Yintoni arboretums kunye neegadi zezityalo

Sidla tyelela epakini ukuze siphozise ingqondo, hlukana ephithizelayo uze hlala kwezo umoya ezolileyo noxolo. Kodwa anokwenziwa nje kuphela ukuzihlaziya nokuzonwabisa, kodwa, umzekelo, nento uphando. Parks izithethe ezininzi kweentlobo, ezifana nembali, umyezo, Inkumbuzo, kodwa kweli nqaku siza kuthetha Arboretum kunye Botanical Gardens. Makhe sijonge injongo yabo nembali.

Arboretums: Inkcazo

"Arboretum" kusho Greek "emthini". igama Latin wayeza kuvakala ngathi "Arboretum". Arboretum - ummandla we Arboretum, nto leyo ilungiselelwe zokuzonwabisa zoluntu. Le ndawo libekelwe ukulima yayo kwizityalo enemithi ekhanyayo, neziwela phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezifana zokuhombisa kunye nokwakheka kwaso. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uninzi Arboretum kukho imiyezo zezityalo, kodwa kusenokubakho iiyunithi ezizimeleyo. Arboretum yaqala ukuvela ngokunxulumene nophuhliso eli candelo Botany njengoko dendrology.

Phawula Arboretum kunye nokuqokelelwa ezininzi ezahlukeneyo imithi: Sochi, amaHlathi Engineering Academy e St. Petersburg, kwakunye Main Botanical Garden RAS (eMoscow). Kwamanye amazwe le iipaki mizekelo ilandelayo: Arboretum Kornik ePoland, le Arboretum kwi Kew (kufutshane London), lo Arboretum ka Nikitsky Botanical Garden eCrimea. Arboretum usenokuba kugxininiswa emxinwa, oko kukuthi, kuphela iindidi ngeendidi zezityalo zingalinywa kuzo. Oku kunokuba siringarii (zibanga nokukhula Lilac) populetumy (zompopulari omhlophe) okanye koniferetumy Pinar (coniferous) frutitsetumy (Imithana) vititsetumy (creeper).

Kukho ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kuzo zonke arboreta: yonke imithi namatyholo akhiwe ngokwenkqubo. Oko kukuthi, abo sodidi inye, iya kulinywa kwindawo eyahlukileyo. Ukutyelela Arboretum, uqhelane nehlabathi emangalisayo izityalo, engozini okanye engasekho zifumaneka kwindalo.

Imbali ingenzeka

Umthi emhlabeni izityalo bekusoloko lithathe indawo indima ebalulekileyo, ekubeni kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu izise inzuzo enkulu kubantu. Ngenkulungwane ye-18 umsebenzi dendrology, kodwa zibonisa nje inkcazelo iimpawu zangaphandle kwezityalo. Kamva, oososayensi baqalisa ukujongana neengxaki ezifana zokungaqheli zemithi, ukufunda imizila yemfuza yazo, kwakunye kwavelisa iintlobo ezintsha. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa intshayelelo - nokuqaliswa izityalo kwezo ndawo ezo nto iyinqaba yindawo yawo.

Imisebenzi ejongene kula maziko

ukuba Arboretums kunye Botanical ezinxulumene ngqo kumazwe kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo ngokukhethekileyo. Basimisela udidi eyahlukileyo imimandla ekhuselweyo, apho kukho izityalo ezizodwa ukuze zityebise izihluma kunye nezityalo. Ukongeza, kufuneka aphumeze ukufundisa, uphando kunye nemisebenzi eluntwini. Kwezi arhente zokusingqongileyo ukuphuhlisa iziseko zenzululwazi landscape lwezakhiwo, horticulture zokuhomba, ukwenza igadi, ukuqaliswa izityalo zasendle kwinkcubeko, ukuzikhusela izinambuzane nezifo, kwaye ngaphezulu.

Ulawulo ngokusemthethweni arboretums kunye neegadi zezityalo

Makhe sijonge owayephethe le mimandla. Umhlaba apho kukho Botanical kunye arboretums zidluliselwa ngalo, libhange amaziko athile. Phakathi kwezi zakhiwo yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezahlukileyo nabasebenzayo: Ukucaciswa, zenzululwazi, ubuchule kunye nezolawulo.

zesikhumbuzo Natural, arboretums, Botanical abe ekhethekileyo ulawulo lomthetho. Lamiswa sisigqibo kuRhulumente Russian kwaye imizimba yesigqeba Russian Federation ngesiphakamiso izidumbu eligunyazisiweyo karhulumente kwisigaba wokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.

Abo ababandakanyekayo iziza lizwe, ezo amangcwaba ngemvelo, zinyanzelekile ukuba ukuphumeza imisebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wokhuseleko okhethekileyo. imiyezo Botanical kunye arboretums zombini ukuqeshwa zengingqi nokazwelonke. Kummandla wabo akuvumelekanga imisebenzi ezinganxulumananga ukuba intsebenzo imisebenzi yabo kwaye kuchaphazela ukuthembeka bezinto zeentyantyambo.

Umzekelo i Arboretum malivakale Russia

Dendrological, iipaki ngezityalo kunye neegadi saa kulo lonke ihlabathi. A lot of kubo eRashiya. Umzekelo omhle epakini olunjalo kubizwa ngokuba Sochi Arboretum, eyinxenye ye Sochi National Park. Yena, njengezinye izinto ezifanayo, wenza njengoko umgcini Green Collection. Ekubeni intliziyo iiholide, njengoko indawo enhle enezityalo nezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-1,700 kwemithi namatyholo, apho eziqokelelwe iindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.

