Zisebenza kwaye zilele ezintabeni zase-Iceland

Kubantu abaninzi, umgaqo "wentshonalanga" uhambelana nentaba ephakamileyo, ukusuka phezulu apho umthombo wegesi, i-ash kunye nama-flames aqhuma esibhakabhakeni, kwaye imithambeka ikhukhumeze nge-lava ebomvu. Iziqhwithi zase-Ireland eziqhelekileyo ziyafana. Ubungakanani bendawo ayikho into emangalisayo. Abambalwa "bawela" uphawu lweekhilomitha ezi-2, abanye bahlala ngaphakathi kwe-1-1.5 km, kwaye baninzi kuncinci. Ngokomzekelo, iHverfjadl, Eldfedl, uSurtsey ayifinyelele ukuphakama kwamamitha angamakhulu amaninzi, efana neenduli eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa ezi zilwanyana ezibonakalayo ezinokuthula nezikhuselekileyo zoMama Wendalo zingabangela iingxaki ezingekho ngaphantsi kwe-Etna edumile okanye iVesuvius. Sincoma ukubazi kakuhle, kwaye uqale ukusuka ezweni lakubo.

Siqithi

Uhlobo luyakuthanda ukubonakalisa ulwalathiso. Ngokomzekelo, isiqithi sase-Iceland, wadala, ephakamisa phezu kolwandle lolwandle lwaseMid-Atlantic, kwaye nje endaweni yombono omkhulu we-tectonic. Amacwecwe ayo angumlenze, enye yawo isiseko se-Eurasia, kunye neyesibini - yaseMntla Melika, iyahlukana ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo ndlela igxotha iminyanzelo ye-Icelandic kwimisebenzi esebenzayo. Ukuqhuma okuncinci kunye nkulu kwenzeka apha malunga neminyaka engama-4-6.

Imozulu yase-Iceland, esinikwe kufuphi nommandla wayo kwi-Arctic Circle, ingabizwa ngokuba ngumnene. Ukufudumala kwehlobo apha, nangona kunjalo, akunzeki. Kodwa ubusika obunzima nabo banqabile, kodwa imvula ininzi. Kuya kubonakala, iimeko ezikhethiweyo ngokungaqhelekiyo zohlobo oluthile lwezityalo, ezifanele zibe apha buoy kunye namandla amnandi. Kodwa inyaniso 3/4 kwintsimi yesiqithi yindawo ye-stony plateau, apha kwaye ihlanganiswe ngamanzi kunye nemifuno engavumelekanga. Ukongeza, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-103,000, malunga ne-12,000 bahlala ngamaqhwa. Le ndawo yezemvelo ijikelezwe ziqhumane zase-Iceland kwaye ihlobisa iindawo zayo. Ukongeza kwizinto ezibonakalayo kwiso, kukho iindawo ezininzi zephilikiti ezijikeleze isiqithi, ezifihliweyo ngamanzi amanqenqa olwandle. Bonke bebonke, kukho phantse enye kunye nesiqingatha, phakathi kwabo 26.

Izinto ze Geological

Ngefomu, iziqhwithi ze-Icelandic zikhuseleke kakhulu. Ziyakhelwe yi-lava yamanzi, eye yachithwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo emanzini ukusuka ekujuleni komhlaba. Ezi zintaba zeentaba zibonakala ngathi zikhusela iikhephe kunye neentlambo ezintle. Iiphakamiso zabo zithweswe iitrogram, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-calderas, ezizitya ezinkulu ezincinci nangaphezulu. Ubuninzi be-caldera bubalwa ngamakhilomitha, kwaye ukuphakama kweendonga ngamakhulu emitha. Izikhukhula zeShield zivame ukugqithisa ngenxa yokuphuphuma kwelava. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ikhuselo elikhulu lomlilo, elibonakala kwi siqithi sase-Iceland. Ziyakhiwa ngokukodwa ngamatye ase-basaltic asasazeka njengamanzi kwimeko ecikiweyo.

Ukongeza kwinqwelo, i-Iceland ine-stratovolcanoes. Ezi zinomxholo wekona kunye neentlambo ezinqamlekileyo, kuba i-lava ephuma kuyo ikhangelekile, ikhululeka ngokukhawuleza, ingaba nexesha lokunyuka kweekhilomitha ezininzi. Umzekelo ocacileyo walolu hlobo lwemfundo yi-volcano eyaziwayo ye-Iceland Hekla okanye, umzekelo, u-Askja.

