Yintoni nitrogen? nitrogen Mass. nitrogen molecule

Into non-eqaqambileyo bubuhle yeqela 15 [Va] Periodic Table - nitrogen atom 2 apho ziyadibana zenze zinemoletyhule - enemibala emihle, igesi ayinavumba nasongo ezenza inxalenye enkulu koMhlaba yaye eyinxalenye zonke izinto eziphilayo.

History of izovela

igesi nitrogen malunga 4/5 ye ojikeleze umhlaba. Kuye idla ekuqaleni Research Air. Ngowe-1772, IsiSwedish Himik Karl UWilhelm Scheele kuqala ukubonisa ukuba nitrogen enjalo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, umoya umxube wegesi ezimbini, enye yazo ngokuthi "umoya umlilo", oko kukuthi ukuxhasa ukutsha, kunye nezinye - .. "ongcolileyo umoya" kuba uhlala emva wokuqala ziphele. Ngabo abo ioksijini kunye nitrogen. Ehlabathini ixesha nitrogen elifanayo sele lineminyaka yi yezityalo Scottish uDaniyeli Rutherford, ngubani kuqala yapapashwa iziphumo zakhe, kwakunye yasekhemesti British uHenry Cavendish kunye nomfundisi British kunye Isazinzulu Dzhozefom Pristli, lowo kwabelwana ngayo Scheele igunya ngexesha lokufunyanwa oksijini. izifundo Ezinye lubonise ukuba irhasi elitsha yinxalenye Nitrate okanye potassium nitrate (kno _3), yaye, ngokunjalo, yena igama le nitrogen ( "kuzala saltpeter") yi-usomichiza French Chaptal ngo-1790 nitrogen yabekelwa izinto eekhemikhali Lavoisier kuqala, ingcaciso ngakubani ngendima oksijini yokutsha iyaphikisana imfundiso awunalo - ethandwa kwinkulungwane XVIII. ukungaqondi omlilo. Ukungakwazi lwesi sakhi wemichiza ukuxhasa ubomi (ζωή ngesiGrike) yaba sisizathu sokuba Lavoisier ogama igesi nitrogen.

Ukuvela nokwanda

Yintoni nitrogen? Ngokutsho yobuninzi imichiza, yena uphakathi yesithandathu. ojikeleze Umhlaba ukuba 75,51% ngokobunzima kunye 78,09% ngo volume nto ndiyibhalayo element kwaye umthombo enkulu ukulungiselela ushishino. Lo moya uphinda iqulethe ngemali encinane ammonia kunye Ammonium iityuwa, kwakunye kwenitrojeni nitric acid, kwasekwa xa kukho isiphango kwaye kwinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi. nitrogen Free ifumaneka awe esibhakabhakeni ezininzi, igesi mlilo kunye am eminye imithombo yezimbiwa, ilanga, iinkwenkwezi mafu.

Nitrogen ikwafunyanwa zezimbiwa potassium kesodiyam nitrate, kodwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu ngokwaneleyo. Enye into osisityebi kule sakhi Umgquba, leyo inokufunyanwa ezimfanteni, apho eninzi ilulwane, okanye iindawo ezomileyo ezivame ziintaka. Kwakhona, nitrogen uqulathwe ku imvula zomhlaba ngohlobo ammonia kunye Ammonium neetyuwa, kwaye emanzini olwandle ngohlobo ion Ammonium (H. ₄ ^+), nayitrayithi (NO ₂ ^-) kunye nitrate (NO ₃ ^-). I-avareji imalunga-16% of iikhompawundi organic ezinzima ezifana iiproteni, zikhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Umxholo bendalo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba imithamo 0.3 ngo 1000. kokuqhubekeka emajukujukwini - ukususela athom 3 ukuya 7 ngalinye lesilicon atom.

