Ukubunjwa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemigangatho yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neempawu zokuvavanya

Inyiyo yomthetho wezobugebengu kutshanje isungulwe yintoni umgaqo we-corpus delicti. Ngokwenza oko, le ngcamango isetyenzisiwe ixesha elide, kodwa ingcaciso kunye nencazelo ayikho.

Igama elithi "ulwaphulo-mthetho"

Ukuze uqonde ukuba uluphi uhlobo, yintoni isiseko kunye nendlela ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanelekileyo ngayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda loo nto.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho ngumsebenzi okanye ukungabikho (isenzo) esiyingozi kwintlalo. Ngamazwi alula - umonakalo ovela kulo mcimbi ubonakaliswe ngokulimaza iimfuno eziwela phantsi kolawulo lomthetho wobugebengu.

Umzekelo, ubusela bulimaza amalungelo omhlaba awamkelekileyo kuluntu. Loo nto, owela ngokusemthethweni phantsi kwecala, kodwa engenayo imiqondiso yengozi kawonkewonke, ayiyi kuba yicala. Ngokomzekelo, ukulimaza umzimba ngomonakalo ukukhusela abantwana kuwo. Ukuba siyiqwalasela ngokusemthethweni, isenzo siyahlawulwa, kodwa asikho ingozi yoluntu, ngoko akukho nto ithetha ngayo ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ingcamango

Inkqubo yezinto ezizimeleyo kunye neenjongo (izibonakaliso) zezenzo (izenzo okanye ukushiya), zinikezelwe zombini kwisimo sengqondo kunye nesimo semimiselo, kunye nokubonakalisa isenzo esithile esiyingozi njengesenzo sobugebengu, sibizwa ngokuba ngumlo wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iqukethe iinkalo ezine zeessystems:

• Into enetyala;
• Injongo yecala lecala;
• Icala eliphantsi lolwaphulo-mthetho;
• Umxholo wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Intsingiselo yobunjwa kukuba isebenza njengesiseko sokunika uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa kungekho nxalenye yokwakheka, uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho alufi. Umzekelo, isenzo senziwa ngumntu ovakaliswayo. Kwimeko enjalo, akukho sifundo sobugebengu. Ngoko, isivakalisi asinakubizwa, kuba umntu onjalo engeniswe uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho kwi-Code Criminal

Ukubunjwa kunye nemigangatho yolwaphulo-mthetho kumthetho wobugebengu akuchazwa. Sebenzisa eli gama uphando-inkqubo yomgwebo kunye nemfundiso yomthetho wobugebengu.

Ukuthotyelwa ngokubunjwa kokuqonda umanyano weempawu zeenjongo kunye nokuzimela, oko, ngokomthetho, kubonisa isenzo esithile esichengeni njengengophulo-mthetho.

Ukwakhiwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngumthetho womthetho wesenzo sobugebengu esithile, esichazwe kumacandelo athile e-Special Section ye-Criminal Code.

Ukufaneleka kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho

Ekuguquleleni ukusuka kwisiLatini, "isiqinisekiso" singumgangatho. Bathetha ngeziqinisekiso malunga nezophulo-mthetho ezimbini:

• Njengenkqubo ethile yomsebenzi okanye umsebenzi;
• Ngenxa yoko, apho umsebenzi ufumene uvavanyo lokugqibela lokwenza uhlobo olunobungozi bokuziphatha kwaye isenzo sigxininiswe kumqulu othile.

Ukuze ufaneleke ngokufanelekileyo ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye wenze isigqibo esifanelekileyo malunga nokujeziswa, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela yokwahlula ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Bahlabelela ingqiqo, ifilosofi, yomthetho, ngokwengqondo.

Kwimimandla yomthetho wezobugebengu, i-qualification iyaqondwa njengokumisela ukulandelelana okanye ukulingana kwemimiselo yokuba isenzo esiyingozi, sinemimiselo enqunywe ngumthetho.

Isigqibo malunga nokuba zikhona na iimpawu nokuba zihambelana noko kuchazwe kwenziwa ngokucatshungisa umyalelo kunye nemimiselo ekhoyo. Ukuthelekiswa kwenziwa kuphela ngesiseko esisodwa semilinganiselo esemthethweni yomthetho, ezinye iimpawu aziqwalaselwe.

Inqobo yecala lolwaphulaphulo-mthetho luchukumiswe yi-qualification yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngokomzekelo, ulwaphulaphulo lokuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni, "umcimbi wobugebengu" uthathwa njengegunya. Isigqibo malunga nombandela siya kuxhomekeka kuyo.

