Yintoni teratogen? Oonobangela mgceni bekhubazekile

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani labantwana abazelwe abanala makhwiniba zophuhliso, kuthechu ukwanda. Oku kungenxa yeziphumo yaManzi naMahlathi (ukusuka kwisiGrike. Teros ndiyingwenya na, freak) izinto, oko kukuthi enyameni Esibelekweni abasengozini. Kulo mzekelo, abaninzi (nangona njalo) ixhomekeke kuxanduva sikanina.

Ngenxa yoko, iqhawe Quasimodo Hugo xa wayeselapho esibelekweni, ezilinyaziweyo, unina wakhe, encothula kunye esiswini tight ngexesha lokukhulelwa ukuze athengise imali eninzi kakhulu umntwana, ndiyingwenya na. Leyo ingqikelelo "teratogen" laziwe abantu kudala.

Izigaba umbungu ukuba sesichengeni

The degree of sesichengeni olungekazalwa yahluka ngexesha lokukhulelwa, oogqirha bahlule zigaba 3.

1. Eli nqanaba kuthatha iiyure zokuqala yokumitha ukuya kwi-18 kuye. Ngelo xesha, ukuba kukho inani elikhulu iiseli ezonakeleyo, kukho kwesisu ezikhululekileyo. Ukuba isisu ekungazange kubekho injengayo, umbungu unako ngokukhawuleza ukubuyisela iiseli ezimashakeleyo ngaphandle umonakalo kwimpilo. Ngamafutshane, kweli nqanaba iindlela ezimbini kuphela - mhlawumbi umbungu esifa, okanye kuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi.
2. Inyathelo lesibini luphawulwa buthathaka iziqhamo mkhulu. Inqanaba kuthatha iintsuku-18 ukuya kuma-60. Yaba ngeli xesha wabumba sifo kakhulu, maxa wambi akuvumelani nobomi. Oogqirha bathi ukuba malformations kakhulu yingozi wabumba ukuya kwiintsuku 36 kamva abaqiniseki ngokukhawuleza, yaye kwenzeka kungafane, zamadoda iziphene kwenkqubo enzala kunye nenkalakahla nzima. Yiloo nto abasetyhini kunye ukukhulelwa kwiinyanga ezintathu isoloko nengozi kwesisu. Kweli thuba kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ukuze anyamekele impilo yabo, ngenxa yokuba oko kuxhomekeke kwimpilo elizayo usana lwakho.
3. Ngeli xesha, ingane sele kwasekwa amalungu kunye neenkqubo zabo, ngoko ke ngeke engalunganga kuphuhliso lwabo. Kodwa ke kukho ingozi yokuba ukukhula ezingekazalwa, ukufa inani nth leseli, ukuvuthuluka nayiphi na imizimba. luvo Umntwana abasengozini wakhe.

Types teratogens

Igama elithi "teratogenesis" (isenzeko iziphene zophuhliso) zahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini - mgaqweni ezivela iziphumo kokusingqongileyo ezingalunganga kunye mgaqweni ezibangelwa zizifo njengelifa. Noko ke, ingqiqo ka "teratogen" libhekisela kuphela uhlobo lokuqala. Le imichiza, imiba zebhayoloji kunye nezinye ezibangela malformations iziphene amalungu kunye neenkqubo.

Classification izinto eteratogenic ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

1. Imichiza.
2. Ionizing radiation.
3. ngendlela engalunganga yokuphila abakhulelweyo.
4. Gciwane.

Chemicals ezifana teratogen

unale ngalinye ukuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi imichiza yityhefu ngeedosi eziphezulu ukuba umzimba. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa abasetyhini abakhulelweyo, nto leyo ikhethwe ngenyameko kakhulu amayeza xa lufuneka.

Uluhlu lweekhemikhali enokonakalisa ndingekazalwa, ukuhlaziywa rhoqo, Okwangoku, asinakho ukuba nayiphi na into kwesi uluhlu njenge teratogen, iza kubangela ukungaqheleki zophuhliso, nangona ezinye machiza kwandise amathuba lo mba ngo-2-3. Kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba amachiza ayingozi I ezintathu zokukhulelwa, kodwa isiphumo lwabo ngethuba trimesters II III akukaqondwa kakuhle. Yinto eyaziwa ngokuba kuphela isiphumo zomonakalo thalidomide, ingakumbi kwezi ntsuku 34-50 sokukhulelwa.