Amazwe inkulu ukuvelisa-nitrogen (njengoko ammonia) ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi, baba India, iRashiya, i-United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine.

imveliso zorhwebo kunye nokusetyenziswa

Imveliso Industrial-nitrogen isekelwe phezu neyanamhlanje iqhezu umoya kwegesi. kwithempritsha yayo lukanina ilingana -195,8 ° C, 13 ° C ngaphantsi koko ioksijini, nto leyo ke ngokwahlukana. Nitrogen nayo kuveliswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kukutshiswa carbon okanye hydrocarbon emoyeni kwaye olwahlula kubangela icarbon dioxide kunye namanzi ukusuka nitrogen eyintsalela. Yandile encinane initrogen ecocekileyo lukhutshwe ngokushushubeza le barium azide Ba (N _{3) 2.} indlela Laboratory iquka ngokushushubeza nesisombululo Ammonium nayitrayithi (H. ₄ NO _2), igcwala lwe-ammonia isisombululo bromine zolwelo okanye shushu oxide zobhedu :

• H. ₄ ^{+ +} NO ₂ ^- → N ₂ + 2H ₂ O.
• 8NH ₃ + 3Br ₂ → N ₂ + 6NH ₄ ^{+ +} 6Br ^-.
• 2NH ₃ + 3CuO → N ₂ + 3h ₂ Owu + 3Cu.

nitrogen elemental lungasetyenziswa umoya egalelwe basabele efuna ngaphandle ioksijini nokufuma. Kusetyenziswa kunye nitrogen engamanzi. Hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ioksijini, fluorine, yaye - kwento leyo, xa elenza nitrogen ayikho crystalline karhulumente esiqinileyo.

Kushishino kwemichiza lo, le element imichiza isetyenziselwa ukuthintela igcwala okanye ezinye izifo, ibe diluent egalelwe, igesi yokusabela ukususa ubushushu okanye amachiza, kwakunye umlilo okanye uqhushumbo inhibitor. Kushishino kudla, igesi nitrogen isetyenziselwa ukuze kungonakali, kwaye engamanzi - kwiinkqubo ngumkhenkce-wokwaphusa nokupholisa. Xa igesi icandelo lombane kuthintela igcwala kunye nezinye ekudibaneni kwemichiza, pressurizes esingxobeni cable kwaye ikhusela iinjini. Yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, nitrogen isetyenziswa ukuwelda kunye brazing, ukuthintela igcwala, carburization, kunye decarburization. Njengoko igesi engasebenziyo lisetyenziswa kwi kwimveliso irabha aneentunja, iplastiki kunye elastomers, kuba ukhonza propellant kwi iinkonkxa zetoti, kwaye kananjalo kudala uxinzelelo kwi Jets yesibaso solwelo. Xa amayeza, ukuqanda ekhawulezileyo nitrogen ulwelo isetyenziselwa ukugcina igazi, lomongo wethambo, izihlunu, iintsholongwane kunye amadlozi. Uye wafumana isicelo kuphando cryogenic.

uxhulumaniso

Inkoliso ye-nitrogen ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iikhompawundi chemical. Yinto ezintathu phakathi atom le element sinamandla (226 kcal adla ephakeme kabini kunalowo hydrogen beemolekyuli nganye), ukuba zinemoletyhule nitrogen ngenkankulu Asikokungena kusitsha.

Eyona ndlela kwimizi nitrogen sakhi inkqubo Haber-Bosch ukuba Yindibanisela ammonia eyenziwe ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iJamani ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwi le nitrate Chilean. Oku kuquka ezwi ngqo H. ₃ - igesi ezingenambala kunye ezinevumba, ivumba ukubacaphukisa - ngqo sezulu.

Uninzi ammonia aguqulwa kwi-nitric acid (HNO _3), kunye nitrate - neetyuwa kunye esters ka-nitric acid, soda uthuthu (Na ₂ CO _3), hydrazine (N ₂ H ₄₎ - ulwelo ezingenambala isetyenziswa propellant, kwaye mveliso ezininzi iinkqubo.

