Uphi na ke zikhangeleke-moya? Aircraft Kiel: ukwakhiwa

Nditsho ndoda engazange ibonwe ulwandle, ngokuqinisekileyo .iyakwazi besabelana mazwi: ". Iinyawo ezisixhenxe phantsi isiqu" Kwaye umbuzo uvela ngoko nangoko wokuba. Le isiqu wenqanawa - inxalenye ebalulekileyo lwezakhiwo, ezo sinamalungu amaninzi mzimbeni wakhe eqhotyoshelweyo. Kodwa ke ukuba umntu owaziyo apho ibekwe yaye yintoni na ke zikhangeleke-moya?

Yintoni na?

Le "igunya" lozinzo ekuvumela ukuba ugcine i moya elinikiweyo khosi. Ngokungafaniyo imikhumbi, isiqu-moya yinxalenye ebalulekileyo somfanekiso nkqo komsila. Emazantsi eli fuselage akukho zikhangeleke xa eziphaphazelayo koomatshini musa! Kodwa ke kukho enye ngobuciko. Isibakala sokuba le nxalenye ngokuqinileyo eqhagamshelwe umthwalo-zithwele iziqalelo fuselage, kodwa ngenxa yokuba into eqhelekileyo isima ngayo ulwandle nomoya kota. Ngoko ke uphi na zikhangeleke-moya? Ngamafutshane, oko inxalenye nkqo ye nomsila.

Oku fixedly ibekwe, busisigxina ngongoma zintathu macala kunye umgca moya yezihlunu. Ngembonakalo, le piece ngokumila igqibeleleyo trapezoid. Njengoko umthetho, ukuba zikhangeleke-moya siquka spars, iimbambo nolusu. Esi sikimu classic, iye yatshintsha kususela moya yokuqala. I-Spar phambi ibekwa obliquely (njengokuba rule).

izakhiwo

Amaninzi, le isiqu liphilile, kodwa kwezinye iimeko ukwenza kabini yaye triple (on ekuhlaseleni elijikelezayo). Kwimeko yokugqibela, kufuneka kukubonelela uzinzo ophezulu zemiyalelo oomatshini enzima. Hi ndlela leyi, zonke iinqwelo-moya kwindawo indawo zikhangeleke ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu:

• Wakhela eli cebo yesiqhelo. Ezinjalo, umzekelo, isiqu-moya A321.
• "Amadada," oko kukuthi moya fin kabani ibekwe phambi kwe amaphiko umsila tye.
• "Tailless". Le isiqu kuphela umsila nkqo, ailerons tye emsebenzini ngokupheleleyo.

Kakade ke, iintlobo ezimbini zokugqibela ivamile ukuba i "ekuhlaleni"-moya zomkhosi, ezifana nokubekwa zikhangeleke kuyimfuneko ukunika moya extra uphume eliphezulu.

Kwezinye iimeko, sebenzisa noyilo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi. Umzekelo, podkilevye bamanqatha (aka - keels ventral). Zisetyenziswa kwezinye moya supersonic, apho ukugcinwa nokuzinza ofezekileyo ngexesha ibhabha kubalulekile. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi isiqu-moya (kulapha apho sele sibonile) kukho imali eyongezelelweyo kunye wokufika enkulu. Ngakumbi imeko eqhelekileyo kuxa ngumsila somfanekiso tye sonke kufuneka uye encotsheni isiqu. Oku kwenzeka xa injini imvelaphi inyuselwa khona kwi Ezomva moya. Loo scheme, umzekelo, kunokubonwa kwi eluncedo moya yasekhaya "IL".

Yintoni na ukuba?

Njengoko yaziwa, imozulu oluboniswe - an nokunqaba, yinto eningenakukholwa yiyo, oko akwenzeki rhoqo amaxesha sibini ngonyaka. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kukho umoya, namandla ulwalathiso yayo kwaye ziyahluka kakhulu. Xa inqwelo-moya uhamba, zemimoya umoya anganefuthe ulwalathiso ikhondo kakhulu. kufuneka zihlelwe-moya ukuze yawo ukubuyela kwindawo ezinzileyo. Kuphela ngale ndlela ngayo indiza ekhuselekileyo.

