Transport Germany: Iindidi kunye nophuhliso

Eyona nto iphambili ekukhuleni ngcembe lwe eJamani kukuqinisa kunye yotshintsho zemveliso, efuna nje kuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe ezintsha kunye nophuhliso lwezenzululwazi, kodwa ke uphuhliso zothutho kunye nezibonelelo ezinxulumene nazo.

Inkqubo yezothutho Germany

Market kunye nobudlelwane zorhwebo zibe elingaziwayo ngaphandle intsebenziswano abavelisi kunye nabathengi kweempahla kunye neenkonzo. Development kwezithuthi eJamani kuhlangene nokwanda kwi isikali yorhwebo basekhaya amazwe. Amaxesha xa isibhakabhaka olucothayo wamanzi iRhine yaba indlela yorhwebo kuphela, baba kwixesha elidlulileyo kude. Namhlanje, inkqubo yothutho - a ezintsonkothileyo ezintsonkothileyo inter-mveliso, elinye eziphambili ehlabathini. 1 km ² akhawunti komhlaba German malunga ezimbini eekhilomitha iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nonxibelelwano. Eyona engundoqo iindlela zothutho ku Germany:

• Railway.
• Imoto.
• Air.
• Amanzi.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye kakhulu nokusingqongileyo kunye slow zothutho - yamafutha, oluhlasela i-4% yabo bebonke eJozi ingeniso.

zikaloliwe

Inkonzo Uloliwe wokuqala rhoqo yavulwa ebusika wohlobo 1835. kuqamba kaloliwe zithutha phakathi Nuremberg kunye Fürth kabini ngemini, ukuhambisa umthwalo kunye abakhweli.

Namhlanje, ubude iziporo (. 44 amawaka km) eJamani owesithandathu, yaye xiyimiso - indawo yokuqala ehlabathini. Phantse isiqingatha sabo ugesi. The main eJozi yenethiwekhi - Iqela DB (Deutsche Bundesbahn), idibanisa kunye imigca kaloliwe amazwe Koloni naseMpuma, iquka amacandelo amathathu: Mobiliti, Veda yezithuthi zikawonkewonke, nobucukubhede (imithwalo kwemali kunye namalungiselelo) yomnatha (imixholo somxholo lweenkonzo kunye nezibonelelo). Nangona ekuphuculeni indlela kaloliwe kunye imigudu kaRhulumente, umthamo cargo turnover ebegqwese lifinyele.

izithuthi Rail eJamani ugxile kakhulu ezizukileyo abakhweli. Phuhlisa eliphezulu ubonisa epakini (ICE), i Isantya umzila ukwanda (avareji - 240 km / h, indlela ubuninzi Berlin - Hannover - up to 450 km / h). Le fare Isiseko kakhulu phezulu; kuba buyo lokuqala-class - 0.41 Euro / km, owesibini - 0.27.

Kwiindawo weentaba wama-lizwe kololiwe ezitsolo. Kuba ukonwabisa abakhenkethi wahlala iindlela eziliqela kunye iinjini kaloliwe kunye neemoto iidiliya.

yeziThuthi

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngenxa kuthungelwano lwendlela, equka ngaphezulu kwama-40 amawaka. Km emikhulu yase kanye phantse-13 amawaka. Km emikhulu (zeendlela multi-eya ukungcola noshowo icala yokumpompoza), izithuthi indlela eJamani kuba ngaphezu kwe-60% of imithwalo kunye 90% sithwala neyentengiso lizwe . Ngokutsho kwe-Ofisi Vehicle Federal, inani elipheleleyo izithuthi kweli lizwe kufutshane 60 million, kunye ukuxinana yeemoto 640 nganye abemi amawaka.

Nangona kwizixeko ezininzi ezinkulu angene kwiindawo esembindini of yezothutho esalelweyo, iingxaki zokupaka ezihambelana kakhulu. Ukongezelela kwiindawo awayisungulela abaqhubi abakhubazekileyo iimoto, kukho iindawo zokupaka eyahlukileyo iimoto kunye namalungu aqhutyelwe isiqingatha wamhle koBuntu.

Germany - lizwe kuphela aseYurophu ukungabikho yezantya xa uqhuba kwi motorways. Kwezinye iindlela isantya eliphezulu ngokuvunywe ka-100 km / h, kwi zokuhlala - 50 km / h.

air traffic

moya zothutho German linokuchazwa ngokufutshane isilogeni zentengiso ophethe emoyeni inkulu kwi షేక్స్పియర్ William - indlela engcono ukubhabha!

Indlela yasezulwini kungekwamthwalo abakhweli zaye wavutha ngo-1909 ngokuthi "airships baseJamani." Indiza idumileyo "Graf Zeppelin" wenza moya 590 yorhwebo iindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, wayoyisa iikhilomitha ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi. Development of moya zasekhaya ngamazwe negalelo beqinile "Junkers", waqalisa ngobuninzi moya kwabakhweli kwisiqingatha sokuqala kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Namhlanje, izithuthi emoyeni eJamani inxulumanisa amaziko ezinkulu weRiphabliki kunye namanye amazwe ehlabathi (isabelo-moya zasekhaya lisezantsi kakhulu). Kunazo zonke izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ngamazwe 16, imithwalo turnover ithatha indawo yokuqala eYurophu, esekelwe kwicandelwana Frankfurt.

