Zeziphi epithets kule ncwadi. Epithets - ntoni na? Ixabiso nezichazi Russian

Yintoni enye ngamakhubalo ezingundoqo intsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu? Kakade ke, unxibelelwano, ukwabelana iingcinga zabo, iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo kunye nezinye ngolwimi. Ngoku thelekela ukuba zonke iincoko zethu kuphela kuphela nokudlulisela naluphi na ulwazi, iinkcukacha ze kungekho naziphi na iimpawu yokomfuziselo Iintsingiselo, ebonakalisa isimo sethu koko kwathiwa. Bekuya kukhumbuza le nonxibelelwano iimatshini ukuba ukunxibelelana imidibaniso ezahlukeneyo zabantu kunye Amaqanda, kodwa endaweni amanani - amagama musa ukwenza nayiphi na imibala ngokweemvakalelo. Imiva zentetho kubalulekile, ingekuko kuphela kubomi bemihla ngemihla, koko nakwiindawo iincwadi (kwaye nantsi ke "kubalulekile"). Uyavuma, kunzima ukucinga inoveli, umbongo okanye ibali, ezingasisebenzisiyo iinkcazelo yokomfuziselo kunye nezinye iindlela zokuvakalisa ezobugcisa. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwintetho yethu, kokubini zomlomo nezibhaliweyo, zizinto epithets ezibalulekileyo. Yintoni na? Loo nto inceda ukwenza amagama namabinzana asetyenziswa inemibalabala ngakumbi, ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi bachaza iimpawu zabo kubalulekile kwaye ukuveza isimo sethu ancamathelayo kuzo. Okulandelayo, sithatha sihlolisise lo mbono, ukuchaza indima kunye nentsingiselo izichazi kwintetho uzame ukuba mabazihlele ngokwenjongo kunye isicelo esithile.

Ingcamango walithiywa kweentlobo kunye nezakhiwo zawo

Masiqalise nesibakala ukuba amele ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo nenzulu elithi "walithiywa": oko kukuthi, yintoni isakhiwo, indlela ukusebenzisa kwiimeko ezithile.

Izichazi nje izichazi

Ukusuka Greek "walithiywa" eliguqulelwe njengento "lalibhekisela" okanye "Ukudibanisa" ukuya engundoqo. Kuyinto. La mazwi ezikhethekileyo ezichazayo zisoloko zincedisa omnye, kukho into (into nganye okanye kwisifundo). Ngokuqhelekileyo oku isakhiwo "nkcazo + noun", apho walithiywa - kwenkcazelo idla asilogama (kodwa akunyanzelekanga). A umzekelo olula: a ukudangala emnyama, ubusuku obumnyama, amagxa enamandla, imilebe iswekile, kiss imibala merry eshushu, njl ...

Kulo mzekelo, izichazi - izichazi ukuvumela ukuba bazobe umfanekiso opheleleyo ngakumbi malunga nendaba ethile: hayi nje nostalgia, kunye "black", ezicinezelayo, nezangaphakathi; nje wamanga, yaye "shushu", abanothando, enika ubumnandi - ncazelo lwenza va ngokunzulu oko ufuna ukugqithisa umbhali, ukuba ezinye ukushukumisa iimvakalelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izigaba zentetho njengoko epithets

Nangona kunjalo, indima epithets nako ukudlala nje kuphela isiphawulo, ngokufuthi kwi "indima" isenzo kunye nezihlomelo, izibizo nezimelabizo, kwaye nkqu amabinzana ebelidlula inxaxheba kwaye yomlomo (oko kukuthi, akukho lizwi linye, yaye zombini). Idla ngokuba ezi izigaba zentetho ukuvumela ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi uze udlulisele ngokucacileyo nomfanekiso nokudala yayintle ngaphezu loo nto zichazi.