Ingozi enkulu ukuba ukhulelwe zimele komphunga lesigidi, toluene, benzene, hlordifenil kunye nezakhi zayo. Kwaye ke iqela ilandelayo kwamachiza:

1. Tetracyclines (antibiotics).
2. Valproic acid, esetyenziswa unditsho nabanesithuthwane, ngokunjalo trimethadione.
3. "Busulfan" (Amalungiselelo abelwa leukemias).
4. inyathelo hormone Androgen.
5. "Captopril", "Enalapril" (eboniswe lwegazi).
6. iikhompawundi Iodine.
7. "MTX" (abonakalisa isiphumo immunosuppressive).
8. Lithium carbonate.
9. "Tiamazol" (iindlela thyrostatic).
10. "Penicillamine" (ezisetyenziswa ngayo sokuhlasela).
11. "Isotretinoin" (analogue of vitamin A).
12. "Diethylstilbestrol" (ukulungiselela hormone).
13. "Thalidomide" (ipilisi zokulala).
14. "Cyclophosphamide" (anti-umhlaza iziyobisi).
15. "Etretinat" (asetyenziselwa izifo kwesikhumba).

Kuba nefuthe elibi ekukhuleni kosana olungekazalwa kukho amaqela amachiza asetyenziswa izifo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, ukumisela ukukhulelwa unyango kufuneka balumke kakhulu. Qiniseka ukuba ugqirha ukuthandwa ukuba kakuhle.

radiation ionizing

Kuba ionizing radiation ziquka i-US (nangona oogqirha bebesoloko besazi ukuba umonakalo appreciable ukuya ultrasound kwimveku ayisebenzi), isifuba X-ray, X-reyi kunye nezinye iindlela zophando eziquka ukusetyenziswa ionizing amaza.

Eminye imizekelo teratogens - le ngozi kunye nokukhululwa izinto radioactive kokusingqongileyo, unyango radioactive iodine, radiotherapy.

arhente ezisulelayo nokukhulelwa

Ekubeni beendawo iye permeability phezulu, na ingozi yokuba isisu okanye usuleleko intrauterine foetal nenani yezifo. Usulelo kwiiveki zokuqala 7 zokukhulelwa uyakwazi ukukhokela na ukungaqheleki foetal ukuba ayihambisani ebomini. Usulelo umntwana kwizigaba kamva kungakhokelela zokugula usana.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ubukhulu ubungqongqo mpawu sifo umbungu ukhulelwe kwaye ingahluka.

into eteratogenic silungiselela zifo zilandelayo:

• toxoplasmosis;
• cytomegalovirus;
• iintlobo herpes I and II;
• rubella;
• negcushuwa;
• kobuchopho equine Venezuela;
• varicella-zoster ntsholongwane.

Kwakhona imiphumo engathandekiyo ukuba umntwana kuquka usulelo chlamydia kunye neenkqubo ukudumba ibakho umzimba umfazi omithiyo.

ngendlela engalunganga yokuphila abakhulelweyo

Abasetyhini sikwimo ukuba abe noxanduva ubomi kunye nempilo yomntwana wakhe, umele ke ngoko ayeke utywala, ukutshaya kunye nokuba kakhulu nokusela ikofu. K zinto nazo zibandakanya eteratogenic ukuxhomekeka iziyobisi, zinambuzane ezisetyenziswa kwezolimo kushishino, Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yonke kunye abacoci.

Kubalulekile ukuba ukutya okunesondlo kunye uphambuke ezintethweni abalwaziyo eziyingozi zeepropati luncedo ukutya. Yokudla kufuneka kwakhiwe ngendlela yokuba i abakhulelweyo bafumana yonke ayimfuneko ukwenzela uphuhliso olungekazalwa. Umzekelo, iiproteins ngxaki ikhokelela ukungondleki Palsy. umzimba female ufuna Izakha ezifana selenium, zinc, ayodini, ilothe, manganese, fluorine. Yokudla kufuneka abe mali eyaneleyo calcium iivithamini.

Okunye teratogens

Ngu ezimbi Palsy kunokubangela isifo seswekile, goiter, phenylketonuria kunye nangezilonda leyo ukuvuselela imveliso hormone androgen. Kwakhona, oogqirha bakholelwa umbungu nobushushu yingozi, ukungabikho folic acid.

YaManzi naMahlathi wabhekisela imibandela edweliswe apha ngasentla. Le ibandakanya yonke into uphazamise uphuhliso eqhelekileyo olungekazalwa kwaye kungakhokelela mgaqweni. Awu, ezi zinto kakhulu, ngoko ke umfazi ngexesha lokukhulelwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iliso impilo kunye nesondlo yazo.