Ukuphanga ... Ubusela, ukuphanga, ukuphanga - yintoni umehluko?

Kumthetho wobugebengu weRashiya ukweba, ukuphanga, ukuphanga kungenzi mthethweni kumthetho. Zizibophezele ngokubambisa iinjongo zamagunya. Ubusela buyimfihlelo yokufihla impahla. Ukuphanga kuyindlela evulekileyo. Kujoliswe ekunikezeni umntu omnye. Ukuphanga kukuhlaselwa. Injongo yakhe kwakhona ukubiwa kwepropati yomnye umntu, owenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kobundlobongela, obungozi kwimpilo okanye ebomini, okanye phantsi kwesongelo lokusebenzisa eso senzo.

Zonke ezi zolwaphulo-mthetho zinento efanayo. Zijoliswe ekuthinzeni ezinye iimpahla zabantu.

Iifom zobunini

Ukuchonga into yolwaphulo-mthetho, uMthetho wezoLuntu uhlukanisa iifom ezininzi zepropati:

1. Impahla yezomthetho okanye abemi. Le propati yipropati.

2. Ipropati yombuso, kunye nezifundo zayo. Le yipropati yomhlaba.

3. Iipropati zezixeko, indawo yokuhlala yasemaphandleni kunye nabanye oomasipala.

Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lobunikazi, nayiphina impahla ixhomekeke ekukhuselweni komthetho.

Ukubunjwa kwesenzo esingekho mthethweni

Into yokuphanga, ukweba nokuphanga ihlala isakhiwo somntu. Umxholo ngumntu (ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye). Kwinqanaba elizimeleyo, ulwaphulo-mthetho lubonakaliswe ngokusesikweni ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zeemeko ezihlaselayo.

1. Ikhomishini yesenzo esingekho mthethweni ngabantu abaningana ngokubhekiselele kokuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili.

2. Ubangela umonakalo omkhulu.

3. Ukuphindaphinda, njl

Kwinqanaba leenjongo, izenzo zibonakaliswa ngokuthathwa kwepropati yomnye umntu, okwenza umonakalo wokwenene kumnini ngezenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Iinkcukacha zobusela

Ubusela phantsi kobusela obufihliweyo buqondwa njengento eyenziwa ngumntu ongekho mthethweni ngokubamba ipropati ngexesha lokungabikho komnikazi walo okanye omnye umnini. Ukuba umntu wenza ubugwenxa phambi koomnini, kodwa ngelixa angayiboni umzuzu wokuba, into enjalo ithathwa njengobheba. Ukuba umnini okanye omnye umnikazi ubona umzuzu wokuba, kwaye umhlaseli wayekholelwa ukuba wenza ngokufihlakeleyo, isenzo sifaneleka njengobheki.

Into elwaphulo-mthetho ekubanjweni yile nto umoni ophulaphulayo, oko kukuthi, impahla yomnye umntu. Umntu oneminyaka elishumi elinanye ubudala ubudala uthathwa njengesifundo. Ubusela bubonakaliswa yindlela kunye nendawo yoluphulo-mthetho, ubukho beenkambiso, ukufihlwa kwepropathi ebiwe, njl. Ngecala elizimeleyo, isenzo esingekho mthethweni sisoloko sinomdla wecala, ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphambili,

Iimpawu zokuphanga

Ulwaphulo-mthetho kumbuzo, ngokungafani nokweba, lwenzeka ngokuphanga ipropati ngexesha lokufumana inani lomnini, omnye umnini okanye umntu ongagunyazisiweyo. Bakhona ngexesha lobusela, ngelixa beyazi ukuba izenzo zomntu ezenzayo azikho mthethweni.

Ukuphanga kulwaphulo-mthetho, into ekuthiwa yipropati yomntu. Ubonakaliswe yizenzo ezisebenzayo zomhlaseli. Zibonakaliswa kwipropati evulekileyo engekho enobudlova. Ukuphanga kulwaphulo - mthetho, isifundo esiphi na umntu onamandla. Kodwa kunikezelwa ukuba umntu ufikelele kwiminyaka elishumi elinesine ubudala. Kwinqanaba elizimeleyo, ukuphanga kuboniswa ngenjongo yomntu othe ngqo, injongo yenjongo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepropati ebiwe. Injongo kukuba umenzi wobugwenxa uyaqonda ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho aluveli ngasese.

Ngokwenza isenzo senzeke, ukuphanga kuhambelana ngqo nokweba. Ibonakalayo yindlela evulekileyo yokweba impahla yomnye umntu.