Qwalasela le mizekelo yokusebenzisa njengoko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezichazi intetho:

1. Nezandiso. Isindululo ke iimeko. Imizekelo "ingca yatyatyamba fun" (Turgueneff); "Kwaye kabuhlungu ukukhalaza, neenyembezi ekrakra ugalele" (Pushkin).
2. Izibizo. Baya kukunika iimpawu ezimise le into. Act njengoko izicelo okanye izivisa. Imizekelo: "Camagu, uMama iVolga cab yes reverse run!" (Ashinyeneyo); "Le spring imbeko, isithixo yethu!" (Pushkin).
3. Izimelabizo. Njengoko ngezichazi ayesebenzisa xa evakalisa kwinqanaba eligqithileyo ebonakalayo necacileyo. Umzekelo: "... ukulwa ... zokulwa bathi ngakumbi na!" (Lermontoff).
4. UMthendeleko. Umzekelo: "... Mna, gqitha, ezingqondweni msonto uqhelile ..." (Ibloko).
5. umfutho inxaxheba. Imizekelo: "A nephepha yokukhala nokududa iinkulungwane cwaka" (paint); "... ... my ababhali abangenanto ngolwimi, kodwa amagama, hayi ukukhumbula nomini" (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
6. ebelidlula izibaluli kunye namabinzana ebelidlula ngomlomo. Imizekelo: "... ukudlala hide nifune, isibhakabhaka sihla sivela imbala" (Pasternak); "... romp kunye nomdlalo, ahambe ..." (Tiutchev).

Ngenxa yoko, izichazi osembuzweni kuba izichazi nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye izigaba zentetho, ukuba zinceda ukuba adlulisele ngokuchanileyo ukuchaza iimpawu nomba ezichazwe.

epithets ezizimeleyo

Ayifane yenzeke, kodwa ke kukho iimeko xa esebenzisa ibinzana elisetyenziswe okubhaliweyo ngaphandle amagama ezisisiseko, epithets benza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle nokuchazwa ichaziwe. Umzekelo: "Into eyinqaba kwaye omtsha ubonakala abhaliwe kumaphepha iincwadi ezindala" (Ibloko). Apha epithets "wasemzini" kunye "omtsha" kwi efanayo ixesha ukudlala iindima ezimbini - kwaye iinkcazelo kunye kuchazwe. Le nqubo uphawu iincwadi yokomfuziselo.

Tindlela epithets yokuhlela

Ngoko ke ngoku kufuneka banombono gca ixesha ebalulekileyo ngokwenkcazo zoncwadi njengoko epithets. Yintoni na nokuba ukusebenzisa njani, esiye sakuphonononga. Noko ke, ngokuba ukuqonda ngcono le nto kubalulekile ukuba sikwazi ukwahlula kwaye Cazulula izichazi kwindlela ethile. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba eyona njongo iphambili kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwezi ndlela yokuthetha kusoloko zehla ukuba enye into - ukuba bachaze, ukuchaza into zobugcisa okanye nesenzeko, zonke izichazi nga zihlelwe. Zahlula ngokwamaqela ngokwendlela ezahlukeneyo parameters, leyo ukuxoxa ngezantsi.

Iintlobo epithets ukusuka kwindawo umbono yemfuza

Iqela lokuqala wahlula izichazi zibe zizintlu kuxhomekeke imvelaphi genetic:

• Ulwimi Common (nihombisa);
• intsomi isihobe (njalo);
• Umbhali ngamnye.

Lulwimi, ekwabizwa ngokuba Ukuhomba naziphi na iimpawu ezichaza izinto kunye neempawu zazo kunye neziphumo. Imizekelo: .. Beautiful elwandle, cwaka ibulalayo, amafu leaden, cwaka ekhalayo, njl Ngokuqhelekileyo siwasebenzisa ngentetho yemihla ngemihla, ukuze adlulisele ngcono gqaba-gqaba ngendlela echazwe iziganeko / zezifundo kunye neemvakalelo zethu interlocutor.

izibongo Abantu, okanye osisigxina, epithets - la magama okanye amabinzana lonke kule minyaka ngokuqinileyo ezingqondweni zabantu ukuba amagama athile. Imizekelo: indoda elungileyo oselula, intombazana obomvu, inyanga eqaqambileyo, endle kunye nabanye.