Ngendawo, kunemihlaba engaphantsi komhlaba, ngaphantsi kwamanzi kunye ne-under-ice, kunye "nomsebenzi obalulekileyo" - ukulala nokusebenza. Ukongezelela, kukho ininzi iminyana encinci yamatope, ingafaki i-lava, kodwa i-gases nodaka.

"Gateway to Hell"

Ngoko wabiza i-volcano eningizimu ye-Iceland, ebizwa ngokuba nguHekla. Kuqwalaselwa njengenye yeyona nto isebenzayo, kuba ukukhuphaza kwenzeka apha phantse yonke iminyaka engama-50. Ixesha lokugqibela lenzeke ngasekupheleni kukaFebruwari 2000. UHekla ukhangeleka njengekhampasi elimhlophe elimhlophe, ekhwela esibhakabhakeni. Kwimoko yi-stratovolcano, kwaye ngohlobo lwalo luyingxenye yentaba elula i-40 km. Yonke ingenasiphelo, kodwa ubonisa umsebenzi ophezulu kwindawo yokuqhekeka kweHeclugia, 5500 m ubude, bee-Hecks. Ukusuka e-Icelandic eli gama lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "i-hood kunye nengubo". Eli gama linikwe kwintaba - mlilo yokuba i-top top itholakala ngamafu. Ngoku ama-Hecla ahlala ephilileyo, kwaye emva kokuba bekhulile imithi kunye neengca, ukutywala ingca. Kungekudala, ilizwe laqalisa ukusebenza ekubuyiselweni kwezilwanyana ezinqabileyo, ikakhulukazi imifula kunye neebhola.

I-Iceland yahlushwa yintsebenziswano yendawo. I-volcano yeHekla (ngokwezenzululwazi) ikhupha i-lava kwindawo yomhlaba iminyaka engama-6600. Ukufundela i-volcanic seams, i-seismologists iye yasungula ukuba ukuqhuma kunamandla kunje kwenzeka kwithuba eliphakathi kwe-950 ukuya ku-1150. BC. Ngomlinganiselo wotshane waphoswa emoyeni, wanikwa amaqaku angama-5 kwikho-7. Amandla okuqhawuka kwakunjalo kangangokuba kwiminyaka emininzi ukufudumala kwemoya kulo lonke elaseNyakatho yelizwe loMhlaba lahla. Ukukhuphuka okudala kunazo zonke kwiHecla kwenzeka ngo-1104, kwaye ide kakhulu-ngo-1947. Kwaphela ngaphezu konyaka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, zonke iziphulo zihlukile kwiHecke, kwaye zonke ziyahluka. Kukho okuqhelekileyo kuphela: ixesha elide lo mlilo uphulelwe, ngokugqithiseleyo kukhwaza.

Ascia

Enye yezona "zivakhenkethi" kakhulu kunye neyona nto inqabileyo yile mlilo, ekhompuma yesiqithi, kwi-National Park yaseVatnajökjull, ebizwa ngokuba yi-glacier enkulu (enkulu kunazo zonke e-Iceland kunye neyesithathu kulo mqondiso kwihlabathi). I-Asquia itholakala kumda walo osempumalanga kwaye ayihlanganiswa neqhwa. Iphakama ngaphezu kwe-plateau kwi-1510 yamitha kwaye idume ngamachibi ayo - i-Esqujuvati enkulu kunye ne-Viti encinci, eyabonakala kwi-caldera ngenxa yokuqubuka kwe-Askja ngo-1875. I-Esqujuvati enobubanzi obungama-220 mitha ithathwa njengelitye elona likhulu kunene. I-Vitya incinci kakhulu - kuphela ukuya kwi-7 imitha ephantsi. Iyakhanga amaninzi eetyeleli kunye nombala ongaqhelekanga wembala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nokuba iqondo lokushisa likwazi ukuphakama ku- +60 degrees Celsius kwaye lingalokothi liwele ngaphantsi kwama-+20 degrees. I-Vitya mirror ijikeleze ngokugqibeleleyo, kwaye iibhanki ziphezulu kakhulu (ukusuka kwimitha engama-50) kwaye ziphezulu. I-angle ye-slopes yabo igqitha ama-45 degrees. Ekuguquleleni okuvela kwisi-Icelandic "i-Vitya" ithetha "isihogo", esilungiswa ngephunga lebhulefri. Ukuqhutyelwa kokugqibela kwe-volcano yase-Icelandic i-Askja kwenzeka ngo-1961, kwaye ukususela ngoko ulele, nangona kuthethwa ukuba uyasebenza. Oku akukwesabisi abakhenkethi abaye bavakashela u-Askew ngenkuthalo ukuba apha baze bahamba ngeendlela ezi-2 zokutyelela, kunye neekhilomitha ezili-8 ukusuka kwisitya se-caldera bakha indawo yekampu.