Eyona njongo yale

Umthetho engundoqo kokwakhiwa zikhangeleke - niyibeke ukuze phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko abazange bayifumane kwi slipstream iphiko. iphula Kungenjalo mhlawumbi elibukhali kwiNkqubo Uzinzo, yaye kwiimeko ezinzima - deformation ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokonakaliswa yonke umsila. Ngoko ke, injongo ephambili zikhangeleke - ukugcina uzinzo zemiyalelo.

Uyilo moya ezininzi zenza ukuba le nxalenye - enokususwa. Ngokulungisa ubukhulu zokutenxa le zikhangeleke, yalila iliso kwicala kwicala okufunyanisiweyo. Ngaphandle - moya zomkhosi, apho ukutshintsha ulwalathiso iinjini moya bambhalele ahlabe kumda wesangqa kolawulo. Kwimeko zabo, ukuba benze lo moya zikhangeleke ezinokususwa (photo ngayo kweli nqaku) osisiyatha, kuba sindisa xa ezama ezinjalo ukuba itshatyalaliswa nje.

Ziziphi iintlobo uzinzo olunikezwa isiqu?

Kukho iindidi ezintathu uzinzo, ngenxa apho isakhiwo moya ubandakanya isiqu:

• Track.
• Longitudinal.
• Enqamlezileyo.

Siza baqonde zonke ezi ntlobo ngokweenkcukacha. Ngoko ke, uzinzo zemiyalelo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba xa zokulahleka uzinzo longitudinal le fuselage ibhabha, le ntaka isaza kuqhubeka kangangexesha elithile ukuze ukubhabha phambili ngenxa kumandla inertial. Emva koko ke ukungena komoya, uqalisa ukubaleka nxamnye Ezomva moya, edulusele emva embindini womxhuzulane. Kiel kulo mzekelo ithintela ukuvela amandla ejikelezayo, nto enyanzela moya ku gqiba axis awo.

uzinzo Longitudinal. Iqalise le nqwelo-moya ephaphazela kwindlela eqhelekileyo, iziko womxhuzulane ingqamana kumbindi isicelo xi ku fuselage yayo. Kweli nqanaba, i fuselage kwakhona athathe amanyathelo imikhosi zodidi abafuna ukwandisa umzimba-moya. Phakamisa nondiliseko ke ngexesha elifanayo. moya isiqu (iifoto izinto ozibona kwinqaku) ibonelela intsalela, nto kulo mzekelo ulula kakhulu. moya Normal ngaphandle empennage, isiqu kunye somfanekiso akwenzeki.

Ezinye iintlobo uzinzo

uzinzo lateral. Xa sithetha nje ngokubanzi, eli into kokuqhubekayo ubhalo lwe iimpawu zangaphambili. Xa iphiko kunye ekwenzeni fin cross ziintshaba zodidi, bona 'zama' ukuze sibhukuqe le moya. Uyamelana le fomu ngamaphiko: ukuba ujonga kubo bevela kude, ziyafana ileta "U" kunye olufakwe kakhulu eziphezulu 'iimpondo. " Le milo inikeza indawo self-ekulungiseni lo moya esithubeni. Kiel ngexesha elifanayo inceda ukugcina uzinzo lateral.

Qaphela ukuba lo moya phambili-utshayelwe iphiko imfuneko zikhangeleke ayikho mkhulu kangaka ... ngesantya esiphezulu. Ukuba uwe, ukunyuka imikhosi basabela kwenzeka ukuqhubela yemigca. Kwaye ngenxa yale mishini kubaluleke kakhulu yeyona nemixawuka, isiqu ayisindi, nto leyo ukuxhathisa imithwalo omkhulu onje. Yaye oko zingafumaneka njani? Kwaye ngako.

Iimpawu nokudalwa moya lwangoku

Okwangoku, iingcali Arhente Federal Air lezoThutho kunye noogxa babo amazwe swi ekudalweni iinxalenye moya (kuquka zikhangeleke) ungamalungu enkulu ubungakanani-ezenziwe ngezinto edityanisiweyo phambili.