Ngabanye-umbhali epithets - yimveliso ukunyameka lokudala lombhali. Oko kukuthi, phambi kokuba igama okanye ibinzana alisetyenziswa kwintetho ngaloo ndlela, ngoko ke zange epithets. Bona kakhulu uncwadi, ngakumbi kwisihobe. Imizekelo: "umntu tysyacheglazogo uthembe ..." (Mayakovsky); "Ukunconywa yomqala ezibonisa ngaphaya", "amaso ubulumko yegolide" (Pushkin); "... i ngumba obungunaphakade embindini wobomi" (Brodsky).

Epithets, ngokusekelwe isikweko kunye neempawu

Yahlulwe ngamaqela kweziphawuli kunokuba kunye nezinye izizathu. Ekubeni izichazi ezimise badla ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamagama ngokomfanekiso, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo igama eziphathwayo (nto leyo walithiywa) kungathiwa:

• Nakuba;
• tiga.

epithets Nakuba njengoko sele kucacile kwisihloko, sigcine babe isikweko. Imizekelo: "iipateni ukukhanya", "zasebusika isilivere" (Pushkin); "Kulusizi, ubuhlobo buhlungu," "buhlungu, reflection yomngcwabo" (Hertz); "Amasimi Barren" (Lermontov).

epithets tiga ngokusekelwe ingqiqo ngezacana yokomfuziselo ilizwi. Imizekelo "Hot ukusebeza kwalo besonwaya" (Krakra); "Birch, ulwimi ochwayitileyo" (Yesenin).

Ngaphezu koko, izichazi zisekelwe okanye Metonymically ingqiqo Nakuba, ukubamba kunye nezinye iimpawu tropes: idityaniswe hyperbola, lwalo kunye nezinye iindlela uncwadi.

Imizekelo: "iintolo Ingxolo enamaphiko, byas ngasemva, weva / Umngcelele kukho thixo ngumsindo; waqonda, efana ebusuku" (kaHomer); "Izrugivalsya, ndiyakubongoza, cut / caca ukuba umntu nomntana kungena emacaleni. / In esibhakabhakeni ebomvu, njengoko Marseillaise / twitching, sunset okolevaya" (Mayakovsky).

Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa epithets nokuba licace, namandla, ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi ukuvakalisa imbono kwezinye izenzakalo / izinto lombhali size sincede ezi mvakalelo kubafundi okanye abaphulaphuli.

Epithets ngokohlolo yombhali

Izichazi lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela kuxhomekeke indlela apho umbhali va kuvavanyo le mveliso:

• ebonwayo;
• ekhululekile.

I yangaphambili zisetyenziselwa ukuvakalisa iimo kunye ugxininise kwezinye umahluko omkhulu, bengavumi iipropati ngaphandle ibinzana wovavanyo ofanayo zombhali ngaye. Imizekelo: "... esithokothokweni ekwindla kunjalo igadi waseMelika kulawula elubala" (Brodsky); "Umfuziselo ucingo yentsimbi / lilangatye yakho eluhlaza kunye punch" (Pushkin).

izichazi efanayo ekhululekile (njengokuba igama lixela) anike abafundi ukuva sengqondo yombhali, ichazwe ngokucacileyo wachaza into novavanyo okanye iziganeko. Imizekelo: "ukukhanya engamampunge kwaye norhatyazo" (Ibloko); "Intliziyo - iqhekeza abandayo yentsimbi" (Mayakovsky).

Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba eli candelo le kunokuba kwemiqathango, njengoko epithets yayingumfuziselo zidla nayo umbala ngokweemvakalelo kwaye utshitshiseke kwimbono umbhali amanqaku ezahlukeneyo.

