Yayiyiphi iiglasi ezenzelwe ukulungisa umbono? Imbali yeglasi

I-90% yolwazi olujikelezayo esilubonayo ngamehlo ethu. KumaRoma asendulo, izazinzulu kunye nabacingeli beza kufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umntu ongaboniyo uyazinceda kwaye akanamsebenzi. Yayiyiphi iiglasi ezenzelwe ukulungisa umbono? Akukho ngcamango engaqondakaliyo kulo mbandela, kodwa kukho imfuneko emininzi kunye nobungqina obunokuthetha ngokubanzi malunga nembali yokuvela kwesi sixhobo.

Imbali yeglasi

Abavubukuli baphumelela ukufumana izibuko zelanga kwiingcwaba zikaFaro waseYiputa uTutankhamun , kunye noMlawuli uNero wahlushwa ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye wasebenzisa i-emerald yangaphambili efakwe kwisakhelo. Kwaye ngoku oku kusetyenziswe ngumntu wesithathu kubo bonke abantu emhlabeni.

Ngethuba lokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala, i-lens enkulu ininzi yafunyanwa eGrisi, eYiputa, e-Itali naseMesopotamiya (ifunyanwa ngomhla we-2500 weminyaka BC). Kwaye kwiindawo ezinxuwa zeNdlunkulu yaseKnossos kwisiqithi saseKrethe (iGrisi) kwafunyanwa lens encinane eyenziwe ngekrisstal yamatye, eyaqala ngo-1600 BC. Iilensi ezindala, ezitholakala eSargon, zibuyela kwi-V-IV leminyaka BC.

Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziphumo nezinye azifumani naziphi na izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba i-lens ngeli xesha yayisetyenziswe njengesicatshulwa. Kwakhona ku funyenwe kwii-optics ayinalo ulwazi olwenziwe iilensi ekuqheleni iziphene ezibonakalayo.

Ukuveliswa kweziglasi

Umbuzo uhlala unye-xa iiglasi zenzelwe ukulungiswa kombono? Iiglasi zokuqala ezibonakalayo, ezinempawu eziqhelekileyo ezinamhlanje, zavela eItaly ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13. Ngendlela, abaphathi be-Italiya be-glassblowing, polishing and polishing babonwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwihlabathi. Yiyiphi idumela elifanelekileyo leglasi yeVenice?

Ixesha elide iifiliji zaseItali zasebenza ngezinto eziphazamisayo kwaye mhlawumbi zazizi iipropati kunye neempawu ezahlukileyo zeglasi, kubandakanywa izinto ezibonakalayo. Kwaye nantsi ingcamango yokudibanisa iilensi ezimbini zesakhelo sakwaSalvino Armati ozalwe eFlorence. Nguye owaqala ukwenza iiglasi ezilungele ukulungiswa kombono, okokuqala, okokuqala kwakujoliswe kubantu abajongene nokubukela.

Ngubani ophethe imbono yokudala iiglasi?

Le ngcaciso nje ngokukhawuleza malunga nokuba izibuko zokulungiswa kombono zenziwe njani. Njengoko kwacaca, akukho mpendulo ecacileyo, kodwa abaphandi abaninzi bathambekele ekukholweni ukuba umhla wokuveliswa uwela ngomhla we-XIII.

Kodwa kukho enye, ingqiqweni, umbuzo: ngubani owakhiwe iiglasi ukuze alungiswe umbono? Umbono wokwenza iilensi ezimbini zikaSalvino Armati, kodwa umntu akanakukushiya ukukhankanya umsebenzi weprofesa eYunivesithi yaseOxford owenza iinzame ezininzi zokufunda ukukhishwa komfanekiso kwiilensi. Kwaye kwakhona iXIII leminyaka - uRoger Bacon wasebenza ngo-1214-1292.

Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwimisebenzi ye-Italian Craftsman Alexander Spin. Ngomnyaka we-XIII waqala ukwenza iilensi zokulungiswa kombono aze athengise kubemi basePisa kunye neendawo ezikufutshane. Kodwa inkulungwane yeshumi le-16 yayingabonakali ngexesha elifanelekileyo leemveliso ezibonakalayo - ukuvinjelwa kokugqoka iiglasi, njengoko abaninzi babengazange baqonde umgaqo wabo womsebenzi kwaye babengenakukwazi ukuvavanya iimpahla zabo.

Kuqala nini na iziglasi zokuqala?

Ngoobani, iiglasi zakhiwe njani kwaye zilungiswe nini? Ngaloo nto yonke into iye yacaca ngakumbi. Kuhlala kungena ekujuleni kwimbali yokwenza oku kufumaneka okubalulekileyo kubantu abaninzi. Ukuba iiblasi zokuqala zavela kuqala kwi-XIII leminyaka, i- lens ukusakaza yabona kuphela ukukhanya ekhulwini le-16-le nyaniso yayiye ngenxa yokuba iiglasi kubantu abaphethwe yi-myopia babonakala ngokukhawuleza.