Umlinganiselo ezi zihlanganisi kuyilo zezithuthi moya lwale mihla ngokuthe ngcembe liyanda. Ngokutsho ulwazi kwiingcaphephe, umlinganiselo wabo umthamo sele ifikelele-25% kwi-50%, kwaye moya ezincinci-ezorhwebo, yaye sonke wakhiwe zeplastiki kunye zisasilela nge-75%. Kutheni le ndlela kwanda kangaka kushishino lweenqwelo na? Isibakala sokuba zikhangeleke elinye moya "iBoeing", lenziwe Polymer "aluminiyamu", uzelwe enobunzima ukukhanya kakhulu, amandla aphezulu kakhulu kunye elinguvimba, esebenzisa izixhobo ezisemgangathweni ukuphumeza nje ngqiqweni.

izinto ngqo

Uninzi kuvunyiwe ukusetyenziswa zisasilela kuyilo hayi nje ngumsila, kodwa amaphiko kunye fuselage elements umthwalo-ngokuzala, ekufuneka zibe namandla kakhulu kodwa bhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo. Kungenjalo kukho amathuba okuba ukusilela noshowo phantsi amanyathelo kwemithwalo moya.

Kodwa ke akusoloko. Ngoko ke, ikratshi kushishino moya eSoviet, lo moya "Tu-160", eyaziwa ngokuba yi "White Swan" okanye "Blackjack", na zikhangeleke ka ... aluminiyamu titanium. izinto ezithile yaye zibiza kakhulu loo wakhethwa ngenxa imithwalo enkulu isakhiwo umatshini, ethi namhla ugcina isihloko bomber enzima ezaxhobela. Kodwa indlela ebaluleke enjalo ekuyilweni zikhangeleke - lwepaki, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abathungi namhlanje apho badla kufuneka bejongene izinto ezininzi edityanisiweyo elula.

Zeziphi imingeni ejongwe ekudaleni isiqu zizonke?

Ngexesha uphuhliso abayili lwasekhaya kwafuneka ukusombulula ezahlukeneyo iingxaki:

• indalo Wayephangela kweendawo ezinkulu zikhangeleke, yaye omnye carbon ifayibha indlela yemveliso ukumnika.
• Kwakhona ukuba uhlaziye phantse ngokupheleleyo kwaye kwakhona zokubaxhobisa amanqanaba eziphambili imveliso, ezibe na enzelwe ukusetyenziswa izixhobo ezijongeneyo.

ezinye iimpawu

Inkqubo imveliso sele uphunyeziwe-software zamva (FiberSim), nto leyo evumela ukuba kufikelelwe inqanaba liphezulu matshini. Kwakhona, moya ngoku isiqu sakhe uyilo ichazwe kweli nqaku, ungakwazi kuveliswa kwiteknoloji ezinjalo, apho kunokwenzeka akukho imizobo. Kuveliswe le inxaxheba kule nkqubo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Uyilo okanye kukhethwe imodeli ogqityiweyo. Namhlanje isiqu (ekukhethwa) kuthelekelelwe kwi kwindlela oluzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle ababhekisi phambili 'abantu ".
• Nangokukrola izinto ezisetyenziswayo, njengoko igcinwe imo oluzenzekelayo.
• Kwimo automatic, kubalwa i Lelona laba zempahla ekrwada ezisetyenziswa ekudaleni isiqu nezibilini zayo noshowo.
• Ingaphandle ingqokelela kokuba yindlela zithwala kulawulwa yinkqubo yekhompyutha.