Sochi Arboretum kunye nezakhiwo zawo zokwakha, imifanekiso kunye nemithombo ikhangeleka ngathi umsebenzi wobugcisa. Wabonakala phezu iiholide emazantsi kwi kwenkulungwane ye-19, kunye 50 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela sele ngokutsha. Okwangoku, ipaki watyala ngaphezu kwamawaka 2 iintlobo abameli enezityalo zehlabathi. Kuye kudala wangena kwinkqubo utyelelo uninzi abakhenkethi. It is a ubukumkani tropical ukunyanzela nazo zonke iintlobo zezityalo ezivela kwamanye ukuba okwentyatyambo nkqu ebusika. Hayi kude, kwisithili Adler, ame Arboretum "inkcubeko Southern".

Yintoni na igadi yezityalo?

Ngokutsho inkcazelo, esalinikwayo igadi yezityalo of International Botanic Gardens, oko ngumbutho ethe kumaxwebhu ingqokelela izityalo eziphilileyo, ezisetyenziswa ngenjongo zophando, kwakunye neenkqubo zemfundo, ukungafani kobomi kunye nemiboniso izihluma thaca kuyo. Okunye definition ithi ukuba igadi yezityalo - ummandla eluhlaza, wadala ukulungiselela iinjongo ezidweliswe ngasentla. Ukuba kukho umahluko ekutolikweni kolu luvo kuphela kwinto yokuba kuthiwa intsimi okanye umbutho.

In ntetho yanamhlanje ngalo gama kwakuthetha ngokukhethekileyo ezikhuselweyo isiqwenga ezisezidolophini komhlaba, ngokusekelwe yobutyebi iigadi ohlayo, ukuqokelelwa eluhlaza elixwebhu. Xa Botanical abaqhele ukusebenza zokugcina, iindawo, herbaria, indawo kunye namasebe emfundo.

Ukuqokelelwa kwe-Main Botanical Garden, nto leyo ifumaneka e Moscow, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo ezivela amazwe Northern saseNtla ezingekho nangoko nako baqhelane nemozulu engaqhelekanga kubo.

Xa kuqaliswa kuqala Botanical Garden?

Igadi lokuqala ngezityalo kwadalwa kwinkulungwane XIV kwisixeko Italian ka Salerno, leyo dumile kumaXesha Aphakathi, isikolo zonyango endala eYurophu. Omnye oogqirha yodumo ngoko Matthaeus Silvaticus, naye waba yingcaphephe ngezityalo. Ngaloo mihla, umthombo iphambili iziyobisi zizityalo ezahlukeneyo.

Lo mntu wokuqala wafumanisa ukuba igadi yezityalo: oko ke abafundi kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba ugqirha, ukuba aziqhelanise kwezityalo ezingamayeza. Igama wanikwa imbeko uthixokazi yamaRoma ubulumko - "Garden of uMinerva". Uye waba indawo Baqala ukukhula izityalo ngeenjongo lwezenzululwazi apho. Ezi gadi kamva ladlulela eItali, yaye emva koko wabonakala kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ekuqaleni zaqhubeka yokuqhelaniswa zonyango, yaye emva koko waqalisa ukuba zidalwe, kunye nezinye iinjongo.

Umsebenzi kwezitiya zezityalo

Kwilizwe lethu, ubonakele umyezo yokuqala ngezityalo phantsi Peter I, okt ngo-1706. It wadalwa ukuze kukhule izityalo zamachiza kuwo, yaye igama igxininisa kuphela zayo - "Pharmaceutical Garden". Kodwa njengoko wayeqhubeka kunye nemisebenzi zemfundo. ke ukumkani watyala umyezo e larch, fir kunye nespruce, ukuze iindwendwe ukubona ngokucacileyo umahluko phakathi kwabo.

Botanical ayakhuselwa iindawo zendalo kunye namaziko zenzululwazi. indawo yabo ibe amacandelo ezihambelana mimandla ezithile zemozulu. Kuba ezo izityalo akakwazi ukuhlala phantsi endle, ukwakha ongcolileyo, apho wadala iimeko ekunene. Njengoko amaziko emfundo, Botanical yenze le misebenzi ilandelayo: ukufunda yezityalo kunye nolondolozo lweentlobo ezinqabileyo. Xa la maziko ingqokelela herbarium kwethala uncwadi Botany, kukho amasebe indawo.

China i igadi inkulu ngezityalo, ubungakanani intsimi leyo iyamangalisa. Oku bawela yimilambo-13, kukho iintaba neentlambo. Xa Nikita Botanical Gardens, nto leyo ukwakweli usingasiqithi ka eCrimea, ukukhula umthi womnquma, ogama ubudala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-2000. Kodwa yomyezo kakhulu enkulu yezityalo eYurophu yeyona igadi engundoqo ngezityalo ogama N. V. Tsitsina Russian Academy of Sciences (eMoscow). Kwindawo yomntla ehlabathini apho kukho into enjalo - yi eNorway. Kwilizwe lethu ukwakweli Kola Peninsula.

isiphelo

Ngokusekelwe ulwazi oluvezwe apha, kuba izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kucace ngakumbi ezifana arboretums kunye neegadi zezityalo. Bathwala ezininzi iimpawu zibonisa bonke ubuhle flora iplanethi yethu. Kule iindawo indalo, eyenziwe ngumntu, ndaweni nye ungabona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo eqokelelwe ehlabathini lonke.