Nangona kunjalo, oku sele kuqhutywe phambili kwintsimi ye-optics yokulungisa. Ngokuvisisanayo, lo mbhalo wawungcono kunamakhristal okanye iziqwenga zeglasi, apho abantu bamaxesha amandulo balwa neempembelelo ezibonakalayo. Iminyaka engaphantsi kwama-700 idlulile, kodwa iiglasi azizange zilahlekelwe ukufaneleka kwazo. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezintsha ezifana nokulungiswa kwelaser okanye i-lens, ukwenza iziglasi zisasaziwa.

Iinkcukacha ezithakazelisayo nezizonwabisayo ngeglasi

Ukujonga kwimbali yoyilo, ukuqikelela umbuzo xa iilazi zithe zaqulunqwa kwaye ngubani ophethe le ngcamango, ungayilandela ukuveliswa kwezi zinto eziyimfuneko. Ngoko, umzekelo, kwi-XIII leminyaka, la ma-lenses ayenziwe kunye nesakhelo esiqhelekileyo kwindlela enzima kakhulu. Inkulungwane ye-XIV - eli lixesha le-monocle, eyayiyi-lens, ejoliswe kubude bendlela yokubamba iqhosha okanye ikhenketho. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iiglasi zeglasi, iilensi kunye neefowuni zaba ngakumbi zigqibeleleyo. Ngoko, ngokukhawuleza ukukhanya kwambona i-lorgnettes kunye ne-pince-nez, eyaba yinto engumqondiso weli xesha okanye elo xesha.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iiglasi kunye nezinye izixhobo ezibonakalayo aziphuculanga nje kuphela kwiqondo lobugcisa - ukuyila kwakhona kwaguquke, kunye nomgangatho kunye nezinto eziphathekayo. Akumangalisi ukuba, ngokukhawuleza iiglasi zikwazi ukuthetha malunga nomnini womnini kunye nomnye umntu. Ngoko, umzekelo, amaqhawe aseSpain ayegqoke iziglasi kunye neelensi ezinkulu kakhulu, ezigxininisa ukuba ngabantu abaphezulu.

Ukuguquka kwemiglasi yokulungiswa kombono

Iiglasi kwisigxina esinde zizinto ezintsha, zithatyathwa yilazi zibuko zentwasahlobo, ezixhomekeke ngokufanelekileyo kwiipumlo. I-Masters kunye neengcali zomsebenzi wazo azizange zigqithise isiqingatha esilungileyo sabantu - kuba iifowuni ezikhethekileyo zaqulunqwa, okwenza kube lula ukubeka iiglasi kwi-bhonet. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oku kutsha kwakusasazeka kwii-XV-XVIII iikholeji, kwaye kungekhona kuphela kwabesifazane: izikhulu eziphezulu azizange zibonwe kubalulekile ukuba zisuse iinqanawa zazo, ngoko ke le fowuni yayibalulekile kubo.

Ewe, iiglasi zazingekho kumntu wonke - oku kubangelwa indleko ephezulu yokwenza kwabo. Ukuze ufumane igalazi ecocekileyo kwaye ebonakalayo, kwakuthatha imali eninzi, ukuze bakwazi ukufumana abantu abanotyebi kuphela.

Kwakhona malunga nomhla weglasi

Xa izibuko zokulungiswa kombono zaqulunqwa - kuyaqondakala. Kodwa ungathini malunga nezibuko zelanga? Kuqalwe nini lo mboniso phambi koluntu jikelele?

Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukuveliswa kweziglasi ukukhusela amehlo kwilanga elichanekileyo linge-Eskimos. Nangona, ukuba uyaqonda, akukho nto ingaziwayo ngalokhu. Ngosuku olumnyama, ilanga likhanya ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye xa songeza kule nto amehlo angabonakaliyo obumhlophe bemvula ekhethiweyo engenamkhawulo kunye nokukwazi kwekhephu ukubonakalisa imisebe yelanga, kubonakala ngathi abemi be-Far North bafuna umyalelo wokuphakama ophezulu kule ndawo kunabemi bezinye iindawo. Izibuko zokuqala zelanga zazibandakanya amatye esithambo kunye neentlobo ezininzi, eziye zavumela ukunciphisa impembelelo yelanga.

Iipropati eziPhambili

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba amehlo - eli lilungu eliyimfuneko elikuvumela ukuba ufumane inani elikhulu lolwazi kwilizwe langaphandle. Yingakho impilo yabo kufuneka inikwe ingqwalasela enkulu kwaye ihlolwe rhoqo kwi-specialist.

Akukho mfuneko yokubandakanya ekukhethweni kwamaglasi ukuze kulungiswe umbono. Kule njongo, kukho i-ophthalmologists. Kubalulekile ukuzama ukukhusela amehlo akho kwimisebenzi enamandla, uhlale wenza ukufudumala kunye nokunika ixesha lokuphumla.

Yintoni enye ongayongeza? Iikhompyutha zobugcisa zanamhlanje zinika iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokulungiswa kombono - ukulungiswa kwelayisi kunye neenlense zoqhagamshelwano. Nangona kunjalo, iiglasi azixhamlani ngokusondeleyo kunye nelihlo, oko kuthetha ukuba ayingozi kwaye yingozi. Ukongezelela, iiglasi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje yinto ekhangelekayo ekwazi ukuguqula ngokubonakalayo imbonakalo.