Iimpawu zokuphanga

Ubundlobongela ngokuphanga kuyingozi kwimpilo nangempilo. Oku kuyinkalo yolu lwaphulo-mthetho. Eyona nto ibonakaliswe yintlupheko yokwahlukana komonakalo emzimbeni womntu olimele. Into yokuphanga iyipropati yomnye umntu. Kwinqanaba lenjongo, isenzo esicatshangelwayo sibonakala ngokusetyenziswa kogonyamelo. Umxholo wesenzo esicatshulwa ngumbuzo umntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi elinesine ubudala. Ukusuka kwicala eliphantsi, ukuphanga kunenjongo ngqo kunye neengcinga zobugovu.

Impawu eziqhelekileyo zokuphanga, ukuphanga, ukweba

Izigwenxa eziphanga okanye ukweba zichithwa ukuba zipheliswe ukuba loo propati ibiwe, kwaye umhlaseli unako ukulahla okanye ukusebenzisa le propati yangaphandle. Ukuphanga kuthathwa njengagqityiweyo ukususela ngexesha lobusela bepropati, kodwa ukususela ekuqalekeni kokuhlaselwa, okwenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kobundlobongela obangela ingozi kwimpilo nobomi, kwaye kusongela ukusebenzisa olo gonyamelo.

Ukuba loo propati ibelwe ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba yenkampani, umququzeleli okanye umgqugquzeli, isenzo esenziwe ngumenzi wobubi asiyinto engekho mthethweni eyenziwa kwangaphambili liqela labantu.

Izigebengu (ukweba, ukuphanga, ukuphanga) ezenziwa yintlupheko ngaphambi kokuqulunqa uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho kwiimeko apho ipropati ihoxiswa elinye lamalungu eqela, kunye nabanye abantu, ngokuhambelana nokuhanjiswa kweendima, banikeze izenzo ezithile ukuncedisa umenzi wokwenza oku.

Ukuba loo mntu akazange athathe inxaxheba kule nto, kodwa uncedise ekuthumeni kwayo ngokufihla imichilo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthengiswa kwempahla ebiwe, njl., Ezinjalo izenzo zifanelekile njengobunzima ngendlela yobunzima.

Umququzeleli wesenzo esingekho mthethweni esingenzi izenzo ezenzelwe ukweba, ukuphanga kunye nokuphanga, kodwa ezithembele kule ntshukumo umntu ongekho phantsi kwimbopheleleko yolwaphulo-mthetho, uthathwa njengomenzi wecala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Xa ufanelekela ezi zenzo ezenziwe ngabantu abahlelweyo, ubungqina bubaluleke kakhulu, kubonisa ukuba iqela kusengaphambili lidibanise nenjongo yokwenza omnye okanye ngaphezulu kolwaphulo-mthetho. Emva koko isenzo esingekho mthethweni siya kuqatshelwa senziwa yilapho iqulunqwe ngabantu.

Ukuba ngethuba lothutho lolwaphulo-mthetho umntu onetyala unobungozi okanye uchithe indawo yexhoba elingengowomsebenzi wokuba ulwaphulo, ezi zenzo zifanelekile njengomonakalo ongenomdla okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwepropati.

Ukuphanga nokuphanga kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ubudlova. Bahluke. Ziquka into yokuba xa usebenzisa ukuphanga, ukusetyenziswa kogonyamelo akuyona ingozi kwimpilo nobomi. Kwimeko yokuphanga, ukusebenzisa ubundlobongela kuyingozi kwimpilo nangobomi.

Ukulimala okubangelwa ubusela kunqunywe ngesiseko senani le propati ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba akukho naluphi ulwazi malunga nexabiso lezinto ezibiwe, ngoko lichongiwe yingcali.

Iimeko zokungabikho kwe-corpus delicti

Yiyiphi imicimbi? Ukuba ubusela bubekwe, umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwexeshana kwipropati ekhishiwe ngokuphindaphinda ukubuyela kumnini wayo, ezi zenzo zinobuchule kwaye zifanelekele enye inqaku. Ngenxa yoko, abenzi ubusela okanye ukuphanga.

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho

Icala lolwaphulo, ukuphanga okanye ukuphanga luqaliswa ngokusekelwe kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Izicelo zexhoba okanye izalamane.

2. Unxibelelwano oluvela kumagosa aseburhulumenteni , karhulumente okanye karhulumente malunga nokubiwa kwepropati yala maziko. Okanye iingxelo malunga nokuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi bale mibutho ngenjongo yokubamba ipropati yabo.

3. Iingxelo zamaziko ezonyango ngokubonelela ngoncedo kumaxhoba okuhlaselwa.

4. Iingxelo zamangqina okubonela malunga neenqobo kunye neempawu zobusela okanye malunga nokuba ukuphanga kwenziwa.

5. Ukufumana iimpawu zolwaphulo-mthetho ngumzimba wophando okanye ngumphandi.