Ukubonelela ngolwazi. UMthetho we-Federal No. 149-FZ kaJulayi 27, 2006 "Kwi-Information, Technologies Information and Protection Information"

Njengamanje, umthetho okhoyo ungoko-siseko lwawo olulawulayo olulawula inkqubo, imithetho kunye neemfuneko zokubonelela ngolwazi. Yintoni, yayazi ezimbalwa, kwaye nangakumbi ke abo bangenanto yokwenza ngokusemthethweni. Ezinye zeendlela kunye nemigangatho yalo mthethweni wezomthetho zichazwe kweli nqaku.

Inkcazelo yamagama asetyenziswa kumthetho

Amanye amagama kunye neenkcazo ezisetyenziselwa kwisenzo esicacisiweyo sichazwe ngokucacileyo ngulo mthetho, ukuze abemi bangabi namathandabuzo okanye baqondwe kabini. Ngoko, phakathi kwezi nkcazelo zilandelayo:

1. Ulwazi oluvela kumbono wolu xwebhu luchaza nayiphi na ingcaciso enokuthi iboniswe ngendlela yemilayezo okanye kwenye ifomu. Kwaye zinokubonelelwa kumalungu esithathu nangaluphi na uhlobo.
2. Itheknoloji yoLwazi - zonke iintlobo zezindlela, iindlela, iinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumana, ukugcina, ukusebenzisa nokusebenzisa ulwazi.
3. Umnini wolwazi ngumntu owenziwe ngemizamo yakhe okanye efunyenwe kwisiseko sokuthengiswa komthetho kwabanye abantu. Iqumrhu elisemthethweni linokuba ngumnini.
4. Ukubonelela ngolwazi - le ncazelo ithetha nayiphi na inyathelo ejoliswe ukuyithumela kumntu omnye ukuya kwenye. Kule meko, ummkeli unokuba ngumntu othile okanye isangqa esingabonakali sabamkeli.
5. Ukufikeleleka kolwazi kuyithuba elisemthethweni nelinikezelwa ngabamkeli ukuba bafumane ulwazi. Iintlobo kunye neefom zolu fi kelelo zichongwe ngamaphepha alawulayo afanelekileyo alawula ulwalamano oluthile lomthetho ebomini babantu.
6. Ukufihlakeleyo kuyimfuneko eyenziwe kubantu abanokufikelela kwiinkcukacha kunye nokuthintela ukwaziswa kwabo ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini wolwazi.

Nazi ezinye ezimbalwa zeengcamango. Ukufumana ulwazi olupheleleyo malunga nazo zonke iinkcazo ezisetyenziswe kumthetho wesigqeba, kufuneka ukhangele ngqo kuwo.

Iintlobo zolwazi

Ngoko, yintoni ulwazi? Umthetho "Kwi-Information, Technologies Information and Protection Information" ibonakalisa okoqobo njengento yobudlelwane bomthetho. Ingaba yinto engqalileyo nje kuphela kwezobudlelwane bomthetho, kodwa noluntu, namandla, nabanye. Njengomgaqo jikelele, ulwazi olufunyenweyo lukhululekile ukusabalalisa. Oko kukuthi, umntu owamkeleyo unelungelo lokuyithumela kwabanye abantu. Nangona kunjalo, lo mgaqo usebenza kuphela ukuba awuyiyo imfihlo. Ukufihlakeleka kwakhona, kungasungulwa kokubili ngesiseko sesivumelwano esenziwe phakathi kwamaqela, nangenxa yomthetho. Ngokomzekelo, umthetho olawula umsebenzi wokukhangela osebenzayo uqinisekisa ukufihla ulwazi. Ukufikelela kuwo kungafumaneka kuphela ngabantu abagunyazisiweyo. Ukubonelela ngolwazi oluyimfihlo luyenzeka kuphela ngemvume yomnikazi walo okanye ngesiseko senkundla yesigwebo.

Ngokusekelwe apha ngasentla, iyakwazi ukwahlula kwiindidi ezilandelayo:

• Ukunikezelwa ngokukhululekile kwaye kungenasithintelo;
• Ukusabalalisa oko kwenzeka kuphela ngokuhambelana nesivumelwano;
• Ukusasazwa oko kwenzeka kuphela kwimithetho;
• Ukusabalala okuvumelekileyo kwintsimi yeRussia Federation okanye ukukhawulelana.

Abanikazi beenkcukacha

Masiqwalasele ngokucacileyo ngubani umnini wolwazi. Isenzo somthetho esilawula le ngxaki siye saqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanjalo bangaba ngabanye, imibutho kunye neRussia Federation ngokwayo. Kwakhona, izifundo zeRussia Federation kunye noomasipala bangaba ngabanikazi. Ukuba umntu okhutshelweyo yizifundo ezidlulileyo ezintathu, egameni labo amalungelo kunye neembopheleleko zenziwa ngamagosa agunyazisiweyo. Amagunya abo bonke abanikazi mababandakanye lamandla alandelayo:

• Ukubonelela okanye ukubonelela ngokukhawuleza ukufikeleleka kolwazi, kuseke inkqubo yokubonelela ngolwazi kunye neendlela zokufikelela;
• Sebenzisa ulwazi lobunikazi ngokuqonda kwayo;
• Ukubonelela ngolwazi kwabanye abantu ngokugqiba isivumelwano okanye kwiimeko ezinqunywe ngumthetho;
• Ukukhusela amalungelo abo ngolwazi ukuba aphulwa ngabantu besithathu;
• Ukusebenzisa amanye amalungelo anikezelwe okanye angavunyelwe ngumthetho.