Baurdarbunga

Igama le-volcano yase-Iceland e-Baurdarbunga iyancitshiswa i-Bardarbung. Kwavela ngenxa yeBaurdur. Leli li negama lenye ya bahlali besiqithi, ngokucacileyo babehlala kule ndawo, ekubeni ekuguquleleni kwi-Icelandic "iBhaurdarbunga" ithetha "i-Baurdur Hill". Ngoku ilahlwe kwaye ishiyiwe, abahambahambayo beza kubazingeli nabakhenkethi kuphela, kwaye kwangoko kuphela ehlobo. I-volcano ngummelwane wase-Ascia, kodwa ulala kancane ukuya ngasezantsi, ngaphantsi komda weGlacier waseVatnayöküld. Lo mgangatho ophakamileyo (2009 wamamitha) u-stratovolcano, ngokuphindaphindiweyo "ukukholisa" ukuqhuma kwawo. Enye yezona zikhulu, ezifumene amanqaku angama-6, zenzeke ngo-1477.

Inkohlakalo yokugqibela ye-volcano yase-Iceland e-Bardarbung yayinomdla obuninzi lwabantu abemi besiqithi, ngokukodwa abasebenzi base-airline. Ngomnyaka we-1910 kwakukho ukuqhuma, kodwa kungenamandla kakhulu, emva koko intaba yayithule. Kwaye ngoku, emva kweminyaka engama-100, oko kukuthi ngo-2007, i-seismologists yaphinde yaqaphela umsebenzi wayo, okwandiswa kancinci. Iziphumo zobuninzi bezilindeleke ukusuka ngomzuzu ukuya kumzuzu.

U kuphuka

Ngasekuqaleni kwehlobo le-2014, izixhobo zarekhoda ukunyakaza okuphawulekayo kwe-magma ekamelweni laseBardarbungi. Ngomhla ka-Agasti 17, kwindawo yendawo yokuqhuma kwentaba, kuqhutywe ukuthungca kwe-3.8 ubukhulu, kwaye ubukhulu be-18 bukhuphuke kwiindawo ezi-4.5. Izakhamuzi ezikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza kwiidolophu ezikufutshane kunye nabakhenkethi, bevaliwe enye yeendlela, bhengeze ikhowudi ephuzi kwiinqwelo moya. Ukuqhuma kwe-volcano yase-Iceland yaseBardarbung yaqala ngomhla wama-23. Umbala wekhowudi watshintshwa ngokukhawuleza waba ngubomvu, zonke iindiza ezikule ndawo zavalwa. Nangona izityikima ezinamandla amakhulu angama-4.9-5.5 aqhubeka, kwakungekho nengozi ethile kubaqhubi bee-air, kwaye ngokuhlwa umbala wekhowudi yaguqulwa ibe yelesi. Kwi-29 magma yabonakala. Yayiphalaza esuka kwisiqithi se-volcano kwaye isasazeka kwindlela eya ku-Askya, ngaphaya kweqonga le-glacier. Umbala wekhowudi waphinde wanyuswa waba obomvu, uvimba zonke iindiza ezinqabileyo kwi-volcano, eyinto enzima kakhulu kwimisebenzi yeenqwelo zeenqwelo. Njengoko i-magma yasasazeka ngokuzeleyo, ngokuhlwa kwe-29 umbala wekhowudi waphinde wancitshiswa kwi-orange. Kwaye ngo-Agasti 31 ngo-7 umlambo uphuphuke ngaphandle kwephuka lokuqala elinamandla. Ububanzi bokuhamba kwalo bufikelele kwi-1 km, nobude - 3 km. Ikhowudi kwakhona yajika ibomvu, kwaye ngokuhlwa yawa kwakhona kwi-orange. Ngalo moya, ukuqhuma kwaqhubeka kwada kwaphela ngoFebruwari 2015, emva koko i-volcano yaqala ukulala. Emva kweentsuku ezili-16, abahanjethi bathengisa kwakhona.

