Zenon Eleysky. Zeno of Elea. isikolo Eleatic

Zenon Eleysky - Indawo yakade sobulumko yamaGrike, owayengumfundi ka Parmenides, ummeli yesikolo Eleatic. Wazalwa malunga 490 BC. e. emazantsi eItali, kwisixeko Elea.

Wodumo Zeno?

Iimposiso kule bulumko Zeno udumo njenge polemicist onobuchule umoya sophistry. Umxholo iimfundiso sobulumko Parmenides ingqalelo izimvo ezifanayo. isikolo Eleatic (Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno) yeyona owandulela sophistry. Zenon ngokwesiko lithathwa i "umfundi" kuphela Parmenides (nangona Empedocles kwakhona ngokuba '' esikhundleni sakhe). Xa ingxoxo kwangethuba "sophist" uAristotle ngokuba "Umsunguli na ngengqiqo" ka Zeno. Wasebenzisa igama elithi "ngengqiqo ethi" Kusenokwenzeka ukungqina ixabiso ngeenkolelo ezithile eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba wanikezela imisebenzi yakhe Aristotle "Topeka".

Xa "Phaedrus", uPlato othetha ekubeni "ngokucalula yobuciko" entle "Eleatic Palamedes" (Oko kukuthi "Umsunguli clever"). Plutarch ubhala malunga Zeno ngokusebenzisa eyamkelweyo ukuchaza lo mkhuba Sufi lwesigama. Uthi ukuba lo bulumko unako ukukhanyela, ekhokelela eziphikisanayo ngalo ekhawuntarini. Wayebhekisela yokuba Zeno waba iiklasi umlinganiswa sophistic, ilizwi euvathano "Alcibiades I 'ukuba sobulumko wathabatha kwemali yokufunda ephakamileyo. UDiogenes Laertius uthi okokuqala yaqala ukubhala iingxoxo Zenon Eleysky. Le sazi kwakhona ingqalelo ngumfundisi Pericles, inani kwezopolitiko odumileyo Athens '.

Iiklasi nkqubo Zeno

Ngaba kufunyanwa kwiingxelo doxography ukuba Zeno wayenza kwezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, yena inxaxheba iyelenqe nxamnye Niarchos, nguzwilakhe (Kukho nezinye ezahlukeneyo igama lakhe), wabanjwa kwaye bazama phantsi ancinwe nomntana indlebe yakhe. Eli bali kuveza uDiogenes of Heracleides Lembo, owathi yena, ibhekisela incwadi peripatetic eKhwencayo.

Ababhali-mbali abaninzi lidala wadlula iingxelo yokunganyangeki ngomgwebo le bulumko. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa nguAntisthenes yaseRhodes, Zenon Eleysky yamluma ngaphandle ulwimi lwakhe. Hermippus of laseSmirna wathi sobulumko waphoswa stupa apho istolkli yakhe. Esi siganeko ke kamva zithandwa kakhulu kuncwadi yamhlamnene. Plutarch ukhuluma Heroneysky, Diodir orange, Flaviy Filostrat, Kliment Aleksandriysky, uTertullian.

Works Zeno

Zenon Eleysky waba yimbangi imisebenzi "nxamnye bulumko", "Impikiswano", "Ukutolikwa Empedocles" yaye "On Nature". Yinto enokwenzeka, naxa kunjalo, ukuba bonke bephela, ngaphandle for "Le Ukutolika Empedocles", baba yokwahluka enyanisweni igama lencwadi omnye. In "Parmenides" uPlato libhekisela umsebenzi eyabhalwa Zeno ukuze ukuhlekisa ngaye iqela utitshala wakhe yaye zibonisa ukuba nokuba izigqibo iyize ngakumbi ngenxa Kwingcingane isindululo kunye iiseti ngaphezu kokuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo yokuba enye Parmenides. Izicamango bulumko eyaziwayo njengoko enikezelwa ngababhali kamva. Le Aristotle (FAL "Physics"), kwakunye izimvo zakhe (umz, Simplicius).

