Ummandla wophuhliso lwangempela ... Indawo yokuphuhliswa kwangempela ngokweVigotsky

Kwiintsapho apho abantwana abancinci bekhula khona, abazali ngandlela-thile babuza imibuzo yokukhuliswa kunye nemfundo. Abantwana baya kwi-nursergart kunye kunye kunye kunye nolwazi olufunekayo kunye nezakhono. Izakhono eziyimfuneko zenziwa kubo ngolu hlobo lwenkqubo efanelekileyo nenjongo yootitshala. Uluhlu lwentlalo yophuhliso luyimfuneko ebalulekileyo kwaye luyimfuneko kunoma yimuphi umntu. Eli nqaku lizinikezelwe kumbuzo wesiganeko solu hlobo olwenziwa nguSosayensi. UVigotsky LS wayengowokuqala ukuqwalasela ukuphuhliswa komntwana kumacala amabini. Ingcamango yakhe isasebenza namhlanje.

Ixesha

Uluhlu lwentlalo yophuhliso luyinkimbinkimbi yezakhono umntwana okwangoku. Kuthetha ukuthini oku? Masivume, inkunzi iya kwiqela elincinci, ihlola imibala kunye nemilo yezinto. Le mi sebenzi ayenzayo ngokuzimela, ngaphandle koncediswa ngumqeqeshi, unokuthiwa "ngumgcini" wakhe. Ingcamango "yendawo yophuhliso lwangempela" yenziwa kwimbono yento umntwana ayifanele azi ngayo kwinqanaba elithile, yiziphi izakhono ahlala esinazo kweli xesha.

Ingcamango yeLS Vygotsky

Ngokwe-Soviet scientist, owenza uphando ngekhulu leminyaka le-20, ukubunjwa kolwazi kumntu omncinci kubandakanywa ngamacandelo amabini: ummandla wokwenene nophuhliso olusondeleyo. La magama abandakanyeka ekwakheni ubuntu obuphumeleleyo. Ummandla wophuhliso olukhawulezileyo kunye nolona hlobo alufani. Bahluke omnye komnye ngendlela ekhadini. Enye ingcamango ijoliswe kwixesha elizayo, elinye lijongene nomzuzu wamanje, lichaphazela okwenzekayo ngoku.

Ummandla wokwenene uphuhliso lweVygotsky ngumsetyenzana wolwazi, izakhono kunye nezakhono zomntwana, anakho kwiqondo eliphakamileyo kweli nqanaba ngexesha. Ngokutsho kwenzululwazi, inkqubo yokufunda kufuneka isekelwe kwinto yokuba iphambili iphambili yophuhliso. Akuyimfuneko ukunika izabelo apho umntwana engakakulungeli khona, njengoko akufanelekanga kwaye "ukugqithisa kwindawo," ukwenza into efanayo. Ukungeniswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuhambelana nokukhula kwengqondo kumntwana, kodwa ukuhlala kufunyanwa kuye.

Izakhono zenziwe njani?

Ummandla wophuhliso lwangempela lomntwana yindawo yokugcina yamathuba amatsha. Ukuba nolwazi olunomntu umntu analo, umlinganiselo omkhulu wokuphumelela ulindele phambili. Izakhono ezintsha zakhiwa ngokwakha iziqhagamshelwano ezongezelelweyo kunye neengcamango malunga nezinto kunye neziganeko malunga nolwazi olukhoyo malunga nehlabathi elisijikelezayo.

Umntu uhlala ekhululekile phantsi kweemeko zangaphambili. Kwaye ukuba umntwana akajongwanga ngqo, uya kuba sezingeni elifanayo ixesha elide. Ukutshintshwa kwesinye isigaba kudibene nesidingo sokucacisa iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ngokwabo okanye ukusombulula ingxaki eyayingaphaya kwamandla akhe. Ukwenza ulwazi lakho, kufuneka liguqulelwe ukusuka kwinqanaba elithi "ulwazi oluchanekileyo" kwiqela lezakhono zomntu ngamnye. Indima ebalulekileyo idlaliswa yimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo. Kuphawulwe ukuba ukukhumbula ngeyona ndlela isebenzayo ngakumbi kumdla.

Indlela yokwakha iiklasi?