Ukongeza kwamalungelo, umnini-mali unikwe imisebenzi ethile. Ezi ziquka ukuhlonipha iimfuno zabanye abantu, amalungelo abo omthetho. Umnini weenkcukacha kufuneka akhusele ulwazi oluluncedo lwakhe, kwaye ukuba ngaba yimfihlo, kwaye ubenqanda ukufikelela kubo.

Ulwazi olufikeleleka luluntu

Igama libhekisela kuzo zonke iinkcukacha ezifumaneka ngokukhululekile. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zinto ziyaziwayo, kunye nolwazi olungenawo umda wokufikelela. Ukubonelela ngolwazi olungenamkhawulo ngabo nabani na ukuba lukhululekile. Ngelo xesha, unokuba nomnikazi onokufuna ukuba abantu basebenzise babonise njengomnini.

Unelungelo lokufumana ulwazi

Abemi kunye nemibutho esemthethweni banokufumana ulwazi ngeyiphi na indlela engavumelekanga. Baya kukhangela kuzo zonke izixhobo ezifumanekayo esidlangalaleni okanye babhale isicelo solwazi. Umzekelo i-intanethi, apho inani elingenamkhawulo leenkcukacha ezikhululekile lifumaneka ngokukhululekile. Ukongeza, aba bantu banelungelo lokufuna ukufumana ulwazi abayidingayo kwiarhente karhulumente okanye eminye imibutho. Isicelo sokwaziswa sithunyelwa kumnini wolwazi onomdla, oko kwakhona, uhlola isicelo, kwaye ukuba isicelo asikhuselwanga ngumthetho, asivumelekanga ukuba sisasazwe, sidlulisela ulwazi kumfaki sicelo. Kuqondwa ukuba umntu unelungelo lokufumana xa kwenzeka ukuba achaphazela amalungelo akhe neemfanelo zakhe. Umthetho wesigqeba ubeka uluhlu apho ukufikelela kungenakuvinjelwa okanye kungavunyelwanga ngenye indlela. Le ngcaciso :

• Kwimeko yendalo;
• Ekuphunyezweni yi-arhente karhulumente yemisebenzi yabo;
• Kwimithetho kunye neminye imisebenzi yokumisa;
• Kufumaneka kumathala eencwadi nakwezinye iindawo ezivulelekileyo kuluntu;
• Omnye, avunyelwe ukuhanjiswa.

Ukuze uwamkele, kufuneka ukhuphe ileta ngokubonelela ulwazi kunye nokudluliselwa kwigunya elifanelekileyo.

Ufikelelo olukhawulelwe

Imimiselo eqhelekileyo yokunciphisa ukufikelela ifumaneka ngobugcisa. 9 wesenzo esiqhelekileyo kumbuzo. Ithi ezi ndlela zokubonelela ngolwazi zilawulwa yimithetho yeRussian Federation. Ngenxa yoko, kukho izinto ezininzi. Ezinye zazo zi: ukhuselo lomgaqo-siseko welizwe, impilo kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu, iimfuno zabo, kunye nokugcina amandla okukhusela i-Russia. Oku, akukona zonke izizathu zokukhawulela ukufikelela. Umthetho-mthetho unqume ukuba umqobo unokwahlukana ngokwemiqathango yemfihlo yolwazi. Ngoko, unokufumana imfihlo yezorhwebo, ibhanki, inkonzo okanye enye. Ngoko ke, kuxhomekeke kwimiba yolwazi, zilawulwa ngumthetho okhethekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yokukhusela nokusabalalisa ukufihla kwebhanki ichazwe kumthetho olawula imisebenzi yasebhanki. Kukho apho ichaza inkqubo yokubhengezwa kolwazi, kunye neelusi namatyala kunye nabantu abanokuyithumela.

