19 England: imbali, imihla iziganeko

19 England yaba xesha segolide ngokwenene. Ngelo xesha, igunya layo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho baba phantse elingenakuphikiswa. Wakwazi ukubaleka i licham revolution French kuba kuphindezela ngokwayo yaba revolution eyahlukileyo kakhulu - lwenzululwazi nobugcisa. I-revolution industrial ekwandiseni lizwe kwindawo ephambili kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo amazwe yaseNgilani inikwa ubukhulu kwakhe ihlabathi phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu. Ezi kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi, kungekuphela nje ngayo ubomi IsiNgesi ngokwabo, kodwa kucwangcisa kumda wesangqa elithile kwimbali yophuhliso.

I-Industrial Revolution eNgilani ngenkulungwane ye-19

Ukuze siqonde ukuba kutheni revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe eNgilani wafumana emhlabeni kakhulu echumileyo kuphuhliso wayo, kufuneka nzulu kancinci kulo ibali. Isibakala sokuba ngenkulungwane ye-19 eNgilani wadibana ilizwe yokuqala ukudala iimeko ukuvela yongxowankulu. Le bourgeois revolution kwenkulungwane ye-17 emva kwexesha wanika ilizwe inkqubo entsha yezopolitiko - neNgonyama hayi obububo kunye siseko. Ngamandla ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba omtsha yenziwa ukuba avunyelwe ukuba ngqo umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kakhulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ingcamango Machinization lamandla oluntu, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi kunye iindleko zokuvelisa, Kakade ke, kwafuneka ithuba lokuba abe yinyani. Ngenxa yoko, imarike ihlabathi lakhukuliswa iimpahla baseBritani, ezibe iimveliso ngcono yaye kungabinandleko lwaloo mazwe apho nangoku alawulwa ngawo.

Le Ukufuduka enkulu

Ukwehla kwi umyinge wabantu yamahlwempu kunye nongeniselo umzi - yiloo ukutshintsha indlela ubuso ekuhlaleni ngenkulungwane ye-19 eNgilani. Ukuqala kunikwe enkulu kwakhona ukubeka revolution yezoshishino. Inani lemizi-mveliso aye athi gqolo ukunyuka, kwaye kufuna ngakumbi nangakumbi abasebenzi. Ngelo xesha, le nto ayizange kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwezolimo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uya kuzuza kuphela koku. In a iifama ezincinane zokhuphiswano kakhulu ndininikile indlela kumhlaba ubunini elikhulu-isikali - wokufama. Basindiswa kuphela ezo bayakwazi ukwandisa style ulawulo lwakho: sebenzisa nezichumiso eziphuculweyo, oomatshini kunye nobuchule yezolimo kwisampula entsha. Kakade ke, iindleko zokwenza olu qoqosho baba ngakumbi, kodwa inzuzo ingeniso ngokwandisa iye eyahlukileyo. Nantso indlela nge kudala kobungxowankulu eNgilani (kwinkulungwane ye-19) waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ngenkuthalo ezolimo. Izivuno kunye nemveliso imfuyo esikuhlelayo kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu izihlandlo eziliqela lizwe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo yobukoloniyali le United Kingdom

Mhlawumbi akukho lizwe iye yabamba amathanga ezininzi, njengokuba eNgilani kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. India, Canada, Afrika, Australia yaye kamva waba umthombo ukuqokelelana ubutyebi bayo. Kodwa ukuba ngaphambili ukuba nje bawuphanga bezithanga IsiNgesi, kukho imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukileyo kakhulu yobukoloniyali luphawulwa ngenkulungwane ye-19. England uqala ukusebenzisa le ndawo nje emarikeni yeempahla zabo kwaye kukho umthombo zempahla ekrwada. Umzekelo, eOstreliya, apho wayeza ukuthatha lutho, eNgilani isetyenziswe iifama enkulu iigusha. Indiya iye yaba umthombo zempahla ekrwada kushishino cotton le. Ngaxeshanye, eNgilani amathanga Luhlala iimpahla zazo, uvimba ithuba lokuphuhlisa imveliso kukhona uqobo, ngaleyo ndlela kwande ukuxhomekeka le Hewana enkosini yazo siqithi. Ngokubanzi, umgaqo lasemzini ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo.