ukuxambulisana Zeno

Umsebenzi ephambili Zeno kwathiwa, ekubonakala, yenani iseti iingxoxo. Ubungqina ngu ukumphikisa kwanciphisa ifomu yabo ubhalo. Lo bulumko, akhusela postulate lomuntu emileyo olunye, oyinikeleyo phambili esikolweni Eleatic (Zeno, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, zadalelwa ukwenzela ukuxhasa ukufundiswa Parmenides), wafuna ukubonisa ukuba isibonelelo malunga kwithesisi (malunga intshukumo uze usete) ngokuyimfuneko kukhokelela engenangqondo, abacinga ngoko, oko kufuneka yaliwe.

Zeno, ngokucacileyo balandela umthetho "phakathi ngaphandle": Ukuba eyodwa ukususela malunga ezimbini akunjalo, kuyinyaniso ngakumbi. Namhlanje siyazi la maqela alandelayo mabini lwezimvo sobulumko (Zeno of Elea) ngokuchasene intshukumo kunye abaninzi. Kwakhona, kukho ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iingxoxo ngokuchasene ukuqonda ngokoluvo kunye nendawo.

Iimpikiswano nxamnye ezahlukeneyo Zenon

Simplicius aye wayilondoloza ezi zimvo. Ucaphula Zeno kwi ehlaziya Aristotle kaThixo "Physics". Proclus uthi umsebenzi nzulu ngezinto thina umdla a iimpikiswano 40 efanayo. Abahlanu kubo Sibala.

1. Ukumela utitshala wakhe, ngubani na Parmenides, Zenon Eleysky uthi ukuba baninzi apho, kulandela ukuba izinto kufuneka ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye ezinkulu nezincinane: ezincinane ukuze azinayo nayiphi na ixabiso kwaye zinkulu kangangokuba akupheli.
   
   Ubungqina kulandela. A ixabiso ezithile kufuneka ezikhoyo. Ukufakwa into, oko kuya kwandisa kwaye ndinciphe, lokususwa. Kodwa ukuze kulahlula kwezinye, kufuneka ukuba kuwukhusela, ukuba zibe kumgama othile. Oko kusoloko phakathi suschimi ezimbini kuya kunikwa wesithathu, enkosi ukuba obuzukileyo ezahlukeneyo. Kufuneka kwakhona kwahluka enye kwenye yaye t. D. Ngokubanzi iya kuba nkulu ezingenakuphela ikhona sisixa yezinto ukuba isethi ongapheliyo. Philosophy isikolo Eleatic (Parmenides, Zeno, kunye nabanye.) Ngaba isekelwe kule mbono.
   
   
2. Ukuba kukho ezininzi, ngoko izinto ziya kubakho, kwaye engapheli kulinganiselwe.
   
   Ubungqina: Ukuba kukho iseti izinto ukutya kangangoko anako, akukho ngaphantsi kungekho ngakumbi, oko kukuthi, inani labo lilinganiselwe. Noko ke, kule meko iya kusoloko kuba izinto ezinye phakathi, phakathi nto leyo, - wesithathu, njl Oko kukuthi, inani kubo ayiphele ndawo ... Ngokuba kwaba koko ngelo xesha, lo postulate kokuqala ayilunganga. Elibekwe asikho. Le yenye izimvo eziphambili leyo iphuhlise Parmenides (school Eleatic). Zenon uyasixhasa.
   
   
3. Ukuba kukho abantu abaninzi, izinto ngexesha elinye kufuneka ayaba kunye ezifana nezo, akunakwenzeka. Ngokutsho uPlato le kwasuka iincwadi intanda umdla kuthi. Le aporia lubonisa ukuba into efanayo ubonwa ezifanayo ngokwayo yaye eyahlukileyo kwabanye. In uPlato kubhaliwe aqondwe paralogism njengoko unlikeness kunye ngokufana zithathelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
   
   
4. Sibona ingxabano umdla nxamnye isihlalo. Zenon wathi ukuba kukho indawo, kufuneka ibe yinto, kuba usebenza kuzo zonke izinto. Oku kulandela ukuba ndawo aya kuba khona. Kwaye ngoko ukuba yokungapheli. Isiphelo: akukho ndawo. Le impikiswano Aristotle nabahlalutyi yakhe phakathi paralogisms. Ngempazamo, ukuba "ukuba" - oku kuthetha "ukuba sendaweni," njengoko kwezinye indawo azikho izinto nemizimba.
   
