Ukuthotywa kwamatye angcolileyo: inkcazo, iintlobo kunye nokuhlelwa

Ukubuthelwa kwamanzi ngamadwala ayenziwe ngenxa yokuhamba kunye nokuhanjiswa kweengxube zengxube-mveliso zamaminerali eziwa phantsi kwezenzo eziqhubekayo zomoya, amanzi, iqhwa, amaza olwandle. Ngamanye amazwi, yile mveliso yokutshatyalaliswa kweentaba ezisekuqaleni kweentaba, ezibangelwa ukutshabalaliswa, zenziwa phantsi kweemichiza kunye nemikhakha, zize zifunyenwe kwisitya esinye, zajika zaba yidwala eliqinileyo. Amatye angama-20% kuwo onke ama-sedimentary accumulation emhlabeni, indawo ekuye yahluke ngayo kwaye ifinyelela kwi-10 km ecaleni komhlaba. Ngexesha elifanayo, ubunzulu obuhlukeneyo bamalungiselelo enxweme ngenye yezinto ezibangela isakhiwo sabo.

Ukujikeleza njengendlela yokubunjwa kwamatye angcolileyo

Isigaba sokuqala nesigxina ekubunjweni kwamatye e-classic kukutshatyalaliswa. Kule meko, kubonakala i-sedimentary material, ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwamatye angabonakaliyo emagmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic origin. Okokuqala, i-massifs yeentaba ilawulwa yimpembelelo enomtsalane, efana nokuqhekeka, ukuchithwa. Oku kulandelayo yinkqubo yeekhemikhali (utshintsho), ngenxa yokokuba izitye zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Xa kushushu, izinto ziyahlukana ngokubunjwa nokuhamba. Emoyeni ihamba ngesulfure, i-aluminium kunye neyinyithi - kwiisombululo kunye ne-colloids, i-calcium, i-sodium kunye ne-potassium-kwizicombululo, kodwa i- silicon oxide ayinakuxhathisa ukuchithwa, ngoko ke, ngohlobo lwe-quartz, itshintshe ngokugqithiseleyo ibe yi-debris kwaye ithuthwe ngamanzi ahambayo.

Izothutho njengegqeba lokubunjwa kwamatye

Isigaba sesibini, apho kusekwa khona amatye ajikelezayo, kubandakanya ukutshintshwa kwezinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo ezenziwa ngemozulu, umoya, amanzi okanye i-glaciers. Izothutho oluphambili lweenqanawa ngamanzi. Ukuphunga amandla ombane, i-liquid ishibilika, ihamba emoyeni, kwaye iphuma ngendlela echanekileyo okanye eqinile kumhlaba, eyenza imifula ethwala izinto kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (ichithwe, i-colloidal okanye iqinile).

Isixa kunye nobunzima beemfucuza ezithuthwayo kuxhomekeke kumandla, isivinini kunye nomthamo wamanzi ahambayo. Ngaloo ndlela, isanti entle, iitrafti, ngamanye amajelo kunye nama-slurries athuthwa ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokudityaniswa kweengxube zedongwe. Iziqhwala, imilambo yeentaba kunye ne- mudflows zithwala ubuninzi beembombo, ubukhulu beengqungquthela ezinjalo zifikelela kwi-10 cm.