Le Ukudaleka ukusetyenziswa epithets ngoncwadi

Ukuxambulisana ukuba epithets ezinjalo kule ncwadi, asinako bachukumise umba ngendaleko zazo kwangethuba. Baya bajamelene rhoqo utshintsho kwi nembali kunye nenkcubeko. Ukongeza, ezi epithets usenokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno geography (indawo yokuhlala) abantu owadala kubo. imfundo yethu, kwaye ingakumbi iimeko zokuphila okufunyanwa iziganeko kunye nesenzeko, amava - konke oku kuchaphazela imifanekiso sidalwe intetho kunye nentsingiselo leyo bambeka.

Epithets kunye Russian lobuciko

Epithets - enjani kwemifanekiso lwemveli? Ngelo kusekwangoko yophuhliso epithets zoncwadi ngokuqhelekileyo uchaze naziphi na iimpawu ezibonakalayo bezinto, futhi uwedwa kubo kubalulekile iimpawu, eziphambili. Icandelo ngokweemvakalelo kubonisa isimo ukuya into echazwe eshenxela ngasemva okanye engekho ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, ezi epithets ezithandwayo hlukile iimpawu ubaxo izinto ezinzulu. Imizekelo: amahlathi ashinyeneyo, amanye elungileyo, ubutyebi kakhulu njalo njalo.

Epithets ze iSilver Age kunye postmodernism

Ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nophuhliso epithets zoncwadi saba nzima, ukuba ulungise isakhiwo abo indima yabo imisebenzi. I ezintsha lolwimi zemibongo, yaye ukusetyenziswa epithets kubonakala ngakumbi uncwadi iSilver Age. Imfazwe, utshintsho ezikhawulezayo zobuchwepheshe kunye ezinxulumene utshintsho ehlabathini ziye zakhokelela utshintsho kwimbono yehlabathi womntu. Ababhali kunye iimbongi laqalisa ukukhangela ngeendlela ezintsha zoncwadi. Ngoko - ukuvela inani elikhulu "abahlobo" (oko kukuthi copyright) mazwi ukuphazamisana sikhokelo ubudlelwane morpheme ukusoloko, iintlobo ezintsha lwamagama kunye neendlela ezintsha lokudibanisa kubo.

Imizekelo "curls ubuthongo emagxeni yayimhlophe" (Imbovane); "Laughers ... ukuba kukuhleka laugh ukuba smeyanstvuyut smeyalno oh usmeyalno ehleka yakho!" (Hlebnikov).

A lot of imizekelo umdla ekusetyenzisweni kwamagama engaqhelekanga kwaye izinto umfanekiso anokufunyanwa ngemisebenzi Mayakovsky. Yiloo nto kuphela umbongo "I yomculo kunye baluthuthu encinane," apho "igubu ... nyebelele nokuvutha Kuznetsky kunye ngasekhohlo", "isiyatha ipleyiti vylyazgivala", "Helicon mednorozhy 'into ekuthiwa violin, njalo njalo. D.

Iyamangalisa kwi sicelo izichazi kunye noncwadi postmodern. Lo mkhuba (leyo ezavelayo 40 uze ufumane ukusa mkhulu kwi 80s) uyabachasa ngokoqobo (ngokoqobo ingakumbi yobusoshiyali), kweyisa eRashiya kude kube sekupheleni 70s. Abameli postmodernism ukwala imithetho nemimiselo eziphuhliswe izithethe namasiko. Xa umsebenzi wabo imida phakathi ubunyani nangeyonyani, ekhoyo kunye zobugcisa zingacimeka. Ngoko - inani elikhulu iintlobo ezintsha ngomlomo kunye nobuchule, ukusetyenziswa ukwazi umdla kakhulu epithets.

Imizekelo: "Mna yatyatyamba diathesis / ilweyile igolide" (Kibrit); "Isebe ngomngampunzi ... inuka creosote, uthuli neengqameko ... ebusuku kuAlex emva emyezweni kwaye uyawaphulaphula intshukumo koololiwe zombane" (Sokolov).