Iimfanelo kukuvavanywa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngokomthetho wale meko eqinisiweyo kwimeko eyenzekayo. Ukumiselwa kweemfundo ezixhomekeke ngokuchanekileyo kuxhomekeke ekusekeni okuchanekileyo kweemeko.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho luyafaneleka ekuphenyweni kwangaphambili (uphenyo, uphando oluphambili oluqhutyelwe), kunye nokulingwa, kwaye ngoko-isigwebo. Kwakhona, ukunikezelwa kweziqinisekiso kufakwe kwimisebenzi yolawulo kunye neenkqubo zokuqhawula kwiimeko zobugebengu. Izigqibo zokuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho kwisenzo esihambelana nemimiselo yomthetho olwaphulo-mthetho kuboniswa kumaxwebhu:

• Isigqibo sokuqalisa ityala okanye ukungavumelani ekuqalisweni;
• Ummiselo wokuba umntu makangeniswe njengommangalelwa;
• Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okukhusela;
• I sigwebo;
• I nyunyiso.

Kula maxwebhu, amagama abo onke amanqaku phantsi kwaloo mthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho luchanekile kwaye lubhalwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Ixabiso leemfundo

Inkcazo yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesigqibo sezophulo-mthetho ngenye yezona zihlandlo ezibalulekileyo emsebenzini wee-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Umthetho wokunikezelwa komthetho unikezwa ngamagunya amakhulu kunokuba uthathe isigqibo malunga nomba we-qualification yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umzuzu ofanayo ubonisa uxanduva olupheleleyo kwisigqibo esenziwe yigosa lokuthotyelwa komthetho kwimeko.

Iingxaki zolwaphulo-mthetho olulungeleyo ngokubunjwa zikhoyo, nangona iinzame ezininzi zokwenza uluhlu olucacileyo. Ukusekwa kwisenzo semimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile lunokufezekiswa kuphela ngokufumana ulwaphulo-mthetho. Nantsi ingqiqo evela kumbono womthetho, ngokubhekiselele kulowo mntu athatyathwa uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, amanyathelo okunyanzelisa ayenziwe, iintlawulo ziziswa, izigwebo zenziwa okanye zijeziswa.

I-Qualification ngenxa yoko ayikho nje inkcazo yezobudlelwane bomthetho obukhuselayo, kodwa ibonisa kwakhona ubudlelwane obunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo sisisitshixo sokwenza isigqibo esinyaniweyo.

Iindidi zemfundo

Ukubunjwa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokufaneleka kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha lenkcazo yalo kubonisa ukuba ukwahlukana kwenkqubo yezemfundo ku-subspecies ezahlukeneyo. Ulwakhiwo lolwaphulo-mthetho luyisiseko soluhlu lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iindidi zemfundo:

• Olusemthethweni. Iziqinisekiso ezinjalo zinikezwa ngumphenyi, umphandi okanye inkundla kuzo zonke izigaba zomthetho wezobugebengu.
• Engafanelekanga. Inikwa ngabafundi, izazinzulu, abanye abantu ngasese.

Inkqubo yokuQinisekisa

Ngethuba loqeqesho lwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwenziwa amanyathelo athile:

• Kuphandwa nokuba isenzo sobugebengu sisenzo sobugebengu (ukuthobela iCandelo le-14 leNkqubo yePalato ye-Russian Federation);
• Kuvela ngubani na into (kwaye kwezinye iimeko - isihloko) sokuhlaselwa kwezobugebengu;
• Uhlalutyo lweempawu ezifakwe kwiinjongo kunye neenkalo ezizimeleyo zenziwa;
• Qinisekisa iimfuno zomthetho ezibekwe kwisigqeba solwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo solwaphulo-mthetho sikwenza ukuba sikwazi ukucacisa imbambano yobukho okanye ukungabikho koxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ivumela inkundla ukuba imisele isigwebo esifanelekileyo ngenxa yesenzo esenziwe.

Imiqondiso yokuvavanya kwisiqinisekiso

Ukufaneleka kobuninzi bezenzo zolwaphulo kunye neempawu zokuvavanya ibakala elibalulekileyo ekuhlalutheni kwezenzo.

Impawu zokuvavanya ziyahluka. Umxholo wabo uxhomekeke kakhulu kuluphi ulwaziso olusemthethweni olugcinwe ngummeli osebenzisa umthetho. Le miqondiso imfutshane kakhulu kwimeko ehlala ishintshayo, ekufuneka ihlolwe ngabaphathi bokuphenya, i-ofisi yomtshutshisi kunye nenkundla. Kwaye kunye nesantya esithile sendibano, zibizwa ngokuba yi "ukuhlola" iimpawu.

Umzekelo wohlobo oluthile lokuvavanya luya kubhekiswa "kwingozi engundoqo", echaphazelekayo ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, uluntu okanye imimiselo yombuso, kunye neminqweno ekhuselwe ngumthetho, iminqweno yoluntu kunye nomdla kunye namalungelo ommi.

Ingozi enkulu

Ekubeni iinjongo "zokulimala kakhulu" azibonakalwanga kwiNkqubo yePalamende, isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luba luphawu okanye aluthathwa kuphela yinkantolo.

