Types, injongo kunye abizwa ngayo iibheringi

Ukunikela iziqu namhlanje ngokubanzi kakhulu isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso mihla, ngenxa yokuba ngokupheleleyo ziyingxenye, leyo namhlanje isetyenziswa uninzi ngokukhetha ezahlukeneyo iindlela kunye neendibano. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukusetyenziswa kwazo yande yonke into ukususela ngemihla yobugcisa omncinane kunye nawokugqiba kunye noomatshini elikhulu ezisetyenziswa izixhobo kwimveliso mveliso.

Akukho namnye lweshishini mihla, umbutho ezintsonkothileyo okanye kwimizi mveliso abakwazi ukusebenzisa ezi okanye enye nesikhundla iibheringi kunye neemveliso ngokwabo, nto leyo baphile ubomi elithile, kwaye isizathu kuphela le meko kukuba nje abanayo omnye ethile. Kule meko, inkqubela kunye umsebenzi iinkampani ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ke impumelelo yabo ngokwezoqoqosho uxhomekeke ngqo kwi indlela ezikhoyo ngendlela ngexesha kwaye ufake ezo mveliso xa kuthe ukuguga.

indaba

Asiyiyo yonke ukuqonda kakuhle ilizwi endala, bethetha ngezinto ngezinto ezintsha nje elidlulileyo elide-bandilibele. Le ngxelo awufi kakhulu ezifanelekileyo phantse nasiphi na ubugcisa bale mihla, ingakumbi ngokubhekisele ngokuzala, nangona ukususela ngelo xesha, njengoko kwakukho izihionipho zokuqala iibheringi, wayesele umendo omkhulu yendaleko, yaye ekuqaleni ezi mveliso khangela kude njengoko namhlanje zininzi.

Ukuba gxwa nje nzulu imbali, kufuneka uqale ngo-3500 BC, xa abemi baseYiputa bamandulo, nangona isintu impela, kodwa kwangaxeshanye okusebenzayo kakhulu ixesha layo iibheringi inkxaso, Noko ke, apho, xa ixesha ungekabikho iibhola babesebenzisa. Bamalunga nama-m 700 BC Celtic kakade kwaziwa kakuhle kwaye iimveliso kakhulu esebenzayo, nto leyo kweli xesha lethu izihionipho sikubiza ngokuba iibheringi, isixhobo zezindlu roller.

Inyathelo elilandelayo - 330 BC, apho omnye iinjineli edume Greece yamandulo Diad wakwazi ukwenza iinjini zokungqinga ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo incoko, omnye izinto eziphambili kuzo iibheringi isintu impela. Lo matshini iphezulu-grade enkulu ukushaya yegusha lula ukuhambahamba nge ngoncedo kwabakhokeli roller. Leyo yindlela, xa kusenziwa, lo mgaqo kuye kwaboniswa unikela nayiphi ibhola ukuzala, oko kukuthi, lo zochuku sliding ukufumana replacement kunobunye ukuziqengqa, ngoko ke imoto ngokulula ukwenza imisebenzi yawo, usebenzisa amandla kude kangako.

Ngowe-1490, uLeonardo da Vinci wasungula lokuqala lothuli ethwele umzobo yehlabathi. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba fyabo ebangele inkathazeko ngokwenene kwizangqa zobungcali, kodwa ke eneneni ngokuhamba kwexesha, abaninzi baye baqaphela ukuba ngelo xesha eli nqaku nje isicelo ngokoqobo.

Ngo-1794 kwakukho Nelungelo wokuqala sisichazela lothuli, nto leyo efana isixhobo mihla. Ngelishwa, ukusetyenziswa Kwakule sampulu, xa kusenziwa, kakhulu, zange umiselwe ukuba ukuthatha indawo, kuba ukuze aqonde ngokupheleleyo le mbono, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba kufuneka amanye amathuba zobugcisa, nokusetyenziswa wokucoca isandla akwenzeki ukuba bazuze iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Ngowe-1839, enye ingcali yenzululwazi evela America ogama linguIsake Babbitt wenza ingxubevange ezizodwa, eyaqala yavelisa iibhola, olubandakanya ngakumbi amalungu irola ukuthwala ngokupheleleyo. Oku ingxubevange iquka ukwakheka ubhedu lwayo, kwistibhiya, nelothe nenkcenkce.

Ngaphezu koko kwabakho idabi wokwenene entsimini isandi ukusuka kwindawo yezobugcisa lwembono, izakhiwo ezithwele, yaye abaninzi kubo, Kakade, iye yaba nelungelo. Ngowe-1853, Phillip Moritz Fischer uyilo okokuqala kwimbali enyovwayo ibhayisikile, apho iindlela eziqulethwe irola ukuthwala ezizodwa.