Imisebenzi ye ilixa postmodernism ligcwele imizekelo oko epithets kwi uncwadi ngexesha lethu. Omnye kuphela ukufunda ngababhali ezifana Sokolov (umzekelo uchazwe apha ngasentla), umgca, Levin, Sorokin et al.

iintsomi kunye epithets zazo zithwala

Singene endaweni ekhethekileyo intsomi ye epithets. imisebenzi lweMveli ukususela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye nabantu ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi iqulethe eninzi imizekelo yokusetyenziswa epithets. Umzekelo, ngokuba iintsomi Russian luphawulwa lixhaphakile epithets umgama kunye neenkcazelo, echaza uhlobo ezingqongileyo. Imizekelo "ifildi ecocekileyo, umthi omnyama, iintaba eziphakamileyo"; "Amazwe Zikude, kwi imeko Kude kude" ( "Finist - Bright Falcon," intsomi Russian).

Kodwa ke mabali Iranian, umzekelo, luphawulwa umfanekiso oriental, zibe izityebi zihleli ezahlukeneyo epithets intetho ephambili. Imizekelo: "... i Sultan olungenanceba, esisilumko, kunye engaqhelekanga eligcwele lokuhlolisisa kwimicimbi karhulumente ..." ( "I History of Sultan Sanjar").

Ngoko ke, umzekelo ezisetyenziswa epithets lwemveli inokulandwa kwiimpawu zenkcubeko lokuba isizwe esithile.

Epithets epics kunye neentsomi beentlanga ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi

Ngelo xesha omnye intsomi lwamazwe ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi luphawulwa iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa epithets ukukhonza injongo ethile. Oku ngokulula kubonwa kwiintsomi zamaGrike, amabali Celtic epics Russian. Yonke le misebenzi zimanyene iziganeko Nakuba kunye kwamnandi, kusetyenziswa iziphawuli kunye umthunzi ezimbi ukuchaza iindawo eloyikekayo, iziganeko okanye izenzakalo.

Imizekelo "isiphithiphithi obungaphaya mnyama" (Iintsomi zamaGrike) "imikhwazo, ukuhleka inkohlakalo" (iintsomi Celtic), "Idol ebolileyo" (bylina Russian). epithets enjalo nje neenkcazo okhanyayo iindawo kunye neziganeko, kodwa ukuze kwakhiwe nkolelo okhethekileyo, isimo ukuya umfundi ukufunda.

Ulwimi esisityebi Russian? Epithets kunye nendima yazo kulwimi oluthethwayo kunye noncwadi

Makhe siqale umzekelo olula. Ingxoxo elifutshane izivakalisi ezibini: "? .. Hey, nyana, ndiza ekhaya, ngaba ntoni unjani? ' -. "Hi, umama watya isuphu Olungileyo.". Le ngxoxo asilonaniselwano elomileyo ngolwazi: UMama uhamba ekhaya, umntwana wazidla isuphu. Olu nxibelelwano abangaqhubekiyo besenza nayiphi na iimvakalelo, imo kwaye akudali, kunokuthiwa ngalo, akasiniki naluphi na ulwazi malunga iimvakalelo kunye imeko wokwenene interlocutors.

Enye into, xa kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano "angenelele" epithets. Yintoni umahluko? Umzekelo: "? .. Molweni, nyana wam inencasa Going ekhaya udiniwe ediniwe nje inja Kwaye unjani Wenza ntoni na?" -. "Molo, darling Mama Namhlanje Yayiyimini eshushu, ngendlela elungileyo ngadla isuphu, kwaba mkhulu!". Le umzekelo impendulo elungileyo kakhulu umbuzo kutheni nezichazi kwintetho yanamhlanje ibaluleke kangaka, nokuba yinto incoko oluqhelekileyo lwemihla ngemihla. Uyavuma, ngokuba le ngxoxo kulula kakhulu ukuqonda, kuhlala enye interlocutors kwinto mood: Umama uya kuvuya ukuba unyana wakhe yonke kakuhle yaye bonwabile ukuba uyandithanda isuphu; nyana, ke uya kuqonda, ukuba umama wam udiniwe, yaye uhlala isidlo ukufika kwakhe, okanye wenze enye into luncedo. Kwaye konke epithets enkosi!