Ukusasazwa

Ukuze unikele ngolwazi kumqulu olawulayo, kugqitywa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwalo kuqhutyelwa eRashiya ngokukhululekile, kodwa ngokukodwa ngokuhambelana nemithetho. Kuye kwagqitywa ukuba ulwazi olusasazwayo lunokuthenjwa. Le mfuneko ayisebenzisi nje kuphela kumxholo wolwazi ngokwayo, kodwa nakwaziswa malunga nomnini okanye umthengisi. Ngamanye amagama, umntu ofumana ulwazi kufuneka ngokukhululekile (ukuba ufuna) fumana ukuba ngubani osasaza. Ngokomzekelo, isayithi ebeka umyalezo kwi-intanethi kufuneka inike igama layo (igama lenhlangano okanye igama elipheleleyo lommi), indawo yokubhalisa okanye indawo apho umnini (umthengisi) angafumaneka khona, ezinye iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano, Kubandakanya iifowuni kunye nee-imeyile idilesi. Izidingo ezithile zifakwe kulezo ndlela zokusasazwa ngohanjiso ngokuthumela imiyalezo yekhompyutha okanye ngeposi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umthumeli kufuneka anike ummkeli ithuba lokungavumi ukufumana le ngcaciso. Umzekelo omhle ngumyalezo wesibhengezo we-SMS othunyelwa ngabathumeli kubaxhasi babo kuphela xa befumana imvume efanelekileyo kubo.

Ukulungisa

Iifom zokubonelela ngolwazi zichaza ukuba ngamanye amaxesha ulwazi oludluliselwa ngamacandelo omnye komnye lufanele lubhalwe. Lo msebenzi unikezelwa kumagqabantshintshi ngomthetho okanye ngesivumelwano esisayinwe phakathi kwabo. Kwi-arhente karhulumente, amaxwebhu anyanzelekile, kwaye yenziwa ngendlela ebekwe nguRhulumente. Ngenxa yale njongo, imithetho ekhethekileyo ikhishiwe. Ngenjongo yokuphunyezwa kokutshintshelwa kolwazi phakathi kwabemi, kunye phakathi kwemibutho, kubandakanywa neemeko, inkqubo yokusebenzisa isayineli ye-elektroniki isungulwe. Kwiimeko ezithile, amaqela kufuneka adlulisele ulwazi usebenzisa isayineli.

Khuselo

Umthetho ohlalutyiweyo "Kwi-Information, Information Technologies kunye noKhuselo loLwazi" ubeka amanyathelo okuphunyezwa nguRhulumente nabanye abantu ngenjongo yokukhusela. Ngoko ke, phakathi kwoluhlu lwale nyathelo kukho inhlangano, ezobugcisa kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, amanyathelo omthetho. Zenziwa ngabachaphazelekayo malunga:

• Ukulondolozwa kolwazi oluvela kwizihlaselo kubo ngabasithathu, ukusuka kwizenzo zabo ezalandelayo ezingekho mthethweni, ukususela ekutshatyalalisweni, ukukopisha okanye ukusasazwa kolwazi;
• Ukugcinwa kwemfihlo;
• Ukufikeleleka kolwazi.

Urhulumente, eqhuba imisebenzi yayo, unyanzelekile ukuba athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukukhusela. Zibonakaliswa ekumiseni iimfuno ezincinci zobudlelwane obunxulumene nokufumana ulwazi, kunye nokuzimisela uxanduva lokuchazwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ezinye izenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Imfuno zokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ngokukodwa, zibandakanya:

1. Ukuthintela ukufikelela okungagunyaziswanga kunye nokutshintshela ngokulandelelweyo kumaqela asithathu abangakufanelekanga oku.
2. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, qinisa ubungqina bokufikelela okungalunganga.
3. Ukuthintela iziphumo ezingalunganga ezinokuvela xa kwenzeka ukwephulwa kwenkqubo yokufumana ulwazi.
4. Ukulawula rhoqo.

Xanduva

Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, enye yemisebenzi yombuso kukusekwa kwamanyathelo okujoliswe ekukhuseleni ulwazi. Ngenxa yale njongo, umthethosisekelo uthintela imithetho kunye neminye imisebenzi yokumisela ejongene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kolwazi. Uxanduva, ngokuqinisekileyo, lugcinwe ngokwezinga lezenzo ezinobungozi. Unokucingelwa ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo kunye neefowuni. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukuphulwa kunzima kakhulu, ngoko umenzi wobubi unakho uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho. Izenzo ezincinci ezinobungozi zingabandakanya uxanduva olumiselwe ngumthetho wolawulo. Njengomthetho, ukuhlwayelwa kweziphoso ezinjalo kunqunywe kwiintlawulo. Ukuba ukungaphathiswa komntu onetyala akunazo iimpawu zesenzo sobugebengu okanye solawulo, ngoko uxanduva luya kuba luleko (ukuba umoni lowo ungumqeshwa).

Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho ocingelweyo uthatha kuphela amalungiselelo alawulayo ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela. Ingcaciso engakumbi malunga nendlela isasazwa ngayo, yiyiphi imigaqo yokubonelela ngolwazi kunye namanye amanqaku abalulekileyo anqunywe yimimiselo ekhethekileyo ekhutshelwe ubuhlobo obuthile bomthetho. Ukuhambelana nayo yonke imigangatho yomthetho bobabini kunye nommkeli wolwazi ngokubanzi uya kuqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwayo okufanelekileyo, akayi kuvumela ukuphulwa ngamalungu esithathu amalungelo kunye neemfuno zabanye abemi kunye nemibutho.