Le yokugqibela kubaluleke ngokwenene ukuqalisa nokusasazwa ngokubanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa uphuhliso lwemveliso enjalo iye yaba kukuba Friedrich Fischer wadala ngowe-1883, imoto ngayo kwenziwa besila iibhola ezenziwe ngentsimbi lukhuni. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba lo matshini liluphumeza nqanaba liphezulu sokusila, ngaphambili nje alinakuzuzwa. Ngokudala le matshini kwafika shveynfurtskoy isityalo esithwala edumileyo, kwaye kwixesha elizayo, iimveliso ezinjalo sele baqalisa ukuba wawusetyenziswa ehlabathini lonke.

Ukususela ngoko ngokuqhubekayo wayesenza ubugcisa ukuphucula iyachuma - athenga luchaneke kakhulu, baqala ukubathwala inombolo obuvelisa, kuqulunqwa imigangatho ethile kwimveliso. Ekugqibeleni, sibona eziqhelekileyo kwiimveliso ezininzi, ngaphandle apho namhlanje nzima ukuthelekelela imveliso mihla.

Ethandwa kakhulu kwaye ethandwa ngexesha zethu ngokuba iibheringi plain kunye iibheringi mqengqeleki, sinjalo nathi kweli nqaku siza kujongana nayo ukusebenzisa zabo.

iibheringi agiqekayo

Lo mgaqo engundoqo yolu sicelo ebizwa amandla kunobunye iibheringi. Loo imveliso na isakhiwo apho libunjwa amakhonkco zesinyithi ezimbini kukho umsantsa, apho zicwangciswe phakathi izileyi, iinaliti okanye iibhola, osusi- ngaphakathi umahluli elahliweyo phakathi engubo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba awukwazi ukufumana enye inombolo lokuzala, ukubonelela ngamathuba engekho umahluli kuyilo yayo.

Yintoni umahluko zabo?

iibheringi Modern lokuhlela iimpawu ezininzi ezingundoqo:

• imizimba Uhlobo zisetyenziselwa ukubonelela kanye iibheringi - roller / ngenaliti okanye iibheringi ibhola;
• Chwetheza umthwalo kunokwenzeka - yasolula yomgama, iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano, kunye ngezikhonkwane ibhola contact emboxo.
• Inani lilonke leziqalelo ezisetyenziswayo - ukusuka kumqolo omnye ukuba multirow.
• Ukuba nokwenzeka yokubonelela imbuyekezo ngenxa yokuba uyilo akukho ulungelelwaniso emkhonweni nomphini - nesamoustanavlivayuschiesya kunye self-kuqiniswe.

buhle

Kukho intlaninge yeenzuzo ezahlula ezi iibheringi. GOST umisa imigangatho ngendlela engqongqo ukuveliswa iimveliso ezinjalo, ukuthobela ekufuneka unike nzuzo zilandelayo:

• KDA kakhulu eziphakamileyo ibonelelwa ekuphumezeni ilahleko ubuncinane ngenxa ivuse.
• Maxa wambi, kwezinye iimeko, nkqu izihlandlo ezilishumi ezincinane le torque zochuku kuthelekiswa iibheringi ethafeni.
• Ukungabikho epheleleyo nayiphi na imfuneko yokusebenzisa iintsimbi non-ayoni eninzi, ngaphandle apho ayikwazanga isetyenziswe ngempumelelo iibheringi, nto leyo impembelelo kakhulu elihle ixabiso lokuqala, yaye ngenxa yoko, inani lokugcina, banayo iibheringi. GOST oko kubonisa kakhulu ngokucacileyo iimfuno imveliso yabo, ngoko ke musa ukuba sikhathazeke ukuba imali ngaphantsi uya kufumana imveliso esemgangathweni ngaphantsi.
• Ukubanako ukuvelisa iibheringi phantse bonke ubukhulu unomdla kwicala axis, kangangokuba uluhlu isicelo uboniswa kakhulu.
• parameters yokusebenza Excellent kwakunye lula kwinkonzo ngokupheleleyo ile kalula ukubuyisela.
• ukusetyenziswa igrisi Extremely ephantsi.
• ixabiso eliphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuba imela ngenxa yemveliso iinginginya kakhulu amanqaku ezinjalo, yaye isixa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
• Lidla ngezinga eliphezulu interchangeability, nayo leyo kunempembelelo entle ixabiso jikelele elula nesantya nokulungiswa kwezixhobo noomatshini ezahlukeneyo.