   
5. Against sensory impikiswano Umbono ebizwa ngokuba 'amazimba okuziinkozo. " Ukuba amabele omnye okanye akha walo ukuwa akukho ingxolo njengoko oko kuyo medimnov ukuwa? Ukuba okuziinkozo medimnov uvelisa ingxolo, ke ngoko, kufuneka kwakhona isicelo ukuya kwenye-sewaka yintoni ayisekho ngokwenyani. Le ngxoxo kuphakamisa ingxaki-mnyango okuqonda zethu izivamvo, noko uqulunqe ngokwemiqathango lonke kunye amalungu. Paralogism kule ekuqulunqeni kukuba imalunga "ingxolo eveliswe inxalenye", nto leyo eneneni (njengoko kuqatshelwe yi-Aristotle, ikho kungenzeka).

Le iingxoxo uluvo

Ukuthandwa omkhulu yafunyanwa eziphikisanayo ezine Zeno of Elea nxamnye ixesha kunye nentshukumo, aziwa Aristotle kaThixo "Physics 'yaye izimvo kulo Ioanna Filopona kunye Simplicius. I ezimbini zokuqala kubo isekelwe kwinto yokuba icandelo nayiphi na ubude angamelwa njenge inani olungenasiphelo of "iindawo" ayahlukahlukenanga (iinxalenye). Kusenokuba kuba ixesha lokugqibela Kwadlula. Le aporia yesithathu neyesine ngokusekelwe ukuba amalungu ebumbene kwaye iquka ixesha.

"Dichotomy"

Khawucinge impikiswano "Amanqanaba" ( "Dichotomy" - elinye igama). Phambi soyise kumgama othile, umzimba ihamba kufuneka kuqala uye isiqingatha icandelo naphambi kwisiqingatha ukufikelela, kufuneka ukuba mayisiwe ebantwini khona isiqingatha isiqingatha, njalo infinitum ad, kuba nayiphi ingxenye nabanako ukwahlulelana kubini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yayimfutshane.

Ngamanye amazwi, ekubeni intshukumo isoloko lwenziwa kwisithuba, yaye oko kubonwa continuum of ziqwempu ngamabona ezininzi ezahlukeneyo okho ukususela ngaku infinity yinto ezitho inani okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba ihamba uya kuba nexesha ezisikelwe kudlule inani amacandelo, leyo ayiphele ndawo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuhamba.

"Achilles"

Ukuba kukho intshukumo, imbaleki ikhawulezayo ayinakuze yogqithe icotha kakhulu, ekubeni kuyimfuneko ukuba Ukuganga zafika indawo apho elabalekayo waqalisa ukuhamba. Ngoko ke, imfuneko isebenza ngokucothayo kufuneka kusoloko kancinci phambili.

Eneneni, uyaguquka - intsingiselo emke kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye. Ukusuka kwindawo A Achilles quick uqala ukubamba up kunye nofudo, ngubani ekhoyo okwangoku ukuba akhombe B. Ekuqaleni, kufuneka kudlule isiqingatha-ndlela, oko kukuthi, umgama a ^. Xa Achilles iza kuba kwindawo Ab, okwethutyana, wada wenza ufudo intshukumo ukuthatha ngakumbi ezimbalwa phezu DDL ingxenye. Emva koko, ukuba phakathi indlela imbaleki kuya kufuneka ukuba bafikelele kwinqanaba BB. Ukuze benze oku, ke, lihlaleni A1V gabhu. Xa nomdlali uya kule gabhu njongo (A2), ngakumbi isuntswana abe ufudo sicaca. Kwaye njalo-njalo. Zenon Eleysky kuzo zombini aporias lubonisa ukuba eziqhubekayo liyohluleka infinity, ukucinga oku ekhoyo ngokwenene ongapheliyo.