Ukubunjwa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesigqibo sezophulo-mthetho ngenye yezona zibakala eziphambili kwiinkqubo zolawulo. Ngexesha elifanayo, iingqinisiso zengcamango zibonakalisa ulwalamano phakathi kwezinto okanye iziganeko, kwaye zibonisa umphumo wokuthelekisa into kunye nesampula ethile (umgangatho okanye umgangatho).

Kubalulekile ukuba kuqaphele ukuba umgaqo wesigangatho kwisicelo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho uthathwa ngokungqalileyo.

Intsingiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho

Okokuqala, intsingiselo ye-corpus delicti kukuba ibe sisiseko soxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu onomsebenzi oyingxenye yecala lolwaphulo-mthetho unyanzelekile ukutshutshiswa komthetho ngumtshutshisi, inkundla kunye nabasemagunyeni abaphanda, kwaye loo mntu akayi kuthwala uxanduva olunjalo.

Umsebenzi wesibini olwaphulo-mthetho uncedo lokuncedisa. Injongo ye-corpus delicti yesiqinisekiso sokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kubandakanya ukuseka ukuhambelana okufanelekileyo, ubunikazi, ukuchongwa kobuninzi obwenziwe yimpawu, ezichazwe kumgaqo osemthethweni.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchanekileyo ngokupheleleyo lunentsingiselo yoluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Injongo ye-corpus delicti yokufumana ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo kuluntu lubandakanya ukubonakaliswa kovavanyo olubi lwentlalo yeempawu ezizenzela uhlobo oluthile lolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente unokubonakalisa isimo sengqondo kulo mbandela.

Ukubaluleka komthetho-mthetho kuboniswa ngethuba lexesha elihlukeneyo.

I mpazamo

Umgangatho wesenzo sokwenziwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, ngelishwa, unokuba neephene.

Iiphosiso zokufaneleka zingabikho ngokungekho nto zingabikho okanye zikhona izibonakaliso zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwenkcazo yayo kwiindawo zeCandelo loPhulo-mthetho (incazelo kaZuznetsova NF). Iiphosiso ezinjalo ziyimvelaphi yezomthetho, ngokungafani nenkqubo yomthetho. Imithombo ephambili yeziphene ezinjalo ziyimpembelelo ekunyanzelweni komthetho kunye nokungabikho komthetho.

Iiposiso zokufaneleka zifingqiwe ngamaqela amathathu:

1. Ubukho bezophulo-mthetho abukwazanga ukuba lukhona phi.
2. Kuyaqatshelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lusekho apho kungekho.
3. Isiqhelo seNkqubo yePalamthetho yokuphunyezwa kweemfundo sikhethwe ngokungalunganga.

Ulungelo lwezobugebengu obusondeleyo

Isiqinisekiso solwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene nalo bunzima.

Ukuqulunqwa kwezinto ezinxulumene nazo zihambelana noluhlobo lweengozi abazibandakanya kuluntu, kwaye ziyahlukahluka kwenye okanye ngaphezulu kweempawu eziqhelekileyo. Kwi-Criminal Code, kukho ubuncinane amabango angama-150.

Ukufumana umgangatho wobugebengu obunjalo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa izinto eziza kuzihambisa. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yokwebiwa kwepropati yomnye umntu, uhlobo lokugqithisa umntu ongowesizini luya kuba yimpawu ezahlula. Ukuba ubusela buyimfihlo, ukuphanga kuvulekile, kwaye ukuphanga kuyimfuneko.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene noluntu lwenkonzo luyimpahla eyahlukileyo-iimfuno zenkonzo kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo, ngokubhekiselele kwiminqweno yenkonzo karhulumente, ubulungisa, inkonzo yempi.

Ukufaneleka kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisekelwe kwimimiselo yecala kwiimeko ezinxulumene nazo, kunye nokuzimisela ukuhambelana kwezenzo, kwenza ukuba ukwazi ukuchaza loo mbono njengokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho izinto ezininzi. I-Criminologically, esi sigqibo sigqibelele ngokupheleleyo.

Izigqibo

Ukubunjwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, iintlobo zeefomulations, isiqinisekiso solwaphulo-mthetho ngokubanzi sisiseko esisodwa sokwenza uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho. Bakhonza iziqinisekiso zomthetho ezichanekileyo apho isenzo sobugebengu sibonakalisiwe, kwaye nazo zizathu zenkundla ukucacisa isixa sohlwayo, ukubonakala kwayo kunye nokubandezeleka, kunye nokuseka omnye umlinganiselo wecala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Inkcazo echanekileyo nechanekileyo ye-corpus delicti yenye yeeqinisekiso zokuba amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ummi uya kukhuselwa, umthetho kunye nomyalelo uya kuhlonishwa kwaye kuqiniswe, kwaye urhulumente uya kuqhubeka eneempawu zedemokhrasi kunye nomthetho.