bendlela

Oku akuthethi ukuba nkqu nokonyulwa iibheringi amazwe kule hlobo ubonelela ukuba kuneengxaki ezithile, ezizezi:

• A Uluhlu lincinane izicelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi nenzuzo ukuba iibheringi ukubonisa ibattery, ziqonde iimpawu zazo ebonisa ngokucacileyo nkalongoko yabo ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwizixhobo ukusebenza ngesantya ultra-high kwaye ezinkulu lokungcangcazela kunye nokothuka imithwalo, njengoko onke amanqaku lungekho.
• Lidla ubunzima enkulu kunye nemilinganiso kwicala iphiramidi.
• Ukunqongophala ithuba ukwenza iibheringi noiseless ngokupheleleyo ngenxa kwiifom impazamo.
• Kunokuba nzima ufakelo zonke iintlobo lokuthwala iindibano.
• Kufuneka ube ingqalelo kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngokusondele kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukufaka iimveliso ezifana, njengoko kuboniswa iibheringi nobhalo. Abawacazululayo i parameters eziphambili kunye nezibonelo yokusebenzisa yazo ubonisa ukuba nkqu ezingachanekanga oluncinane ekugqibeleni kukhokelela angasebenzi kwisiza yonke.
• Kwinkqubo woveliso iibhetshi ezincinane iibheringi kunye ngobukhulu ezingekho semgangathweni konyuso iindleko zabo kunokuba ngamandla.

iibheringi Plain

Isikhundla GOST ethwele lubonisa ukuba isixhobo sliding liqumrhu kunye umngxuma ngaphakathi apho sisixhobo yokuqaba kunye sleeve ezizodwa ezenziwe ngezinto antifriction. Njengokujikeleza shaft ikhutshwa phandle kugqitywe phakathi kuyo kunye umngxuma. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukubalwa umsantsa inikwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo, njengoko kungenjalo nje kuba nako ukunika ukusebenza ngempumelelo ngokwenene le mveliso. Kungenxa yoko le nto nokonyulwa iibheringi SKF kunye iilogo ze nabanye abavelisi behlabathi, ubuncinane, sinokuqiniseka ukuba iimpawu zabo naleyo kwinqanaba eliphezulu imveliso kwaye akayi kuvumela ngokuthandabuza ukusebenza iimveliso ezikhoyo.

ukuxabana sliding kwezi mveliso yahlulwe iindidi ezininzi eziphambili:

• Komda. Le igrisi lugubungela imveliso umboniso obhityileyo, lo gama i-ukuzala ke wadibana nomphini ukuya ngokupheleleyo okanye ichaphazela nje iindawo kwi ezihamba imigama.
• Ulwelo. Isebenzisa i igrisi maleko engamanzi ngokwaneleyo ngaphandle ngqo oluqhubekayo ethwele zoqhagamshelwano nesibili imiphezulu. contact anjalo ezisenokungafumaneki ngokupheleleyo okanye singazinzi kwiindawo ezithile.
• Gas. Ngenxa yobukho umaleko igesi phakathi inqaku nomphini iyapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ithuba contact ngqo.
• Dry. Le igrisi alisetyenziswa siseko, yaye ngaloo ndlela iintolo ukugubungela ngobubanzi obuvelisa okanye kulala ezo izahlulo elide.

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo imveliso ingasetyenziswa iplastiki, elulwelo, sukube okanye igrisi esiqinileyo.

ngezigaba

Ulwahlulo kweemveliso ezinjalo yenziwa ngokwezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• ipateni Hole - odnopoverhnostnye okanye mnogopoverhnostnye; off-iziko okanye ngaphandle kokukhetha; Bayeka okanye umphezulu ngaphandle ukufuduka.
• Imiyalelo evela umthwalo - yezihlunu, ziqu okanye xhumana emboxo.
• Inani semigudu oyile esetyenzisiweyo - omnye okanye emibini okanye ngaphezulu.
• Construction - yokwahlulahlula, isiqwenga esinye okanye elakhiwe.
• Nokulungiseka - ukukwazi ukuba alungise okanye engekho.

buhle

Ethetha ezilungileyo eziphambili iimveliso ezinjalo, bonke kukho ezininzi:

• uluhlu kakhulu olubanzi izicelo kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba i iibheringi nakho ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo nkqu ukothuka kunye nongcangcazelo imithwalo aphezulu, okanye ngesantya sezingeni eliphezulu.
• degree ngokwaneleyo eliphezulu ngobuchule, xa isetyenziswe umngxuma ubudeki enkulu.
• Ukukwazi ukusebenzisa njenge ukuthwala ngezikhonkwane.
• Ukubanako ukunika hlengiso lo msantsa, ukuze esqwini shaft zingacwangciswa nge ngobuciko obukhulu.

ukushiyeka

Kakade ke, ngenxa iimveliso ezinjalo, kukho ezinye okungalunganga:

• Ngokwahlukileyo koko, njengoko kuboniswe nokonyulwa iibheringi kwabadlali, oko hayi ukusebenza iphezulu, njengoko kukho ilahleko kakhulu ebonakalayo ngenxa ivuse.
• Akukho ithuba ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza eqhelekileyo ngaphandle ukuthambisa ajikeleze rhoqo.
• izikhonkwane wear obungalinganiyo, kwaye imveliso ngokwayo.
• ixabiso eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo ngenxa imfuneko ukusetyenziswa rhoqo zesinyithi non-ayoni kwinkqubo yokuvelisa.
• Zabasebenzi Igalelo omkhulu kwimveliso.

uphawu

Zonke iimveliso zenziwa eRashiya, kufuneka kufuneka ukuba kuthiwe yi abenzi, wabukhangelisa kukunikela unyulo ngokungqinelana ne GOST. Le kophawu phindhiwaka mihla ibandakanya lemivo ezisixhenxe izihionipho eziphambili, kwakunye abanye abalinganiswa ezongezelelweyo ukuba ekhohlo okanye ekunene kwi namagama eziphambili. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba the main olongezelelweyo zokumakisha ekhohlo kufuneka uhlale ezahlulwe sisithuba ikhonco, lo gama i lungelo unobumba iibheringi. Kulo mzekelo, nemiqondiso nayiphi na imeko kufuneka ifundwe kuphela ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene.

Iimpawu Leftist, equka nesikhundla iibheringi kwi umzobo, iqulethe oku kulandelayo:

• ukukhuhlana torque;
• imveliso isigaba;
• class accuracy ;
• ziqu yokususwa qela.

Kwi ilungelo iboniswe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• utshintsho;
• izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi Izinto inkqubo yokuvelisa data;
• mnandi;
• lobushushu tempering lo;
• iimfuno ezingundoqo ukuqinisekisa kwinqanaba elithile lokungcangcazela.

ngobubanzi

Ukuba ubukhulu leligama bepali akukho ngaphezu kwe-10 mm, ngoko ke ixabiso ithathwa le enobubanzi, kwaye ngaphandle kuphela kule ke iibheringi ukuba zivula ngobubanzi kumqolo 0.6-2.5 mm, ukwalathelwa lwenziwa liqela iqhezu. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuba netoti lixabiso iqhezu, ngoko ileyibhile sisiwe kwelona ukuba ixabiso lenani elipheleleyo, lo gama indawo yesibini kwi notation le mveliso lufakwa digit "5".

umngxuma eziveza ubukhulu ngu 10, 12, 15 okanye 17 mm ubukhulu babe amanani alo uphawulo 00, 01, 02 okanye 03 ngokulandelelanayo. Ukuba le kuvulwa kabani ubukhulu na kuluhlu mm-10 ukuya ku-19, kodwa oku engafakwanga kuluhlu lwe wabalula ngasentla, ngoko ke imveliso uchongwe kwinani elikufutshane ukusuka phezulu, kwaye inani "9" ibekwa kwindawo yesithathu zokumakisha.

Ukuba ubukhulu umngxuma yi-22, 28, 32 okanye 500 mm, kulo mzekelo, chaza ixabiso iqhezu. Umzekelo, imveliso kunye-22 mm ubukhulu unokuba isiqu "602/22."

Ukuba ubukhulu hole kuba lulonke okanye inombolo iqhezu ukuba asiyiyo ezininzi emihlanu, apho kunokwenzeka alathelwe njengoko elirhangqiweyo elipheleleyo le QUOTIENT le kweliya 5. Ngoko ke ubhalo ezisisiseko ezifana amanqaku iquka umvo wesithathu "9".

Ubukhulu bepali engaphakathi lokuzala kokuba yazala kuma- 500 mm, kukho uphawu efanayo kunye ubukhulu umngxuma ezicacisiweyo zibalwa iimilimitha.

Ukongeza, umlinganiselo series ibonisa ngokuzala, leyo iquka ukuhlanganiswa uthotho ububanzi kunye ngobubanzi ukujonga ubungakanani ngqo.