Le walithiywa ngolwimi Russian: indima kunye nokusetyenziswa imizekelo vutshila intetho

Ukusuka kokulula ukuya athuthe kuntsonkothileyo. Xa vutshila epithets yokuthetha ubuncinane, kwaye mhlawumbi ebaluleke nangakumbi. Akukho namnye umsebenzi uya kuba umdla yaye abayi kuba nako captivate umfundi ukuba akukho izichazi ngokwaneleyo (ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezimbalwa, kunjalo). Ngaphandle yokuba kuvumela ukwenza umfanekiso eliqaqambileyo novakalelo ngakumbi iziganeko ezichazwe, amanqaku, epithets ze enze neminye iindima iitekisi zoncwadi :

1. Gxininisa ezinye iimpawu iimpawu kunye neempawu ezichazwe qumrhu. Imizekelo "umqadi ube tyheli", "umqolomba zasendle", "yaba lukakayi agudileyo" (Lermontoff).
2. Cacisa acacise iimpawu yokwahlula into (umz, umbala, ubungakanani, njalo njalo). Umzekelo: "Wood ... ezimfusa, igolide, nemfusa ..." (Bunin).
3. Kusetyenziswa njengesiseko ngokudala Izafobe nokuchasanisa ngokuhlanganisa intsingiselo yamagama. Imizekelo: "umthunzi brilliant," "zodidi ndini".
4. Vumela umbhali ukubonakalisa isimo sabo ukuba isenzeko kuchaziwe, banike uvavanyo sabo, unike ufundeke lula. Umzekelo: "Ke ilizwi lesiprofeto silixabisa, kwaye sinika imbeko igama Russian" (Sergeyev-Tsensky).
5. Ukunceda ukudala umbono ephilayo lwe sifundo. Umzekelo: "... ngasemthonjeni, owokuqala yokukhala ... kududumisa kwisibhakabhaka esiluhlaza" (Tiutchev).
6. Yenza kube ethile ukuba urhulumente ngokweemvakalelo ezinqwenelekayo. Umzekelo: "... i engasese, Ndingumphambukeli ehlabathini, ehamba ohlalisa bashiya indlela eliphezulu" (Tolstoy).
7. Form abafundi sengqondo esithile ukuya isenzeko, into okanye iqhawe. Imizekelo: "ekhwela muzhichische-rube, yaye umntu ehleli phezu wamahashe ezilungileyo" (bylina Russian); "Onegin kuye kwaqwalaselwa yi abaninzi ... / amanye lwezenzululwazi, kodwa pedant" (Pushkin).

Ngoko ke, indima nezichazi zamabali kuba nanto. Kuyinto la mazwi ezichazayo ukwenza umsebenzi, nokuba umbongo, umbongo, ibali okanye inoveli, eliphilileyo, imincili, nako aqhubela iimvakalelo ezithile, isimo, maxabiso. Kukhuselekile ukuba bathi ukuba kwakuza kubakho epithets, kwakuza ngokungathandabuzekiyo kanye ithuba ubukho wema iincwadi njengento ubugcisa.

isiphelo

Kweli nqaku siye sazama ukuba ukuphendula ngokuzeleyo ngakumbi umbuzo malunga oko epithets kuluncwadi kunye nencoko, siye wajonga ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela le ndlela yokuthetha, kodwa wathetha malunga nendima izichazi ebomini kunye nomsebenzi. Siyathemba ukuba eli ukuncedile ukwandisa ukuqonda kwakho ixesha ebalulekileyo ngethiyori yoncwadi, njengoko walithiywa.