Eyyafyadlayekudl

Ukumemezela ngokuchanekileyo eli gama le-volcano yase-Iceland lingaba ngu-0,005% kuphela. Eyyafyadlayekudl - into e kufuphi "neyinyaniso" kwinguqulo yaseRussia. Nangona le ntaba-mlilo itholakala kumzantsi we siqithi (125 km ukusuka eReekjavik), yahlanganiswa neqhwala, eyanikwa igama elifanayo. Ummandla we-glacier ungaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-1,9. Kwiphezu laso ngumthombo woMlambo waseScógau, kwaye ngaphantsi kwee-Scougafoss kunye neKvernjuvoss, izibhenkco ezithandayo. Ukuqhutyelwa okungakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kwe-volcano yase-Iceland e-Eyyafyadlayekudl kwenzeka ngowe-1821. Yaye nangona yahlala iinyanga ezili-13, kwakungabikho nkxwaleko ngaphandle kokuqhawula i-glacier, njengoko ubukhulu bayo bungekho ngaphezu kwama-2 amanqaku. Le ntaba yayithathwa njengokwethenjelwa kakhulu, ukuba ekusezantsi kwayo kwidolophu yase Skougar yasungulwa. Ngomso ngo-Matshi 2010, i-Eyyafyadlayekudl iphinda ivuke. Kwiphondo layo langasempuma, kubonakala ukuhamba kweemitha ezili-500, apho amafu emvula athululela emoyeni. Konke kwaphela ngo-Meyi. Ngeli xesha, ubukhulu be-eruption bafikelele kumaphuzu amane. Ngoku iindawo ezinqabileyo ze-volcano azihlanganiswa neqhwa, kodwa zihlaza. Abaninzi banomdla kwiyiphi isixeko sase-Iceland esiseduze ne-volcano ye-Eyjafjadlayekud. Apha kuyimfuneko ukubiza igama leedolophu yase Skougar, inani labantu abali-25 abemi. Oku kulandelayo kwidolophana yaseHolt, ke iHvolsvjulur kunye nedolophu yase-Selfoss, efumaneka malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ukusuka entabeni.

Katla

Le ntaba inokuphela kweekhilomitha ezingama-20 ukusuka e-Eyjafjadlayekudl kwaye ihlala ingapheliyo. Ubude bayo buyi-1512 yamitha, kunye nexesha lokuphulukana - ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-40. Ekubeni i-Katla ihlanganiswe ngenye i-gladi ye-Myrdalsjökull, umsebenzi wayo uqulethe i-ice kunye nezikhukhula, okwenzeka ngo-1755, ngowama-1918, ngo-2011. Kwaye ixesha lokugqibela lalikhulu kangangokuba ibhuloho yoMlambo iMulakvisl yachithwa yatshatyalaliswa kwendlela. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zachaneka ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuqhuma kwe-volcano yase-Iceland e-Eyyafyadlayekudl naliphi ixesha eliphambili kumsebenzi kaKatla. Kukho nawuphi na umzekelo, umzekelo onjalo ugcinwe ukususela ngo-920.

Surtsey

Intaba-mlilo esebenzayo e-Iceland iyanceda kakhulu kubantu base-Iceland. Zinceda ukucebisa ilizwe, kwaye iigesi ezisekuhlaleni zazo zisetyenziselwa ukutshisa izindlu, izitishi zokugcina izithombo kunye namachibi okubhukuda. Kodwa akukho konke. Iintshonalanga zase-Iceland zandisa intsimi yelizwe! Ngexesha lokugqibela kwenzeka ngoNovemba 1963. Emva koko, emva kokukhuphuka kweemvula zephantsi kwamanzi, isayithi elitsha lomhlaba lalivela kwicala elisentshonalanga-ntshona yesiqithi, ogama linguSurtseem. Yaba yindawo ekhethekileyo, apho izazinzulu zijonga ukubonakala kobomi. Umntu wokuqala wayengenasiphelo ngokupheleleyo, ngoku u-Surtsey akanako ukuziqhayisa nje kuphela i-mosses ne-lichens, kodwa neentyatyambo kunye nezihlahla apho iintaka zaqala ukuhlala khona. Ngoku kukho iinkuku, i-swans, i-dumplings, i-petrels, iziphelo ezifileyo kunye nabanye. Ukuphakama kwe-Surtseya kuyimitha engama-154, indawo leyo i-1.5 metres square. Km, kwaye isanda. Inxalenye yechungechunge lweentaba zephantsi kwamanzi aseWestmannaeyar.

Esya

Le ntaba-mlilo iyaphela ngenxa yokuba inyawo layo liyinkunzi yombuso -Reykjavik. Xa ukuqhuma kwe-volcano yase-Icelandic Esja kwenzeka ngexesha lokugqibela, kunzima ukuthetha, akunandaba nantoni na. Intaba-mlilo, intaba ebonakalayo ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na indawo yeso sixeko, ithandwa ngabo bonke abemi bayo kwaye iyakuthandwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngabakhenkethi, ukunyuka kunye nabo bonke abahlakaniphileyo bobuhle bendalo. Iintaba zeentaba, inxalenye yazo leyo ngu-Esya, iqala kwi-fjord ngentla kwinkunzi kwaye iselulela kwiTyvellir National Park. Ukuphakama kwe-volcano malunga neekhilomitha ezili-900, kunye nemithambeka yayo, eninzi kunye neentyantyambo kunye neentyantyambo, zigqithise kakhulu.

