Ubomi be-Edgar Poe, umsebenzi wemikhosi, ubugcisa

I-biography ye-Edgar P igcwele amabala amhlophe. Oku kubangelwa isimo sengqondo esingafuniyo abantu abaninzi bexesha lakhe kunye neengxaki zomlobi. Enyanisweni, ibali lembongi liqale ukubuyiselwa ngokungenakulungelelaniswa kuphela ngekhulu le-20, kodwa ngelo xesha ulwazi malunga nobomi bakhe lwahlala lincinci. Namhlanje uEdgar Allan Poe uhlala ebomnye ubunzima obunzima. Ngeemeko zokufa kwakhe ngo-1849 kwakukho iingcinga ezininzi, kodwa isizathu esona sizathu sokufa kwesibongo sinokuhlala singapheli. Nangona kunjalo, eli qiniso alithinteli izigidi zabantu namhlanje ukuba zikunandipha iprose kunye nezibongo zombhali omkhulu.

Ukulahlekelwa ngabazali, intsapho eyintsapho

Imbali kaEdgar Poe iqala ngoJanuwari 19, 1809 eBoston (eU.SA). Kwakukho umbhali wexesha elizayo kwintsapho yabaculi abahambahambayo. Kwabazali bakhe, u-Edgar wayengenakuhlala ixesha elide lokuphila: unina wafa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa, xa wayeneminyaka emibini ubudala ubudala, uyise walala, okanye wafa nangaphambili. Emva koko, inkwenkwe, ngokubanzi, ixesha elilodwa ebomini lakhe linethamsanqa - wathathwa ukuze akhuthaze umfazi ka-Allana. UFrancis, unina owamkelekileyo, wathandana nosana waza wancenga indoda yakhe, umrhwebi ocebileyo uYohn, ukuba amthobele. Wayengonwabanga ngokubonakala kukaElgar, kodwa wazinikela kumfazi wakhe, owayenako ukuzala unyana wakhe.

Ubuntwana u-Edgar Allan Poe wasebenzisa eVirginia. Akayidingi nantoni na: wayegqoke ngefashoni yakutshanje, wayenezinja ezilahlayo, ihashe kwanomkhonzi. Umlobi wexesha elizayo waqala imfundo yakhe endlwini yaseLondon, apho wathunyelwa khona iminyaka engama-6. E-US, le nkwenkwe yabuya nentsapho yakhe xa yayineminyaka elishumi elinanye. Kulapho waya kwikholeji eRichmond, emva koko, ngowe-1826, ukuya kwiYunivesithi yaseVirginia, evule unyaka ngaphambili.

Ukuphela kwenhlanhla

U-Edgar wafunda ngokukhawuleza ulwazi, wahluke ngokunyamezela ngokwenyama kunye nomdla, onomdla, obangela ukuba kube neengxaki ezininzi. Njengombali wezobuchwephesha, isigxina sokugqibela sasilungiselele ukuxabana noyise. Izizathu ezichanekileyo aziwayo: nokuba umlobi omncinci wabamba umqondiso wesitatore wakhe kumabhili, okanye wavutha ngenxa yamatyala ekhadi lomntwana owamkelweyo. Ngenye indlela, kunye ne-17 Poe yashiywe ngaphandle kwemali kwaye yashiya iyunivesithi, ekugqibile izifundo zakhe kuphela ngonyaka wokuqala.

Le nsizwa yabuyela eBoston, apho yaqala ukufundela izibongo. Edgar Po Iingqungquthela ezibhaliweyo ngelo xesha, zanquma ukupapasha phantsi kwegama elithi "Boston". Nangona kunjalo, isicwangciso sakhe siphumelelanga: le ncwadi ayizange iphume, kwaye sele sele ilula.

Umsebenzi omfutshane wemikhosi

Kule meko uEdgar Poe wenza isinqumo esingalindelekanga. Wangena emkhosini wenkonzo phantsi kwegama elithiwa igama. Emkhosini uPo wahlala malunga nonyaka. Wafumana isikhundla se-sergeant enkulu, yabalwa njengenye yezona zinto zilungileyo, kodwa akakwazanga ukuma ubomi obunjalo. Kuthe ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1828 imbongi yincwadana yabuyela uncedo kumntakwabo. Okokuba emva kokunyaniseka komfazi wakhe wamsiza u-Edgar ukuba aphume kwinkonzo. Umbhali wayengenalo ixesha elaneleyo lokubonga umama wakhe wesibini: wafa ngethuba lokufika kwakhe eRichmond. Ngoko imbongi yayilahlekelwa yinto yesibini eyithandekayo kuye ibhinqa.