isonka elambile

Okukhona England baba zizityebi, i enkulu umsantsa ophakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. UCharles Dickens yaba uhlobo eliqaqambileyo imizobo yabo. Nzima ukuze nithi, ngoko ukuba kukho eninzi kuwo onke ayibaxwanga. Ubude kwintsuku zokusebenza yaba kunqabile ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama 12-13, yaye ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngelo umvuzo xesha kunzima ngokwaneleyo ukuze ikati eziko. Abavelisi rhoqo ukusebenzisa ababhinqileyo cheap kunye ukusetywenziswa kwabantwana - ukungeniswa koomatshini kwimveliso uvumelekile. Naziphi iimanyano zabasebenzi umlomo beqiqa njenge labavukeli. Ngowe-1819, e-Manchester, kummandla Petersfield, wadutyulwa ebonisa abasebenzi. Ababephila ebizwa ngecebo "Idabi Peterloo." Kodwa ke kwavela yondele kakhulu ngakumbi ukruthakruthwano phakathi abanini mveliso kunye nabanini-mhlaba. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuziinkozo zanixa- ukunyuka kwexabiso isonka, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa ukuba banyuse imivuzo kubasebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, abenzi iPalamente kunye nabanini iminyaka kume intambo "Imithetho Umbona".

inkosi crazy

kwezepolitiki England baba phezulu kakhulu. Ayizi ningabanqandi, nokuba intloko uhulumeni ngamageza ngokupheleleyo. Ngowe-1811, George, uKumkani of England, wavakaliswa amandla, kunye nonyana wakhe omdala saboleka phezu izintso ngurhulumente lizwe, babe ibamba. baphazamiseka Military uNapoleon edlalwa ezandleni zokubonisana yaseBritani. Emva iyindawo kwakhe iindonga eMoscow yaba eNgilani waba umgaqo eququzelelayo, wazithwala izixhobo nxamnye lonke Europe kwinkokeli isiFrentshi. Uxolo Paris, esatyikitywa-1814, kongezwa impahla yayo isixa esikhulu umhlaba omtsha. IFrance ukunika England Malta, Tobago, kunye Seychelles. Netherlands - umhlaba e Guyana kunye kumasimi umqhaphu enkulu eCeylon kunye Cape of Good Hope. Denmark - Helgoland. Kwaye ngaphantsi begxeka yakhe otshatsheleyo Corinth Islands ekhululwe. Ngoko ke ngo imimandla wajika Regency. England musa useyingxaki kwaye elwandle. Emva kokuba Homepage Omkhulu yena, wathabatha phezu kwesihloko "uyinkosikazi Beelwandle." Kwiminyaka emibini yathatha ephikisana wayo eUnited States. iinqanawa IsiNgesi njalo fanayo amanzi kufuphi kwilizwekazi cala, nkqu churayas ngokuphandle ukuhlasela karhataka. Ngowe-1814, uxolo sasayinwa, nalapho kukho ixesha siziswe noxolo lwengqondo.

ixesha obuzolileyo

Ixesha imithetho England William IV (1830-1837), iye apho ukuze siqhame kakhulu elizweni. Nangona bambalwa abantu bakholwa nto - ngenxa yokuba ukumkani ngexesha Ukuvuma etroneni engama-65 ubudala, eyingwevu enkulu elo xesha. Enye mthetho ibalulekileyo ekuhlaleni yaba ukusungulwa izithintelo labour kwabantwana. Phantse yonke United Kingdom of Great Britain wasindiswa ebukhobokeni. Changed uMthetho embi. Yaba ixesha kakhulu cwaka kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. Kude kube War iCrimea ngo-1853 kwakukho akukho iimfazwe ezinkulu. Kodwa ngokutsha ezibalulekileyo ngenkqubela-William IV waba yotshintsho epalamente. Inkqubo endala akazange avumele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo abasebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba entsha mveliso. Commons yaba ezandleni yabathengisi, abanini etyebileyo kubalondolozi. Bona baba ukuwubamba epalamente. Oohlohlesakhe waya abasebenzi abathi, ngethemba lokuba nabo, nabo, uya kufumana litshatshazi yowiso, wabanceda ukulwela amalungelo abo. Amaxesha amaninzi ngeengalo. I-July Revolution of 1830 eFransi elinye enamandla drive endleleni eya yokusombulula le ngxaki. Ngowe-1832, kukho utshintsho yasepalamente kuthwalelwa phandle, apho ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba industrial azuzwe kwiPalamente ilungelo lokuvota. Abasebenzi, ke, kule nto iphumelele, okubangele intshukumo Chartist eNgilani.