-Nitric acid enye eziphambili yorhwebo iikhemikhali ambaxa i element. Enemibala ulwelo, elibulalayo kakhulu isetyenziswa ukuvelisa izichumisi, idayi, iziyobisi kunye neziqhushumbisi. Iamoniyam nayitreyithi (H. ₄ NO ₃₎ - ityiwa ammonia kunye ne-nitric acid - amaqela nitrogen isichumiso kakhulu.

Oxygen + nitrogen

C yakha uthotho ioksijini, kwenitrojeni, r. H. okside oxide (N ₂ O), apho lilingana Valence ka +1 oxide (NO) (-phinde ngo 2) kunye dioxide (NO ₂₎ (4). oxides abaninzi eguquguqukayo kakhulu nitrogen; ke imithombo ephambili yongcoliseko emoyeni. oxide, okwabizwa ngokuba igesi, maxa wambi kusetyenziswa ndindisholo. Xa imuncwe, ibangela fane wobulali. nitric oxide ihlangana ngokukhawuleza mpilo ukwenza dioxide imveliso eliphakathi empahleni kwimveliso nitric acid kunye oxidant olomeleleyo inkqubo yemichiza propellant.

Kwakhona wasebenzisa ezinye nitrides zenziwe isinyithi kunye compound nitrogen kwiqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo. Nitrides ibhoroni, titanium, zirconium kunye tantalum isicelo ekhethekileyo. Enye indlela crystalline ibhoroni ephuculweyo (BN), umzekelo, akukho ngaphantsi diamond in ngobulukhuni oxidized embi ngako kusetyenziswa uqhagamshelwano lwetshiphu emsebenzi-esirhabaxa.

siyanadzi ezingaphiliyo ziqulathe iqela CN ^-. Hydrogen benqanda okanye hydrocyanic acid HCN, yinto eguqukayo kakhulu negesi zinetyhefu kakhulu esetyenziswa fumigation boxinzelelo ekrwada kwezinye iinkqubo zoshishino. Cyanogen (CN) ₂ isetyenziswa njenge fumigation yemichiza eliphakathi kunye.

Azides ezi zithako eziqulathe iqela ezintathu initrogen -n _3. Inkoliso yabo iyahlozinga kwaye ethe kakhulu nezothuso. Abanye babo, ezifana azide elikhokelayo, PB (N _{3) 2,} esetyenziswa detonators kunye kwenziwa. Azides, ezifana halogens, lula basebenzisane kunye nezinye izinto ukwenza ezininzi iikhompawundi.

Nitrogen yinxalenye amawaka eziliqela ze-oganikhi khompawundi. Inkoliso yabo zivela ammonia, hydrogen benqanda, cyanogen, igaya okanye nitric acid. Amine, acid, amides, umzekelo, okubangelwa ammonia okanye ngokusondeleyo i enxulumene nayo. Nitroglycerine kunye nitrocellulose - nitric esters. Nayitrayithi yalungiswa ukusuka oxide acid (HNO _2). Purines kunye sezakhi ezi khompawundi heterocyclic apho nitrogen indawo enye okanye ngaphezulu atom carbon.

Izakhiwo kunye nezenzo

Yintoni nitrogen? It is a enemibala emihle, igesi ayinavumba ukuba lushwankathela kwi -195,8 ° C, enemibala, libya ulwelo viscosity. Isiqalelo ikhona ngohlobo molekyuli N _2, emelwe kwifomu: N ::: N:, apho amandla bond ilingana 226 Kcal adla nganye, yesibini kuphela carbon monoxide (256 kilocalories adla nganye). Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-eneji ukusebenza-nitrogen lwalusanda iphezulu kakhulu, ngoko kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo i element egalelwe noko. Kwakhona, kakhulu oluzinzileyo nitrogen molecule negalelo kakhulu ukuya xenga thermodynamic of iikhompawundi ezininzi initrogen, apho uqhagamshelo, nokuba namandla ngokwaneleyo, kodwa nobudlelwane obuphantsi initrojeni eziphilayo.

