Yesigunyaziso yezakhiwo: ulwazi ngokubanzi. Amagama oda wezakhiwo Greek

yesigunyaziso yezakhiwo saka ngamakhoboka. Enyanisweni, oku-perestroika-umqadi isakhiwo, zincediswa izinto ezithile ekhululekile. Ukuze yezakhiwo, ubenemboniselo yangaphezulu yazo eyayichazwe kwi ama of Vitruvius ngxi I BC, oko kusetyenziswa Greece yamandulo ekwakhiweni kwamabandla, ebumba imilo okubonakalayo namhlanje izakhiwo beli lizwe.

The main izinto

Vitruvius kumsebenzi siseko zakhe yemiyalelo zokwakha. Ukubala parameters uyilo sathathwa njengoko imodyuli isisekelo column ubukhulu ephantsi. Yaba umlinganiselo ubukhulu zonke iinkcukacha.

ukuze yezakhiwo yamandulo Greece yokuba neseti lweziqalelo imilinganiselo ayashiyana umlinganiselo magnitudes zabo, kunye umhombiso. Bona izilingo kumhlathi (column), entablature (entablature) kunye kwamanqwanqwa. Okokuqala, ke, iqulathe izinto ezintathu:

• Fust (shaft - umphanda);

• eyinkunzi (capital);

• isiseko (drayveri)

Ezi ntsika intonga - le nxalenye inkulu balo babulingana nesandla unciphisa ngezidumbu, kodwa edyokhweni. EnoZinzo inxalenye ephezulu, iya ngqo zingumthwalo overlying izinto zokwakha. umsebenzi database gca evela igama layo; kuba sisiseko Fust.

Entablement, inxalenye engentla isakhiwo, unalo isakhiwo ezintathu. Luquka ezi iyimithi (iyimithi), owawukuDonga (owawukuDonga) kunye kongqameko (lwesakhiwo). Iifom iyimithi ayangenana phakathi imihlathi, lo ngowona yenethiwekhi kwindawo engundoqo ye entablature. Freese - element eliphakathi. Bokwakha oda Antiquity iphawulwa uphumezo eyahlukileyo kule nxalenye: ibe mpuluswa okanye umfanekiso. Lwesakhiwo kwikholam akathweswa sithsaba, oko kudla zinokuhonjiswa dentil (dentils), okanye, zibizwa ngokuba, i crackers umyalelo - lunamaqoqo buxande elandelayo.

Kwamanqwanqwa - ezantsi kuluhlu, noseko lwalo, baqhele ukuba babe isakhiwo asinde. Column "ukhula" ukusuka stylobate (stylobate) - inqanaba eliphezulu.

imiyalelo bobugcisa Ancient Greece

Kukho imiyalelo ezintlanu, uthathwa Classic. Ezintathu kuzo kwakheka kwi kwintsimi yesiGrike. Le Doric, Ionic kunye laseKorinte ukuze bokwakha. ERoma yamandulo, kwakukho ababini: Tuscan kunye Composite. Ngamnye kubo iimpawu zayo eyahlukileyo kwisakhiwo nezinto zokuhombisa.

Amagama odolo wezakhiwo zamaGrike kunika ufifi lokuba yintoni indawo karhulumente yamandulo zivela. Ukubonakala kwindawo yabo, kwi VI BC kwekhulu Ionic nemihlathi Doric iintlobo ngokukhawuleza yanwenwa eGrisi. ukuze laseKorinte zange ethandwa kakhulu. Lube ngakumbi ezifunwayo eRoma yamandulo.

Ubukhulu kunye nokusebenziseka

ukuze yezakhiwo Doric yahlukile ukunciphisa inani iinkcukacha zokuhombisa. Ikholam waba alinasiseko, ekubeni isekelwe ngqo kwi stylobate. Tapered isiqu obungalinganiyo, kwenye indawo kwesinye kwisithathu ukuphakama yaba ukuqina okungephi. column bobume yambathiswa vee - iintsika. Njengomgaqo, kwakukho 20. kuphela nelembande wanika yoyilo omkhulukazi zokuhombisa: ukuba wadala umdlalo ukukhanya kunye izithunzi, abangaboniyo ukwandisa ukuphakama mhlathi. Kwakukho iinketho ngokweekholamu kunye iziqu egudileyo.

Capital ukuba lirhangqwa isiseko apho ebaleni wayelele. It wathembela iyimithi egudileyo. Freese eziqulethwe triglyphs - strip ngqo kunye emathambekeni yonxantathu phakathi kwabo, abahamba ngabathathu. Phakathi triglyphs kwakukho amathuba (iindlela) nokuba ogudileyo okanye zizaliswe izivatho. Phantsi uphahla ngokufuthi kwakukho inani yesigunyaziso-crackers.

Abaziwayo ehlabathini lonke

Doric kakhulu aziqhelileyo obukhulu ezinjalo izakhiwo lakudala njengoko kuyo itempile iParthenon kunye indlu Hephaestus. imiqolo nesibindi okungqongqo zinokuhonjiswa kunye nezakhiwo ezinikelwe Poseidon eCape Sounion, kunye Afee kwisiqithi Aegina.