umzabalazo abasebenzi amalungelo abo

Khohliswa kwezithembiso oohlohlesakhe, abasebenzi ngoku amelana ngayo. Ngowe-1835 waphinda waqala imiboniso abaninzi kunye nokwenziwa, zinyukile xa kuqala kwentlekele 1836, aphoswe ngaphandle esitratweni xa amawaka abasebenzi nzima zaye. E London, kwasekwa "imanyano yabasebenzi", nto leyo uqulunqe charter ngenxa lovoto ngenxa yokuthobela kwalo ePalamente. In IsiNgesi "charter" iyalila "charter", kungoko ke igama - umbutho Chartist. ENgilani, abasebenzi babefuna alinganayo ngokwayo amalungelo oohlohlesakhe kunye nokuvumela ukuba zityumbe abaviwa ukuba abasemagunyeni. imeko yazo ibe mandundu kuphela luyavumelana kubo - oko benza. Intshukumo bakhawuleza bangamaqela amathathu. London umchweli Lovett wakhokela iphiko mayimodareyithe oxabisa ukuba kuphela kuphunyezwa ngeendlela zoxolo, esebenzisa thethwano. Ezinye chartists udela wayibiza lom "iqela yamanzi epinki kancinane." Ngexesha lomzabalazo emzimbeni ukhokelwa igqwetha Irish O'Connor. Yena umnini amandla ingaqhelekanga, manqindi omkhulu, wayiqhubela abasebenzi nenkani nangakumbi. Kodwa kukho kwakuyinto wesithathu, ephikweni revolution. nenkokeli yalo yaba Garni. An admirer of Marx kunye Engels kunye neenjongo revolution French, yena balisebenzisa wawalwela ekuthatheni komhlaba kumafama ukuze kulungelwe karhulumente kunye nokusekwa usuku lokusebenza umgangatho iiyure ezisibhozo-. Ngokubanzi, intshukumo Chartist eNgilani akuphumelelanga. Noko ke, abanye ixabiso wayekade: oohlohlesakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukusebenza kwinani amanqaku, kunye kwipalamente zaye zamkelwa imithetho ekhusela amalungelo abasebenzi.

kwinkulungwane ye-19 eNgilani ngethuba wempumelelo kakhulu

Ngowe-1837, wanyukela kwitrone koroleva Viktoriya. Ixesha wobukumkani bakhe ithathwa i "era yegolide 'eli lizwe. Kuzolile olwenze umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle eNgilani, wavumela wokugqibela ingqalelo kuphuhliso loqoqosho. Ngenxa ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaba ubukhosi unamandla natyebileyo eYurophu. Yena abizele iimeko zabo kwezopolitiko ihlabathi nokwenza inzuzo yoqhagamshelo yakhe. Ngowe-1841 kwavula kaloliwe apho i uhambo lokuqala wenza ukumkanikazi. British Abaninzi bakholelwa wolawulo Victoria, ixesha kakuhle, nto leyo eyaziwa kwimbali eNgilani. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, nto leyo eshiya amazwe amaninzi amanxeba anzulu, kwaba yintsikelelo uhlanga siqithi. Kodwa mhlawumbi ngaphezu impumelelo lwezopolitiko nolwezoqoqosho ewe, amaNgesi bayazingca ekuziphatheni loo kumkanikazi owafaka kwizifundo zawo. Iimpawu ngexesha yeVictorian eNgilani bekusoloko elide yentsini. Ngeli xesha yonke into ngandlela into edibene kwicala yemvelo yabantu, hayi kuphela zifihliwe, kodwa walahla ebonakalayo. imithetho Hard yokuziphatha wafuna ukuzithoba epheleleyo, kunye nokuhlukunyezwa zabo kohlwaywa ngqwabalala. Kweza kuye ezitenxileyo: xa kuziswa eNgilani umboniso eqingqiweyo antique, abayi abakhuselekanga logama nje kungakhankanywanga phantsi kwigqabi umkhiwane ubuze babo bonke. abafazi Ukusela bekhathazekile, kude kubukhoboka ngokupheleleyo. abazange bavunyelwe ukuba ufunde amaphephandaba kunye namanqaku zezopolitiko abavumelekanga ukuba bahambe ngaphandle gada eyindoda. Ixabiso inkulu laligqalwa umtshato kunye nosapho, uqhawulo-mtshato okanye ukukrexeza yabamba nje ilityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