IBaltimore, iWest Point kunye nopapasho olulindele ixesha elide

Ngokuphepha ukushiya umkhosi, u-Edgar ixesha elithile waya eBaltimore. Apho wadibana nezihlobo zikayise: Unina uMaria Klemm, Uncle George Poe, unyana wakhe uNelson. Ukuba unobungozi obunzima bemali, umbhali wahlala kunye nonina, waza kamva wabuyela eRichmond.

Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe eBaltimore, uEdgar wahlangana noWilliam Gwyn, umhleli wephephandaba lendawo, kunye naye, kunye noJean Neal, umbhali waseNew York. UPo wabanika imibongo yakhe. Emva kokufumana ukuhlolwa okulungileyo, u-Edgar wanquma kwakhona ukuzama ukupapasha. Iqoqo elinesihloko esithi "Al-Aaraaaf, Tamerlan kunye Neengqungquthela Ezincinci" yanyatheliswa ngo-1829, kodwa yayingaziwa ngokubanzi.

Utata wam ubaba wagxininisa ekuqhubekeni kokuqeqeshwa kwonyana owamkelayo, kwaye ngo-1830 loo mfana wangena kwi-Military Academy eWest Point. Nangona ulunge oluqinileyo losuku, u-Edgar Poe wathola ixesha lokudala ubuchule kunye noogqirha kunye nabanye abanobuchule beengqungquthela zobomi kwi-academy. Kwakudingeka akhonze iminyaka emihlanu, kodwa, njengexesha lokugqibela, sele eqale ekuqaleni koqeqesho waqonda ukuba umsebenzi wezempi wawungekho kuye. U-Edgar wazama kwakhona ukujongana noyise wakhe, kodwa enye ingxabano yaphula izicwangciso zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, umbongi akazange alahlekelwe yintloko yakhe: emva kokuyeka ukugcina umqulu, wathola okungafaniyo kwi-academy ngo-1831.

Imizamo yokufezekisa ukuqaphela

I-biographie ka-Edgar Poe yincinci kakhulu kwiinkcukacha ngobomi bakhe ngexesha lokusukela ngo-1831 ukuya ku-1833. Kuyaziwa ukuba wahlala ixesha elithile eBaltimore noMaria Klemm. Wayeyithandana nentombi yakhe kunye nomzala wakhe waseVirginia. Le ntombazana yayineminyaka engama-9 ubudala. Ukususela ekwindla ka-1831, akukho nto iyaziwa malunga nobomi bombongi. Abanye abaphandi bakhe bekholelwa ukuba unokuya eYurophu. Ngenxa yeli qiniso ngokuchanekileyo kuboniswe ngcaciso ecacileyo yehlabathi elidala, elifumaneka kumaphepha omsebenzi wombhali. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye isiqinisekiso salo mbono. Abaninzi bezobuchwephesha babonisa ukuba iPo yayinqongophe kakhulu kwimali kwaye yayingenakukwazi ukuhamba ngeendleko zokuhamba.

Nangona kunjalo, bonke abaphandi bavuma ukuba le minyaka emithathu elandelwa ukususwa kweWest Point yayiphumelele. U-Edgar Poe, iincwadi zakhe ezazingakaziwa, waqhubeka esebenza. Ngomnyaka we-1833, wanikela amabali amathandathu kunye neenkondlo kwi-Contest ye-Baltimore Weekly. Bobabini babonwa njengeyona nto ibhetele. Kuba ibali "Umbhalo wesandla ofunyenwe kwibhotile" uPo wanikwa umvuzo we-$ 100.

Ukongeza kwimali, u-Edgar wafumana udumo, kwaye kunye naloo mema ukusebenzela kumaphephancwadi. Waqala ukusebenzisana noMvakalisi weMigqibelo, emva koko nge-Southern Literary Messenger, eyapapashwa eRichmond. Ngaloo mva, umbhali washicilela ngo-1835 i-novella ethi "Morella" kunye ne "Berenice" kunye ncinane kamva - "Iimvento zikaHans Pfall."