Ukongeza, indlela zale mihla ukuba ukuveliswa amaphiko Ukwenza oku kulandelayo:

• Imveliso oluqhubekayo AMAGQABAZA ▸ ezivavanyiweyo kwiimeko eyona inzima.
• technology non-etshabalalisayo Kwaphuhliswa uvavanyo, nto leyo evumela esweni rhoqo kwesi zikhangeleke-moya.

iindlela Advanced wokudala "MC-21" moya empennage

Kwixesha elidlulileyo kude kangaka, le kushishino lweenqwelo leyo ngokoqobo ndiqhiphuke isicelo developers zasekhaya ukuba baphuhlisa inqwelo-moya entsha ngokupheleleyo, "MS-21". yokuvelela layo ukuba phantse amathathu eminyaka, i imoto zazingenela ukuba iinqwelo-moya ngaphakathi lizwe. Xa umenzi wayo iye yavavanywa abaninzi iiteknoloji ezintsha, apho ubukhulu azachaphazela iimpawu innovative isiqu kunye ngeenxa umsila.

Ukuphuhlisa ukuvelisa 'MS-21 "moya caisson zikhangeleke, iingcali zasekhaya bakwazi ukufezekisa ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• okuphelele oluzalela kwamalungu kunye izinto ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso. Ngenxa yoko, kuba ikwazile ukufikelela% unciphiso ubuncinane 50 iindleko zizonke yonke umsila, kwaye ingakumbi isiqu.
• Xa imveliso yenkqubo ukusetyenziswa empennage ProDirector ekuvumela ukuba ukuphumeza ukuchana kupheleleyo processing ungamalungu. Oku kwenza kube lula ukwenza eqinileyo nje kuphela, kodwa keels okulula kakhulu.
• Kwakhona, le isiqu-moya mihla wadala ngokusebenzisa i ubuchule ugobile kabini. Enkosi kubo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuzuzwe ubukhulu zodidi kuloo ndawo apho isakhiwo kugunyaziso eziyimfuneko ezongezelelweyo (ngaphantsi moya isiqu).
• Nanamhlanje, iindawo ezinkulu zikhangeleke angakwazi 'ose ngokucokisekileyo "kwi autoclaves ezizodwa. Isiphumo i amacandelo sinamandla kakhulu kwaye ngqwabalala ukumelana umthwalo nayiphi isidanga.
• Control sidlula iinkcukacha wew geometry we zakhiwo phantsi kolawulo lwezixokelelwano ngekhompyutha.

ezinye iimpawu

Ngokusetyenziswa kobugcisa ezintsha kunye nobuchule, ukuntsonkotha ekudaleni nomsila kunye zikhangeleke zancitshiswa yi 50-70%. Namhlanje, iimvavanyo karhulumente iye bungaphezu kweekhilogram ezingamawaka amane iziqwenga fin nomsila.

Impumelelo engundoqo - liqulunqe iteknoloji ethembekileyo elula zokukhokhela iinxalenye lebhokisi ubungakanani zikhangeleke ka 7.6 x 2.5 m Okwangoku sele ke ndiqalile ukumnikela phambili. Irkutsk Aviation Plant. Bona ezenziwe ngezinto edityanisiweyo ophezulu, kunye neempawu yale nkqubo babe sele abanomdla ekhokela abenzi moya amazwe.

iingxaki zale mihla

Kuba oko wachitha ixesha elininzi ukuxoxa iindlela zale mihla uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa isiqu? Inyaniso kukuba ukususela 60s zenkulungwane yokugqibela kuye kwacaca ukuba ukwanda-moya yokusebenza isantya kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ukwandisa amandla zabo ukwazisa kwimveliso uhlobo entsha ngokupheleleyo izinto polymeric. Ingxaki moya sizukulwana yokugqibela kukuba uyilo lwabo (kwaye zikhangeleke ingakumbi) uthambekele kakhulu kwi "ekhathala". Ngenxa yoko, amalunga nama-70 iminyaka kwinkulungwane yokugqibela sele ziphuhlisiwe iindlela ezininzi esweni imeko iphiko nomsila.

iimfuno zemveliso nazo phezulu. Ibhetshi nganye iinxalenye phantsi kakhulu kakhulu izitulo nomthwalo lokungcangcazela ukuba amaqondo kunye noxinzelelo. Akumangalisi oku, ekubeni ekugqibeleni nditshaye encinane kukhokelela ekufeni amakhulu abakhweli.

Ngoko uyazi apho fin moya nokuba lingantoni na ukuba!