Doric - alula ngokwemiqathango lokubhalela order bokwakha. Iintlobo evela ku Ionia, uze emva koko eKorinte, kukho inani elikhulu imihombiso ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcukacha yokuluka.

Ubufazi, kuthwelwe ngamatye

UDorian elihlabayo eyayingafuni ukuba ukuthamba nokuthantamisa, nabanye umyalelo Ionic. Columns yale hlobo bavuke ngaphezu isiseko ngeenxa ejongeka embhoxo abambalwa eDibanisa okuninzi kwi amanye amakhonkco ngalinye. A ntsika linamalungu angaphezu ngobuwena Doric. Ukusuka kule kholam kubonakala ezibhityileyo ngakumbi. Nelembande nzulu (kukho 24), kunye eyinkunzi ezihonjiswe kunye iimali (curls).

entablature Ionic kakhulu mxinwa kwaye ibandakanya zizahlulo ezithathu tye: iyimithi lehewu, owawukuDonga, ayinazo triglyphs, kunye nentwana lithe tso lwesakhiwo kunye dentil elilandelayo. Inxalenye phakathi entablature badla ezihonjiswe imifanekiso.

Ngokudala kholam, abakhi bamandulo wafanisa umfazi wakhe esinqeni slim, iinwele sisihlwitha esimfaneleko, iimali kunye elibaleka Imihlubulo yokunxiba - iintsika.

imvelaphi

Vitruvius, ku umbhalo wakhe, wabhala ukuba Ionic odolo zokwakha kwavela ngexesha ukwakhiwa sebandla elise-Efese. Imfuneko ifom entsha kwavela kukunqwenela ukufumana isimbo ukuba Liquka umoya izizwe lesiGrike abahlala kuloo ndawo, yaye umahluko nge UDorian. Ngumfuziselo emfutshane zibathwalele oyintanda: Ionic ukuze eyaziwa kungekho ngaphantsi kwe nogxa walo engqongqo, kwaye ungomnye Classic.

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ukuyilwa uhlobo entsha ikholam ibe ngcembe, kwaye itempile Efese yaba quintessence onke amanqanaba zangaphambili kuphela. Kunjalo, lo umyalelo Ionic kwaye ngokwenene Liquka nobugocigoci nangobuciko. Akumangalisi ukuba asetyenziswe ekwakheni indlu ka-Athena Nike kunye uArtemis, le yokugqibela ekugqibeleni iphumelele isihloko njengenye yemimangaliso esixhenxe yehlabathi.

umninawa

umyalelo laseKorinte, njengoko sele sibonile, ukwabiwa ekhethekileyo ezifunyenweyo eRoma yamandulo. EGrisi kubhekwe lom Ionic. Eneneni, ezi odolo ezininzi ezifanayo. intonga High nge-24 nqwelo iintsika kwisiseko ngeenxa zonke. Umahluko omkhulu - kodwa oonobumba abancinci, eliquka ezimali elinesithandathu kunye amagqabi acanthus, ezicwangciswe imikrozo emibini.

Entablement efana isiqalelo ohambelana kubume Ionic: iquka a iyimithi, owawukuDonga, ukukhululeka ngokupheleleyo esahluleleneyo kwaye lwesakhiwo kunye amazinyo. Ngokungafaniyo izakhiwo usebenzisa imihlathi ezinjalo ukuba ngaba inkxaso uphahla gable, kwaye iflethi.

Ukuba siqhubeka ngesafobe obudoda kunye nababhinqileyo, kwelesithathu zamaGrike kunokuba inemisebenzi uphawu intombazana eselula, a coquetry nothando izacholo ephucukileyo. Ezi zikhohlela zokuqala kwiikholam ezifumaneka aseKorinte zithathwa itempile Apollo e Bassae.

balwamkele

odolo bokwakha Greek ziqhubekile ukubakhona eRoma yamandulo. Bona ukusebenzisa iwizard, ukudala ukuvela izixeko bukhosi. Ngaxeshanye, kuye kwavela iintlobo ezintsha: Tuscan nemiyalelo yokwakha Composite. Wathi ke igama iindawo, kunye nokwakhiwa yonke logic igcinwe.

ukuze Composite - "inzala" ye Ionic kunye laseKorinte. iimpawu Tuscan semvelo ezenza kube nomini ezingathandabuzekiyo UDorian: column obububo ngaphandle izihloko, iyimithi anencasa owawukuDonga ngeenxa capital unadorned.

Emva kokuwa uBukhosi baseRoma, umdla ngeendlela bokwakha kancane kwawo waza waphila kuphela kwinkulungwane XV, xa kwafunyaniswa imbali Vetruviya. Izakhiwo kwi isimbo lwamandulo, ezazithabathayo imilo kamva, naye ngokuyimfuneko ziqulathe umhlathi okanye izinto ezifanayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba namhlanje odolo zokwakha, eziye kufikelela thina Ebubanzini kwenkulungwane, ngokufuthi lisetyenziswa kwindalo kunye umhombiso ngemisebenzi ezintsha.