Ukuze bazise inzuzo eninzi, ukuphuhliswa komntwana kufuneka kuhambisane ngokufanelekileyo. Iiklasi kufuneka zixhomekeke omnye komnye, ngaphandle koko ukuphumelela akuyi kuba phezulu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba kwisifundo sokuqala abantwana bafunda itekisi "A", ngoko-ke oku kulandelayo kufuneka kuhlaziywe kwaye kuqhutywe phambili, kunokuba unikezele lonke ixesha, kungenjalo akuyi kuba nekhothazo lokufunda izinto ezintsha. Ummandla wophuhliso olusondeleyo kunye noluqobo luyimiqondo eyahlukileyo. Kodwa kufuneka babe soloko behlala belamano oluhambelanayo kunye nomnye. Ekubeni ulwazi olutsha luhlala luncedisa kunye nolwandiso lwangaphambili, ukuphindaphinda kwento esele ifundwe kwandisa ingcamango yeso sifundo, yakha imbono engaphezulu kweengcinga ezithile.

Iiklasi kufuneka zenziwe ngendlela enjengokukunceda ifomu lomntwana kunye nokuqokelela ulwazi ngaye kunye nehlabathi elikuzungezile ngenzuzo enkulu. Indawo yokuphuhlisa ngokwenene nguVygotsky ithetha ukugxila kwimpumelelo ekhoyo esele ikhona ukuze kuncedwe ukubunjwa kwezakhono ezintsha.

Isitampu

Ivelisa kakuhle izakhono ezifanelekileyo zeemoto kunye nokukhuthaza ukusebenza komsebenzi. Unokukhangela into, kodwa kungcono ukunika umsebenzi wokwenza iplastiki yomntwana oqhelekileyo kumntwana okanye "owadlulayo" eklasini enkulisa. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isihloko sokugqibela esasifundayo siyizilwanyana zasemakhaya, unokucela ukuba abantwana bafake abo babameli abayithandayo.

Ukuba unika umsebenzi othile ukuba uphawule ihashe okanye inja, kulo mzekelo umntwana uya kuncitshiswa ekukhethweni nasekucingeni kwakhe. Uluhlu lwentlalo yophuhliso luhlala luqhubela phambili ngenjongo yokuxhasa ulwazi olukhoyo.

Ukuzivocavoca

Mhlawumbi, akuyimfuneko ukuthetha ngeenzuzo zemfundo yenyama. Ziyakwazi ukuqhutyelwa kokubili kwi-gymnasium nakwi-open air. Ukuzivocavoca umzimba kuhlakulela imisipha, ukuqinisa imo-mpilo kunye nempilo ngokubanzi. Ukubhukuda yinkampani enzima kakhulu kwaye igalelo ekwakheni isimo sengqondo ebomini.

Ukuba umntwana engayazi ukubhukuda, ngoko isifundo sokuqala sifanele siqale ngokumncedisa ukuba atyelele emanzini, atyelele encinane kwiponki okanye echibini. Ungaze ufune ukukhawuleza kwaye wenze ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Kwinkqubo yokwenza izakhono eziyimfuneko zokuhamba, ezi zimele zimele ziqiniswe kwaye zandiswe.

Uzuze ekufundeni

Akukho nto ikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa komntwana njengencwadi. Ukufunda kuyomeleza ukuthembela phakathi komzali nomntwana, kukhuthaze ukuphuhliswa kwazo zonke iinkqubo zokuqonda kunye ngakumbi nentetho. Xa umntwana eqala ukuthabatha iileta kwiibllabha, kwaye ngoko ngamazwi, kukho ukusebenza okunamandla komsebenzi wengqondo, okubangela ukuba kwakhiwe impumelelo engaphezulu.

Kuyaziwa ukuba akubona bonke abantwana ababonelelwa ngokukhawuleza inkqubo yokufundisa ukufunda. Lo ngumsebenzi ochitha ixesha, ofuna iinzame ezininzi. I-alfabhethi kufuneka ifundwe ngendlela enokuthi utshintsho oluvela kwileta enye ukuya kwelinye aluhambanga ngokulandelelana (umzekelo, ukusuka ku- "A" ukuya ku- "B", "B"), kodwa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuthetha ukuba ekuqaleni ungakwazi ukufunda zonke izikhalazo, vumela umntwana uzive ngegama lakhe, aze aqhubekele kwiinconon. Ukugqithisa iilalibhile kukulungele ukuqala ngethuba xa umntwana sele esele echaneke kakuhle kwiileta, ngokuqinisekileyo akayikudibanisa kunye nabanye, ngelixa ulwazi lwama-vowels lucacile.

Ngaloo ndlela, ummandla wophuhliso loqobo luyinxenye enkulu yokwakha ubuntu, apho kuyimfuneko ukuthetha ngaphezu kokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ulwazi lomntwana lwehlabathi lunokusetyenziswa ngendlela eyakhayo, ukuba umntu uyazi indlela yokwandisa imida.