Gorgeous Virginia

Ngomnyaka ofanayo uEdgar Poe, owake wayenomdla ogqithiseleyo udumo olukhulu kunaphambili, wamkela isimemo sokuba ngumhleli we-Southern Literary Messenger. Ukuthatha i-ofisi ngemali eyi-$ 10 ngenyanga, kwakudingeka ukuba uye kwiRichmond. Wavuma, kodwa ngaphambi kokuhamba kwakhe wayefuna ukutshata nabathandekayo baseVirginia, owayeneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-13 ubudala. Intombazana enobuhle obungavamile sele ikhumbule umlobi. Kubalinganiswa bemisebenzi yakhe eninzi unokuqiqa umfanekiso wakhe. Umama waseVirginia wavuma, kwaye umfana osetshatileyo, emva koko uPoe washiya iRichmond, kunye nomthandi wakhe wahlala omnye unyaka eBaltimore. Ngomnyaka we-1836 umkhosi owawusesikweni.

Ngaphantsi konyaka kamva u-Edgar Poe waxabana nomvakalisi we-Southern Literary Messenger, washiya umhleli waza waya eNew York noMaria Klemm noVirginia.

ENew York naseFiladelphia

Iminyaka emibini, ehlala eNew York, yaxutywa kumlobi. U-Edgar Poe, onobongo bakhe kunye neprose yanyatheliswa kumaphepha amaphephancwadi amaninzi kuloo mzi, athatyathwa kakhulu kumsebenzi wabo. Washicilela imisebenzi efana ne "Ligeia" kunye ne "Adventures ka-Arthur Gordon Pym," kodwa wafumana eyona nto kwi-guidance guide yokulandelelana kwexesha, eyayiyingcipheko yomsebenzi weprofesa waseScotland.

Ngowe-1838 intsapho yathuthela ePhiladelphia. U-Edgar wathola umsebenzi womhleli weMagazini yeGentleman's Magazine, apho wakhuphela khona imisebenzi yakhe emininzi. Ezi ziquka "Ukuwa kweNdlu ka-Esher" kunye nokuqala kweeNkcazo zeYulia Rodman ezingapheliyo.

Iphupha kunye nenyaniso

Ukusebenza kwimiqulu eyahlukeneyo, u-Edgar Poe wayekhangela enye into. Wayeliphupha lakhe kwimagazini. Into esondeleyo kwindlela yokubonakalisa ingcamango, wafika e Philadelphia. Kwakukho iimpapasho zepapasho elitsha elibizwa ngokuba yiPenn Magazine. Ukuzalisekisa iphupha, kwakungenayo imali eyaneleyo, kodwa le mqobo yayingenakulinganiswa.

Ngo-1841, i-Gentleman's Magazine yadibanisa neCapeket-iphephancwadi elitsha, i-Magazine kaGraham, eyasungulwa, u-Edgar Poe waba ngumhleli-oyintloko. Amabali, imibongo kunye namabali amfutshane abhaliwe kwangaphambili, kungekudala ngaphambi kokudibanisa kwimibandela emibili kwaye yashicilela iqoqo yemisebenzi "i-Grotesques ne-arabesque" ngasekupheleni kwe-1840. Kwakufutshane ixesha xa yonke into ibonakala ihamba kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kukaMatshi 1842, u-Edgar wayengaphangeli kwakhona. Le magazini yahlukana, kwaye uRufus Wilmot Griswold wamenyelwa kwi-ofisi yokuhlela ye-Gentleman's Magazine. Okukugqibela, ngokwezinye zeenguqulelo, kwakukho isizathu sokuhamba kwePoe: yena, ukubeka ngokuthobeka, engathandi uGrizwold.

Kwaye kwakunomsebenzi kwiMyuziyam yoMgqibelo kunye nokupapashwa kweendidi ezininzi kunye neendaba ezimfutshane zeepennies. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbi, yayingu "Golden Beetle" kuphela. U-Edgar wakhe wathumela ukhuphiswano lokubhala. "I-Golden Beetle" yaphumelela kwaye yazisa umbhali wayo $ 100. Emva kokuba ibali laphinda lishicilelwe kaninzi, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, alizange lilethe umvuzo kumbhali, kuba umthetho we-copyright wawunomcimbi wekamva.