namatshamba ombuso ubukumkani

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwaye kwacaca ukuba "Golden Age" akudala ziyadlula yayo. US uze uhlanganise ngokuthe iJamani waphakamisa intloko yakhe, yaye United Kingdom of Great Britain ngokuthe ukunika isikhundla sayo eziphambili kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi. Babuza ukuba amandla amaqela endala ukukhuthaza ezigxeka impiriyali. Angamfuni kumaxabiso zobunene - ingqalelo kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho - uzinzo uthembisa kufuna inguqu aphakathi kunye nokulondolozwa yamaziko emveli British. Inkokeli Conservative Party ngelo xesha Disraeli. Wagxeka benkululeko ngokungcatsha nomdla wesizwe. Eyona nto iphambili axhasayo i "impiriyali" of England, i babebambelele wacinga amandla omkhosi. Sele phakathi ku-1870, ukuba siqala igama elithi "yaseBritani Empire", koroleva Viktoriya yaba eyaziwa ngokuba uKumkanikazi of India. I benkululeko, ikhokelwa ngu-William Gladstone swi nkqubo lobukoloniyali. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19 eNgilani ezikhuphile kwiindawo ezininzi kangangokuba ukubagcina bonke esandleni mnye, kwaya kusiba nzima. Gladstone waba lweli imodeli zamaGrike kwamathanga, wayekholelwa ukuba amaqhina yokomoya enkcubeko babomelele ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho. Canada wanikwa umgaqo-siseko, kwaye abanye thanga wafumana inkululeko kude koqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko.

Ixesha emihle namasundu

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqhubeka asakhulayo emva ubunye, Germany sele uqalile ukumbonisa zizimvo zicacileyo lisingise kubungangamsha. impahla British ukuba yayingabo kuphela kwimarike yehlabathi, iimveliso aseJamani kwaye waseMelika ngoku akukho kubi. ENgilani, safika kwisigqibo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha inkqubo yezoqoqosho. Yasekwa ngonyaka ka-1881, Fair Trade League wagqiba phezu yokuziqhelanisa iimveliso ezivela imarike yaseYurophu ku Asia. Oku kufanele ukuba kwamnceda entolongweni kakubi. Okuhamba ibe linyathelo elikhutheleyo British Afrika kunye ummandla ezikufutshane ukuya Indiya yaseBritani. Amazwe amaninzi Asia - Afghanistan ne Iran, umzekelo - ziye phantse isiqingatha amakoloni eNgilani. Kodwa okokuqala kwiminyaka emininzi, uhlanga siqithi lijongene ukhuphiswano kulo mhlaba. Umzekelo, France, Belgium, Germany kunye Portugal kwakhona bavakalisa amalungelo alo kumazwe aseAfrika. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-UK waqalisa ukuba ngokubonakalayo "dzhingoistskie" isimo. Igama elithi "Jingo" libhekisela abaxhasi zokubonisana ndlongondlongo kunye neendlela zonyanzelo kwezopolitiko. Jingo kamva yabizwa ngokuba isizwe kakhulu, ukukhuliswa ingcamango wothand'uhlanga zabalawuli. Ayekholelwa ukuba kwiindawo ezininzi of England uya kuphumelela, uya kuba mkhulu amandla alo negunya.

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 linokubizwa ngokuba kwinkulungwane yaseNgilani kwimbali yehlabathi. Akumangalisi wafumana itayitile 'kumasifundisane ihlabathi ". impahla British kwimarike waba ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye. Baba cheap kwaye ndoqhayisa Obusemagqabini ubunjani. I-revolution kwezobuchwepheshe usinike England kakhulu esisityebi iziqhamo ukuba kuye kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kweli lizwe ngaphambili ngaphandle bonke, wawunikela neNgonyama epheleleyo. mabutho matsha kwindlu yowiso-mthetho niwazise iziphumo ezihle kakhulu. Imigudu iinkanuko ngxwaba kumazwe ezinikwe yindyebo imimandla ezitsha, nto leyo, Kakade ke, ukongeza ubutyebi, kwaye yazisa ezininzi iingxaki. Noko ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, eNgilani waba ngomnye ngamazwe zinamandla, apho kamva wavumela ukuba aqhubeke ukusika imephu yehlabathi yaye enze isigqibo ziyahlelwa kwembali.