misele

imizila Shipping kweli lizwe abe ubude lilonke malunga 7 amawaka. Km. Umthamo imithwalo abathuthwayo kubo ifikelela Iitoni million 260. Ngonyaka ngamnye. Kuphela kwisithathu akhawunti ukuthutha zasekhaya. Kwindlela yothutho ebalulekileyo iRhine. Rhoqo izithuthi yokuthumela kuyo sele esekwe kwi-90 emva kwenkulungwane lokugqibela. Okwangoku, i-iRhine isebenze yonke imihla ukuya kwiinqanawa 120. misele imikhumbi kunye nenkqubo gateway entsonkothileyo ukunxulumanisa kwi iDanube, iElbe, i Weser kunye Rhone.

kumazibuko kuLwandle eJamani abe nendawo geographical ntle kakhulu nomgama elingeneyo kwimimandla engundoqo mveliso. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi bamazwe lwenziwa nge yezibuko Dutch ngomlomo iRhine, isabelo ingeniso yorhwebo langaphandle eJamani ngaphezu kuzo zonke amazibuko eli lizwe.

urban Posts

Izithuthi zikawonke eJamani kakhulu kuphuhliswa ngempumelelo lwezibonelelo kwi-European Union. Yandlalwa yi kula macandelo alandelayo:

• Metro. Esebenza kulo imizi emikhulu 19. Uthungelwano kakhulu kwaye endala, owasekwa ngo-1902, elo malihlawulelwe Berlin Metro (imigca-10, izitishi 173).
• Overground Uloliwe. Nangona ukutsaleleka womnatha yothutho esizimeleyo kodwa iipatheni yendlela kwizixeko ezininzi kakhulu enxibelelene kakhulu kwi "komhlaba".
• Iibhasi kunye tram. inkonzo Bus esicwangciswe kakuhle kakhulu. zokumisa esiPhakathi ingafunyanwa kwi oonobumba "H", eluhlaza. Uninzi zokumisa baxhotyiswa screens ulwazi ukubonisa ixesha lokufika kweebhasi. Itramu kakhulu phambili kumazwe aseMpuma kunye eBavaria. Inxalenye yendlela wabeka phantsi komhlaba.

abathandi intuthuzelo Ungathatha ingqalelo le mveliso taxi abaninzi okanye baqeshe imoto.

Kukho enye indlela!

Ngenxa yeempembelelo yi abamelwane - i Danes kunye Dutch, i "namafutha revolution 'owenziweyo kunye amaJamani. Ingongoma yokuqala ngo-2002 yaba iibhayisikile nesiCwangciso soPhuhliso seSizwe. Ebudeni amashumi D-Netz branched womnatha sele lusekiwe, ngokusekelwe 12 velodorog federal ubude ewonke 10.2 amawaka. Km. Cycling eJamani yaba ingxenye olulinganayo lwezibonelelo eli lizwe.

Ukuhlala ekuphuculeni inkonzo emva-ethengisa ibhayisekile kwelentshona ye-regional, uhambo ibhayisekile wenza bekhululekile, yaye nyaka ngamnye ingeniso liye likhula ngokukhawuleza ngulo hlobo kwezokhenketho.

Ukususela ngo-2008, uphuhliso veloproektov mali ezahlukeneyo federal nyaka ngamnye lwabelwe malunga nezigidi ezi-3 euro, kwaye ngohlobo nezahlulo - neziphumo ezihle kwiinkalo yempilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko ezindleleni.

A kancinci iimoto zombane

Ezi mpawu uphawu kuphuhliso zezithuthi Germany kunye noshishino ngokubanzi - ukuncitshiswa kunye nokupheliswa ekugqibeleni ekuxhomekekeni noqoqosho zeli lizwe kwizinto ezingeniswa amandla. Kungenxa yoko le nto iJamani yinkokeli ekuzibonakaliseni phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu kuphuhliso zothutho electromobile. Kwaye ukuba ngo-2011 i-fleet yombane liqulethe kuphela 2.3 amawaka. Cars, ngoko, ngokutsho izicwangciso abasemagunyeni, ngo-2020 inani labo baya kufikelela kwizigidi enye, kwaye kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo iza kunyuka amaxesha amathandathu.

Isigqibo kulindeleke ukuba entsonkothileyo: ngaxeshanye kunye nesakhiwo eziyimfuneko ziza kuphuhliswa - ukhetho kweendlelana ngamnye, izithuba zokupaka abezingcwalisile, ukudalwa uthungelwano izitishi ukuba uyazihlaziya zakho. Abanini iimoto zombane sele ayichatshazelwa kwintlawulo yeefizi zothutho iminyaka emi-5, yaye kwixesha elizayo, eli xesha uza kunyuka 2 amaxesha.

Uluntu loshishino eJamani kunye nesicwangciso urhulumente ukubonelela ukuphunyezwa kwezi namabhongo euro 18 billion.

Eyona ndlela yophuhliso

Industry kunye zothutho German esetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yotshintsho izakhiwo zalo yaye nobuchwephesha ukufumana inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Iinkampani German ukwandisa umthamo kunikezelo Bikes zombane, ezo imoto bafaki-wheel enesakhono watts ukuya ku-300. Ukulahlwa ukudluliselwa kakhulu kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle actuator. Ukusetyenziswa NiMH iibhetri kuya kwandisa uluhlu ingami ngaphandle uyazihlaziya ukuya km 50.

Ukuphuculwa obuphezulu uthutho ngololiwe, eyenzelwe iindlela ngamazwe. Ukufuna Ivuliwe ngezinye ukuya koololiwe ngamandla asasazwa, njengokuba ukugcinwa ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo motor-nqwelo inxulunyaniswa kunye neengxaki ezithile.

Nangona iyantlukwano, ukuntsonkotha kunye nenkqubo eyinkunzi-olunzulu, i Isithuthi waseJamani uzabalazela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno elizayo zamashishini lizwe kunye noluntu, ngokuthobela yonke imimiselo yendalo kunye neemfuno, apho iimini ngeemini buya ilukhuni.