Lucky

Le ntaba-mlilo ikhusela isiqhelo sepaki kazwelonke yeSkaftafedl. Itholakala kufuphi nesixeko ngegama elingenakunzima iKrkjubeyarklauustur. ULucky ungena kwi-volcano ye-Icelandic eyi-25 km ubude, enama-115. Iintaba zaseKola kunye neGrimsvotn nazo ziqhagamshelana nale kholeji. Ukuphakama kweekratshi zabo kuncinci, malunga ne-800-900 yamitha. I-Lucky crater yindawo ethile phakathi kwama-glaciers-i-Vatnayöküdle enkulu kunye ne-Mirdalsjöküldle encinci. Kucingelwa ukuba kusebenze, kodwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-200 ayizange ibe yingxaki.

Grimsvotn

Le ntaba-mlilo yincopho yekhenketho apho uLucky akhiwe khona. Akukho mntu uyazi ukuphakama kwayo ngqo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba yi-970 yamitha kuphela, abanye bathi umnani weemitha ezili-1725. Ubungakanani benkqantosi kunzima ukuzimisela, kuba emva kokuqhuma kwenyuka nganye kunyuke kakhulu. Igama elithi "Grimsvotn" ngesi-Icelandic lithetha "amanzi amnyama". Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakusuka ekubeni i-eruptions ye-volcano, inxalenye yeGlacier yaseVatnayöküld iyancibilika, eyazibandakanya kuyo. I-Grimsvotn ithathwa njengowona uphambili kakhulu kwi-peninsula, njengoko isebenzayo yonke iminyaka eyi-3-10. Ixesha lokugqibela lenzeke ngo-2011, ngoMeyi 21. Umsi kunye nomlotha, ubalekela kwiqhekeza lakhe, wenyuka waya esibhakabhakeni malunga neekhilomitha ezili-20. Iindiza ezininzi zaxoshwa kungekhona e-Iceland kuphela, kodwa naseBritani, eNorway, eDenmark, eSkotland nakwiJamani.

Ukuqhuma kwesifo

Lucky okwangoku uxolo kwaye uzolile. Uyabhuqa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa, njengoko bethetha, ngokufanelekileyo. Ngo-1783, waphinda wavusa umthala-mlilo e-Iceland - uLucky - wadibanisa amandla kaSathana kunye nommelwane wakhe uGrimsvotniy kunye nomlambo obilayo we-lava wehla kwiindawo zokuhlala. Ubude bomlambo ovuthayo bude ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-130. Yena, uchitha yonke into endleleni yakhe, wasasaza kummandla we-565 km ² . Kule meko, iifubhe ezinetyhefu ze-fluor and sulfure zaziqhubekile emoyeni, njengesihogo. Ngenxa yoko, amawaka ezilwanyana zafa, phantse zonke iintaka kunye nentlanzi kwisithili. Ukususela kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu, iqhwa laqala ukuyibilika, amanzi abo ajikeleza yonke into engatshitshisiyo. Lo mkhukula wabulala i-1/5 yabemi beli lizwe, kunye nenkungu ekhanyayo, eyayibonakala yonke ihlobo nakwiMelika, yanciphisa izinga lokushisa kulo lonke elaseNyakatho yehlabathi, kubangela indlala emazweni amaninzi. Le mpuphu ithathwa njengona yingozi kakhulu kwimbali yeminyaka eyi-1000 yomhlaba.

Arayajöküldl

Nazi iziqhumane zase-Icelandic. Sifuna ukugqiba ingxelo yethu ngebali malunga ne-Eravaijokület, inkulu kunesi siqithi. Kulo nxalenye ephezulu ye-Iceland - inqanaba le-Hwannadalschnukur. I-volcano ikhona kwi-Skaftafedl Nature Reserve. Ukuphakama kwesi sigxina sinamamitha angama-2119, i-caldera ayiyijikelezi, njengamanye amanqanaba afanayo, kodwa ixande kunye namacala angama-4 ne-5 km. I-Eravaijoküdl ithathwa njengeyasebenza, kodwa ukugqitywa kwayo kokugqibela kwagqitywa ngo-Meyi 1828, kwaye akuyikukhathaza nabanye - iyakuboniswa ngumkhenkce kwaye iyanelisa ubuhle bayo obuhle.