Kakhulu kutshanje, kunye nokubanako molekyuli nitrogen ivunjululwe ngokungalindelekanga zisebenza ligands ukuba iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo. Ukubona ukuthi isisombululo izakhiwo ruthenium ukubamba nitrogen kwakhokelela ekubeni yintoni efumanekayo indlela elula kwaye ngcono ukulungisa i element kungekudala.

nitrogen Active zingafumaneka ngokuwisa igesi koxinzelelo iphantsi ophezulu-ombane khulula yombane. Le mveliso ezazinezo kakhulu lula ngayo ngaphezu eziphilayo, hydrogen atom, isalfure, phosphorous kunye zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iyakwazi okubolileyo HAYI N _{2 O-2.}

A ukuqonda ngokucace yintoni na initrogen, lungafumaneka ngenxa kulwakhiwo lwalo elektroniki eba ifom 1 2 ^{2 2 3} 2p. amaqokobhe Five electron lwangaphandle umfanekiso kancinane isigxina, nto leyo intlawulo yenyukliya olusebenzayo avakalelwa ngayo kummandla kwirediyasi covalent. athom nitrogen zincinane kakhulu kwaye abe electronegativity eliphezulu, ephakathi carbon neoksijini. E uqwalaselo ibandakanya zangaphandle isiqingatha-orbitals ezintathu, bakwazi ukwenza iibhondi ezintathu covalent. Ngoko ke, i-atom nitrogen kufuneka reactivity eliphezulu kakhulu, ukwakha kunye ezininzi nezinye izinto iikhompawundi ezizinzileyo yokubini, ingakumbi xa abanye sakhi kakhulu electronegativity ezahlukeneyo, osipha uxhulumaniso ezibalulekileyo wokwephuka. Xa elinye element electronegativity wokwephuka ephantsi eziqhotyoshelwe-nitrogen kwiathom kwentlawulo buso ezimbi, ekhulula electron yayo unshared inxaxheba yayo nolungelelaniso. Xa enye into electronegative ngakumbi nitrogen ekhoyo intlawulo HIV nokuthintela kakhulu iimpawu ngumnikeli kwemolekyuli. Xa wokwephuka low ngenxa ngenxa electronegativity Ndikulinganise elinye isolotya, unxibelelwano multiple busa single. Ukuba ubukhulu Ukungafani atom kuthintela ukuyilwa iibhondi multiple ukuba olo thando omnye kungenzeka ukuba buthathaka kakhulu, kwaye uqhagamshelwano iyahlozinga.

iMbonakalo-ngqo yoBume

Ngokufuthi ipesenti nitrogen umxube irhasi imiselwe umlinganiselo umthamo wayo emva nokufunxwa namanye amacandelo wezenzi imichiza. Le yokubola kwe-sulphuric acid phambi lesigidi Nitrate ukhupha nitric oxide, engalinganiswayo njenge gas. Nitrogen sakhululwa oganikhi khompawundi xa itshiswe ngaphezulu oxide sobhedu, kwaye nitrogen zipalini kufuneka iziphumo zawo zilinganiswe igesi emva kukufakwa nezinye iimveliso yokutsha. A Kjeldahl indlela ezaziwayo-kakuhle yokumisela izinto ngazo apha oganikhi khompawundi sikuko okubolileyo le ezimbaxa kunye (mercury ekhethiwe equlethe okanye oxide yayo, kunye neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo) kanzulu sulphuric acid. Ngaloo nitrogen atshintshelwe ammonium sulfate. Ukongeza sodium hayidroksayidi ukhulule ammonia, eqokelelwa yi eqhelekileyo acid; isixa lentsalela of unreacted acid ke ezimiselwe titration.