Umonakalo omtsha

I-biographie ka-Edgar Poe izele iziganeko ezibuhlungu. Njengoko abaphandi bomi bakhe babonisiwe, imbangela yabaninzi babo yinto enomdla, uqobo lwakhe lokudandatheka kunye notywala. Nangona kunjalo, enye yeentlekele eziphambili - ukufa kukaVirginia - kwakungekho ngenxa yesiphoso sakhe. Umfazi wesibongo wayegula ngesifo sofuba. Isibonakaliso sokuqala sesifo esibi, ukuphuma kwempuphu, kwabonakala ngo-1842. Isigulane sasisecaleni lokufa, kodwa emva kwexesha libuye libuye. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa, okwathatha unina kaEdgar, akuzange kuphele. UVirginia wafa iminyaka emininzi.

Kuba inkqubo ye-nervous unstable yomlobi yayinzima kakhulu. Wayeyeka ukubhala. Intsapho yayimfuno enkulu yemali kwakhona. Ngowe-1844 babuyela eNew York. Lapha kwapapashwa imisebenzi emitsha, eyabhalwa nguEdgar Poe. "I-Raven", inkondlo eyaziwayo kakhulu imbongi, yashicilelwa kwiphepha leMbali iMirror.

Umphumo wokudala

Namhlanje uEdgar Poe uthathwa njengomnye wabalobi beMelika abalungileyo. Wabeka isiqalo sohlobo lwe "inzululwazi yeengcali", iincwadi zombhali ziyi-sampuli zokuqala zomcuphi wecala. Umsebenzi oyintloko kaPo, owawuzisa udumo kunye nokuqatshelwa, kodwa kungengowona butyebi, yayingu "Raven". Umbongo uhambisa ngokucacileyo isimo sengqondo sombhali ebomini. Umzuzu omfutshane nje, ozele ukuhlupheka nokusebenza kanzima, ukhishwa kumntu, kwaye zonke izinto azithembayo aziyize. Iqhawe elinomdla lilindele umthandi olahlekileyo kwaye licela intaka yokuthetha ukuba uya kuphinda ambone kwakhona. Lo nguEdgar Poe: "I-Raven" ibonakala ngokuxhamla kwangaphakathi kunye nenhlekelele, eyabamba umfundi ngokusisigxina, naphezu kokungabikho kweso siqhinga.

Ukupapashwa kombhali kufumana iidola ezili-10. Nangona kunjalo, iRaven yamlethela into engaphezulu kwemali. Umlobi waba udumo, wamenywa ukuba afundise kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezomeleza isikhundla sakhe semali. Ngethuba lonyaka apho iqela "elimhlophe" lahlala khona, uPau washicilela iqoqo le "Raven kunye nezinye iiNgqungquthela", wapapasha amabali ambalwa amfutshane kwaye wamenyelwa kwi-ofisi yokuhlela ye-Brodway Journal. Nangona kunjalo, apha nangobuhlobo obungenakuphikelela abuzange bamvumele ukuba afune ukuphumelela. Ngo-1845, waphikisana nabanye abavakalisi, waba ngumhleli kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali ngokukhawuleza waphoqeleka ukuba ahlukane nesithuba.

Iminyaka ezayo

Ubuhlwempu babuyela endlwini, kwaye kubanda kwaye kulambile. UVirginia wafa ekuqaleni kwe-1847. Abaninzi bezinto eziphilayo baqaphele ukuba imbongi yokubandezeleka yayisecaleni lobuqhetseba. Kwithuba elithile wayengenakusebenza ngenxa yentlungu kunye notywala kwaye waphila kuphela ngenxa yokunyamekela kwabahlobo abambalwa abathembekileyo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha waqokelela amandla kwaye wabhala. Ngeli xesha, ukudala imisebenzi enjengokuthi "Yulalum", "uBells", "Annabel Lee" kunye ne "Eureka". Wathandana kwakhona kwaye, ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wayeza kuphinda atshade. E-Richmond, apho umbhali owakhulume "kwi-Principal Poetic", umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala, uEdgar Poe wadibana nomhlobo wabantwana uSarah Elmira Royster. Wafungela umtshakazi ukuba wawugqityiwe ngokugqithisa. Ngaphambi komtshato, kwasala kuphela ukulungisa imiba ethile eFiladelphia naseNew York.

