyanwa apha zonke iintlobo - iintaba, umhlaba kunye umhlaba, enkangala, iinduli kunye neentili.