I-Sedimentogenesis - isigaba sesithathu

I-Sedimentogenesis kukuqokelelwa kwezakhiwo ze-sedimentary, apho iinqununu ezigqithiselweyo zidlulayo ukusuka kummandla weselula ukuya kwi-static. Kule meko, ukuhlukahlukana kweekhemikhali kunye nokwenziwa kombane kwenzeka. Njengomphumo weyokuqala, iinqununu ezihanjiswe kwisisombululo okanye i-colloids kwisitya siyahlukana, ngokuxhomekeke ekutshintshelweni kwendawo yokuxuba i-oxidizing ukuze kuhliswe kwaye utshintsho kwi-salinity yesitya. Ngenxa yendlela yokuhlukana kwemimandla, iinqhezu zihlukaniswe ngobuninzi, ubungakanani kunye neendlela kunye nokukhawuleza kokuthutha kwabo. Ngaloo ndlela, iinqununu ezigqithisiweyo zihambelana ngokucacileyo, ngokubhekiselele kummandla ophantsi kwezantsi. Ngoko, umzekelo, amatye kunye neendwangu zamanzi zifakwe emlonyeni wemilambo yeentaba kunye namanqatha emagqabini, ngaselunxwemeni kukho inqanawa, kude nentshona-ntshona (kuba ineqhekeza elincinci kunye nokukwazi ukuhamba kwimida emide, ngelixa lihlala kwindawo ephakamileyo kunamaqabunga) Ezi zilandelayo zivelisa i-silt efanelekileyo, idla ngokudityaniswa ngodongwe.

Isigaba sesine sokwakheka kwe-diagenesis

Isigaba sesine ekubunjweni kwamatye alahlekileyo yinqanaba elibizwa ngokuba yi-diagenesis, nto leyo inguqu yenkomo eqokelelweyo ibe ngamatye aqinileyo. Izinto ezisetyenziswe kwisiseko sebhasin, ezithunyelwa ngaphambili, zikhuni okanye zitshintshe zibe ngamatye. Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-sediment yemvelo iqokelela iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo ezenza izibophelelo ezinokwenziwa kwemichiza kunye neendlela ezingenakunqwenelekayo, ngoko ke izixhobo ziqala ukusabela omnye nomnye. Kwakhona kwinqwelwana iqokelelwe iincinci ezichanekileyo ze-silicon oxide, ezidlulayo kwi- feldspar, izidalwa ezinobumba kunye nodongwe oluhle, olwenza udongwe oluncitshiswayo, oluye lwandiswe ngo-2-3 cm, luyakwazi ukutshintsha indawo ephihliweyo yomhlaba.

Isigaba sokugqibela: ukubunjwa kwamatye e-classic

I-Diagenesis ilandelwa yi-catagenesis, inqubo apho kuthathwa khona amatye e-metamorphic. Ngenxa yesigxina sokwanda kweemvula, ilitye liguquka kwisigaba sobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Igalelo elide lexesha elide lolo hlobo lokushisa kunye noxinzelelo lunegalelo ekwakheni nasekugqibeleni ukugqitywa kwamatye, okungahlala kwi-10 ukuya kwiwaka eliwaka.

Kule nqanaba, ngolawulo lokushisa lama-degrees Celsius angama-200, kukho ukwabiwa kwakhona kwamaminerali kunye nokubunjwa kwamatye amitsha. Oku kudala iidwala ezibuhlungu, imizekelo yazo efunyenwe kuyo yonke ikona yehlabathi.

ICarbonate rock

Ziziphi iindawo ezidityanisiweyo kunye ne-carbonate ezihlobene nomnye? Impendulo ilula. I-Carbonates ihlala iqukethe i-terrigen (i-classtic ne-argillaceous) massifs. Iimaminerali eziphambili ze-carbonate sedimentary rock ziyi-dolomite kunye ne-calcite. Ziyakwazi ukuba ngabanye okanye kunye, kwaye umlinganiselo wabo uhlala uhlukile. Yonke into incike kwixesha kunye nendlela yokwakhiwa kwee-carbonate sediments. Ukuba i-sogenous layer in rock is more than 50%, ke ayikho i-carbonate, kodwa ibhekisela kumatye angama-classic njengama-silts, ama-conglomerate, ama-gravelites okanye i-sandstones, oko kukuthi, ama-massifs angcolileyo kunye ne-mixati ye-carbonates, enepesenti ibe yi-5%.