Imfihlelo kaEdgar Allan Poe

Ngo-Oktobha 3, 1849 uEdgar Poe watholakala ebudeni bobudoda eBeltimore. Wafakwa esibhedlele, apho wafa ngaphandle kokubuya, ngo-Oktobha 7. Akukho mvumelwano malunga nezizathu zokufa komlobi. Abaphengululi abaninzi belo mbandela bathambekele kwingqungquthela yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zithenga. Kufunyenwe ngosuku lokhetho. Emva koko eBaltimore amaqela awagxotha abemi kwiindawo zokungcebeleka ezifihlakeleyo. Abantu baphelelwa ngotywala okanye iziyobisi, kwaye baphoqelelwe ukuba bavote amaxesha amaninzi kumviwa ofanelekileyo. Kukho ubungqina bokuthi u-Edgar Poe wayedakiwe ngexesha lokufumanisa, kwaye kufuphi nomnye webhenki eyayingenakugula yayingenye yezikhuselo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbhali ngelo xesha wayedume eBaltimore kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba uya kukhethwa njengexhoba.

Phakathi kwezizathu ezinokuthi namhlanje zibizwa ngokuba zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-hypoglycemia kunye neengcambu zeengqondo ekunxilweni kotywala nokugqithiseleka kwe-laudanum. Isizathu salolu dangatye ukungabikho kwamaphepha ogqirha kunye nobunzima bokuqala bukaEdgar Allan Poe, obhalwe nguGriswold, intshaba yomlobi. Wambonisa imbongi kwiidakile kunye ne-madman, engafanelekanga ukuthembela kunye nokunyamekela. Le ngcamango ebomini bePoe ilawulwa kude kube sekupheleni kweXesti yeXIX.

Ilifa lemveli

Enye ingxelo ithi ukufa kwaPoe kwacwangciswa ngumlobi ngokwakhe, njengento yokugqibela ephawulekayo yoluntu, ukukrakra kweengcinga kunye nokuyikrakra. Umlobi wayenomdla kwizinto umfundi afuna. Wayeqonda ukuba ulwalamano luphantsi kakhulu ekuthandeni kwizinto ezintle, ukuxuba iimbulunga kunye nokuzimela. U-Edgar Poe, amabali akhe azaliswe iziganeko ezimnandi, iingcinga ezidibeneyo kunye nengqiqo. Waba nguvulindlela kwi-kind of detective investigator. Indawo ebalulekileyo kwimibhalo yombhali isayensi yendalo. Iincwadi zikaEdgar Poe ziyaziwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwengcamango kunye neengcamango. Wabeka isiko elibi kwiincwadi zaseMelika, eyakhela imigaqo yezenzululwazi, yanika ihlabathi ingcali yokucinga.

Namhlanje uEdgar Poe, iincwadi zakhe ziphefumlelwe abantu abaninzi, kuthathwa njengommeli we-intuitionism - isikhokelo sefilosofi esiqonda ubukhulu be-intuition kwinkqubo yokuqonda. Nangona kunjalo, umbhali wayazi kakuhle ukuba ubuchule bunomsebenzi onzima. Wadala i-paradigm yakhe yobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi emininzi kwimfundiso yenkondlo: "Ifilosofi yobugcisa", "u-Novellistika uNathaniel Hawthorne," "Umgaqo osisiseko." Kwi "Eureka" umbhali wanikeza iingcamango zefilosofi kunye neengxelo ze-epistemological. Igalelo lika-Edgar Allan Poe ekuphuhliseni uncwadi, kuquka nabathandekayo abaninzi ngabafundi banamhlanje bahlobo, luxabisekileyo. Ukufunda i-biography yakhe kukukwenza ucinge ngekamva kunye nenjongo. Ngubani owaziyo, u-Edgar Poe wayeyidala kangaka, ukuba ubomi bebuhle kuye?