ukubaluleka eziphilayo nokomzimba

Indima ye-nitrogen kumbandela ophilileyo uqinisekisa umsebenzi wayo komzimba ka-oganikhi khompawundi. Uninzi eziphilayo Awukwazi ukusebenzisa le imichiza element ngokwayo kufuneka bakwazi ukufikelela iikhompawundi yayo. Ngoko ke, i nitrogen initrojeni kubalulekile. Kwindalo, oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ezimbini ezisisiseko. Esinye isiphumo lwamandla ombane emoyeni, ukuze nitrogen neoksijini molekyuli kwahlula, ukuvumela atom ukhululekile ukwenza HAYI kunye NO _2. Dioxide ngoko idityaniswe namanzi: 3NO ₂ + H ₂ Owu → 2HNO ₃ + NO.

HNO ₃ ithe yachithwa kwaye uza Earth emvuleni ngohlobo kotywala buthathaka. Ekugqibeleni acid iba yinxalenye ye-nitrogen komhlaba zidityanisiwe leyo namandla ukwenza nitrites kunye nitrate. Umxholo ka-N kwimihlaba ezityaliweyo ngokuqhelekileyo kubuyiswa kwezichumiso equlethe nitrate kunye neetyuwa. Dabba izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye nokucazululwa wabo ubuyisela i nitrogen compound emhlabeni kunye nomoya.

Enye inkqubo ephezulu ezinkulu zemvelo umsebenzi obalulekileyo kwezidumba. Ngenxa ngokuncedisana iintsholongwane, ezi iinkcubeko ayakwazi ukuguqula nitrogen ngqo ibe yayo. Ezinye Cya, ezifana Azotobacter Chroococcum kunye zeClostridium pasteurianum, ngaba bayakwazi ukulungisa N. yabo

gesi ngokwawo, ukuba egalelwe, ongenabubi, ngaphandle xa ziphefumla phantsi koxinzelelo, kwaye unyityilikiswa egazini kunye nezinye neencindi zomzimba kwi ephakamileyo lamanani. Oku kubangela isiphumo iziyobisi, kwaye ukuba xi sincitshiswe ngokukhawuleza, initrogen agqithisileyo ekhululwe njengoko egesi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Oku kunokubangela iintlungu kwizihlunu kunye namalungu, niphele, ukukhubazeka kwenxalenye kunye nokufa. Ezi mpawu kuthiwa isifo decompression. Ngoko ke, abo banyanzeleka ukuba siphefumle umoya kwiimeko ezinjalo kufuneka olucothayo kakhulu ukunciphisa uxinzelelo ukuya eqhelekileyo-nitrogen kwemfuneko ngaphandle nge imiphunga ngaphandle ukuyilwa maqampu. A enye indlela engcono kukusebenzisa umxube komoya oksijini kunye helium. Helium kakhulu ezinyibilikayo ngaphantsi kwiincindi zomzimba, kunye nengozi kunciphisa.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo

Nitrogen ikhona izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezimbini zizinze ¹⁴ N (99,63%) ¹⁵ N (0,37%). Baya ingahlulwa exchange imichiza okanye kwe- thermal. nitrogen mass ngohlobo Isotope ngumntu radioactive na kuluhlu 10-13 no 16-24. Eyona iyizinzise isiqingatha-ubomi lemizuzu eli-10. okwenziwe wayenga transmutation yokuqala yenyukliya yenziwa ngo-1919 yi yamachiza yaseBritani Ernest Rutherford, leyo bombarding nitrogen-14 Alpha-amasuntswana afunyenwe lama-17 ioksijini kunye protons.

izakhiwo

Ekugqibeleni dwelisa iimpawu ezingundoqo-nitrogen:

• zenani: 7.
• ubunzima atomic-nitrogen: 14,0067.
• Lokunyibilika: -209,86 ° C.
• abilayo: -195,8 ° C.
• Density (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1,2506 grams ye-nitrogen ilitha nganye.
• igcwala karhulumente yesiqhelo ye -3, +3, +5.
• Electron uqwalaselo: 1 2 ^{2 2 3} 2p.