Ukwahlulelwa kwamadwala enkcubeko ngezinga lokujikeleza

Amadwala angamaqhinga, ukuhlelwa kwawo okusekelwe kwiimpawu eziliqela, kuchongwa ngokujikeleza, ubungakanani kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwezidaka. Masiqale ngezinga lokujikeleza. Inokuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo kubunzima, ubungakanani kunye nesimo sothutho lweengqungquthela ekwakheni ilitye. Ngokomzekelo, iinqununu ezithwala ulwandle ziyacocwa kwaye zingabikho ndawo ezibukhali. Ukuzalwa, okwakusuke kukhululekile, kuqiniswa ngokupheleleyo. Olu hlobo lwamatye lugqitywa ngulo lwakhiwo lwesamente, lungaba lubala, i-opal, i-ferruginous, i-carbonate.

Iintlobo zematye angcojeni ngokwemali yamatyala

Kwakhona amatye aqhekezayo anqunywe ngobungakanani bendawo. Ngokuxhomekeka kubukhulu bawo, amatye ahlukaniswe ngamaqela amane. Iqela lokuqala liquka i-debris, ubukhulu bayo bu ngaphezu kwe-1 mm. Amatye anjalo abizwa ngokuba ngamadwala amakhulu e-classic. Iqela lesibini libandakanya iziqhekeza, ubukhulu balo buwela kwibanga ukusuka kwi-1 mm ukuya kwi-0.1 mm. Ezi zihlabathi zentlabathi. Iqela lesithathu liquka iziqhekeza ukusuka kwi-0.1 ukuya kwi-0.01 mm ngobukhulu. Eli qela libizwa ngokuba yizintlu. Kwaye iqela lokugqibela lesine lichaza izityambo zobumba, ubukhulu beentlobo ze-detrital zihluka ukusuka ku-0.01 ukuya ku-0.001 mm.

Ukwahlula kwesakhiwo samatye e-classic

Olunye udidi luyinto eyahlukileyo kwisakhiwo se-classic layout, esinceda ukucacisa umlingiswa wokwakheka kweliwa. Ubume obumhlophe bubonakaliswe ngenye indlela yokongezwa kwamatye. Ziquka i-sole kunye nophahla. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimihlaba yokubeka, kunokwenzeka ukucacisa ukuba yeyiphi idwala elasekwayo. Ngokomzekelo, izimo zaselunxwemeni zenza ulungelelwano oludityanisiweyo, ulwandle nolwandle luba ngxondorha ngokucwangcisa okufanayo, ukuhamba kwamanzi - ukupheliswa kwe-oblique.

Iimeko apho zakhiwa khona amatye angama-classic zinganqunywa ukusuka kwimimandla yobunqamle, oko kukuthi, kubukho beempawu eziqhawulayo, imvula yamanzi, ukumisa imichiza okanye, umzekelo, iimpawu zolwandle. Isakhiwo esithintekayo selitye sibonisa ukuba iziqwenga zakhiwe ngenxa ye-volcanogenic, i-terrigenous, organogenic okanye i-hypergenic. Isakhiwo esikhulu singanqunywa ngamatye ahlukeneyo.

Iintlobo zohlobo ngokubunjwa

Amatye angamaqhekeza ayahlula kwi-polymictic, okanye i-polymineral and monomictic, okanye i-monomineral. Eyokuqala, kwakhona, ichongwa ngokubunjwa kwamaminerali ambalwa, kuthiwa ahlanganiswe. Okwesibini kugqiba ukubunjwa kwemineral mineral (quartz okanye feldspar rock). Kwiidonga zepolymictic zibandakanya i-graywacks (zibandakanya iinqununu zomlotha womlilo) kunye ne-arkoses (iinqununu ezenziwe ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwegranites). Ukubunjwa kwamatye enkqenkqileyo kunqunywe ngamanyathelo okubunjwa kwawo. Ngokwezigaba ngasinye, isabelo sezinto kwi-quantitative ratio sisungulwa. Iindawo ezinqabileyo zetyala, xa zifunyenwe, ziyakwazi ukuxela ngeliphi ixesha, ziziphi iindlela ezithunyelwa kwindawo, indlela ezazisasazwa ngayo ngaphantsi kwesitya, zeziphi izinto eziphilayo kunye nantoni na ezithatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni, kwaye kwimiba yintoni eyenziwe ngamatye .