"Arrow"

Enyanisweni, notolo iphaphazela Liphumle, bakholwa Zenon Eleysky. Intanda le mfundiso isoloko yaba ngumgaqo, yaye le aporia kungekho ngaphandle. Ubungqina kwalo zilandelayo: utolo ngexesha ngalinye kuthatha indawo ethile, leyo ilingana umthamo wayo (ukususela boom kungenjalo kuya kubakho "indawo"). Kodwa uthathe indawo elilingana ngokwayo - yiyo, ube ukuphumla. Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba umntu kumitha sesindululo kuphela njengoko udibaniso ithi ezahlukeneyo ukuphumla. Akunakwenzeka, kuba akwenzeki ngaphandle akukho nto nto.

"Ukuhambisa umzimba"

Ukuba kukho intshukumo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele oku kulandelayo. Elinye lamaxabiso emibini iyalingana, kwaye ukuhamba ngesantya esifanayo, oko kungathatha ixesha elilingana kabini umgama, kodwa hayi kulingana enye.

Le aporia yacacisa ngokwesithethe ngoncedo kumzobo. Yiya ngomunye ezinye ezimbini into ngokulinganayo, leyo alathelwe ngabalinganiswa alfabhethi. Ba ezindleleni parallel kwaye yavavanyelwa ngexesha elinye yi kwisifundo wesithathu, ukuba bayalingana ubukhulu. Ukuhambisa Kungenxa ngesantya esifanayo, bagqitha singahambi kwaye elinye ixesha - yinto elihambayo, umgama elifanayo sigqityiwe kwaye ngexesha elinye ngexesha lekhefu, ube sisiqingatha. umzuzu ayahlukahlukenanga xa oku kuya kuba kabini njengoko ngokwakhe kakhulu. Kuyinto enengqondo ayilunganga. Umele abe ngaku okanye ukuba babe yinxalenye ngaku yaye ayahlukahlukenanga bendawo. Ekubeni Zeno akekho okanye omnye akavumi, uphetha, ke ngoko, ukuba abakwazi ukuba ukhawule ngaphandle ungquzulwano. Oko kukuthi, ukuba akakho.

Isiphelo zonke zango

Isigqibo into eyayenziwe zonke zango mawuqulunqwe ukuxhasa izimvo ka Parmenides, Zeno, kukuba siqiniseke ngokubakho intshukumo kunye neentlobo kobungqina izivamvo awuvumelani kangakanani nezi iingxoxo engqiqo, ukuba bethana ngokwayo, ukuba abanakuzeyisa, kwaye ke ngoko, ziyinyani. False kulo mzekelo kufuneka ingqalelo kwiimpikiswano kunye neemvakalelo ezisekelwe phezu kwabo.

Nivuyelela bani zathunyelwa eziphikisanayo?

I ukuphendula umbuzo lowo Zeno zaye zathunyelwa kuphela, asikwazanga. Libizwa kuchazwe uncwadi kwindawo apho iingxoxo yalo ifilosofi abaxhasi eziphikisayo "atomistic ezibalo" kaPythagoras ngawo umzimba wenyama eyakhiwe ngayo iingongoma zejiyometri cinga ukuba ixesha analo isakhiwo atomic. ngoku le mbono ixhaswa.

Kuye ayekholelwa isithethe samandulo ingcaciso eyaneleyo wacebisa esiya Plato, ukuba Zeno wasivuna iingcinga utitshala wakhe. abachasi bakhe baba ngoko abo bangazange ukwabelana nemfundiso ubeke phambili esikolweni Eleatic (Parmenides, Zeno) onke, yaye yabamba zisekelwe kubungqina ingqondo.

Ngoko ke, sathetha ngayo ngubani na Zenon Eleysky. Nika kwakhona eziphikisanayo yayo. Namhlanje, ingxoxo malunga isakhiwo intshukumo, ixesha kunye nendawo sikude epheleleyo, ngoko le mibuzo umdla sivule.