Yedwa - bodwa na ... kuqoqosho: iimpembelelo, iindlela lomzabalazo kunye nembali

Yedwa - meko yemarike xa ikhona nje umenzi enkulu iimpahla okanye umboneleli wesevisi. He zibamba phantse ngokupheleleyo imveliso intsimi yabo kwaye nefuthe ngqo amaxabiso. Monopolist ufuna ukugcina isikhundla lubalaseleyo kwanokwandisa iingeniso. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ayithethi ukuba okhuphisana kwimarike aze ongeze eminye imiqathango yalo abasebenzisi evinjwa ukhetho.

Iimpawu ze abadla bodwa ehlambulukileyo

Ngomhla lokubanga epheleleyo imarike zemveliso (inkonzo) okanye kwishishini usenokuthetha xa miqathango ilandelayo uzalisekisiwe:

• Kukho umdlali enkulu (inkampani, umbutho, Union of Manufacturers), nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye nomthamo imveliso kunye neentengiso;
• Yena uyakwazi ukulawula ixabiso kwempahla ngokuguqula umthamo yobonelelo;
• kwimarike akukho iimpahla okanye iinkonzo umboleki akakwazanga endaweni enikeza bodwa;
• inkampani entsha eza kukwazi ukukhuphisana kunye monopolist, i-shishino.

Ngoko ke, lo yedwa - ngowona kobunganga ngokupheleleyo entsimini eyahlukileyo okanye kwimarike umbutho enkulu ngamnye yorhwebo, unokumohlwaya imithetho yabo umdlalo kubathengi. Namhlanje, ngaphandle ezimbalwa, ezifana "bumnandi" bodwa ezikhoyo kuphela abstract. Ngemva kokuba zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo phantse azikho kwa-ukubakho, kwaye ayanelanga supply inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya uyabhatalwa phesheya. Ngoko ke, kule imeko yangoku lodwa bathi xa omnye okanye ezimbalwa abadlali emikhulu kwimarike, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inxalenye enkulu umthamo kwimveliso.

bodwa zokuphatha

Ukuvela abadibeneyo eRashiya ngokusondeleyo ukuya amanyathelo karhulumente. Imixube zoshishino yokuqala enkulu kwavela ngenkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zelizwe kwiindawo ezifana yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, oomatshini, uthutho kunye nabanye. A ngumkhuba apho nokusekwa kunye nemisebenzi bodwa ezilawulwa ngurhulumente, yathiywa igama elilawulayo (government) bodwa.

Ngelo xesha linye urhulumente wenza ngeendlela ezimbini. Okokuqala, ingenisela abanye abalimi amalungelo awodwa ukuba abandakanyeke kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi kamva iba yayiphethwe. Okwesibini, urhulumente owakha isakhiwo ocacileyo iinkampani zikarhulumente. Yenziwe ngu yindibaniselwano zoshishino, ezo kuphendula arhente zikarhulumente - zabaphathiswa kunye namasebe. Umzekelo iphawulekayo inkqubo enjalo eSoviet Union, apho bodwa zolawulo ichazwa ukongamela yeziphathamandla kunye nelifa imo iindlela zemveliso.

nabanye zemvelo

Kwezo ndawo apho ukuvela abenzi ezininzi akwenzeki, kukho bodwa yendalo. Le meko yenzeka ngenxa ubunini nkampani resource ekhethekileyo - ekrwada eziphathekayo, izixhobo kunye copyright. Olu hlobo bodwa kwakhona kwenzeka kumashishini apho Ukhuphiswano kunokwenzeka isondlo kodwa inqweneleka kakhulu, ekubeni ukuba akukho imfuno ziyakuphunyezwa ngokuyimpumelelo. Njengoko umzekelo abadibeneyo zendalo kunokukhokelela kaloliwe kunye nonikezelo lwamandla neenkampani, ngokunjalo neenkonzo kuququzelela unikezelo lwamanzi engundoqo.

bodwa kwezoqoqosho

Noko ke, amaxesha amaninzi kuvela ngenxa lodwa imithetho kwinjongo yophuhliso loqoqosho. Ezo bodwa koqoqosho ngokuba "ukunyaniseka" indlela abaninzi ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ebhudla emarikeni. Oku kuphunyezwa ngeendlela ezimbini: luxinzelelo lwezinto eyinkunzi okanye yinye yayo. Kwimeko yokuqala, inkampani walathisa inxalenye inzuzo yalo ukwandisa isikali zabo, ngokuthe ngcembe luyakhula kwaye uwina kukhuphiswano. Indlela yesibini - indibaniselwano ishishini okanye nokufunyanwa okhuphisana ngokuncipha. Ngokuqhelekileyo bodwa koqoqosho ekwenziweni ukusebenzisa zombini ezi ndlela.

bendlela bodwa

Iingcali zithi bodwa yempembelelo yazo elingancomekiyo kuqoqosho lwecandelo, leyo ngenxa yokunqongophala ukhuphiswano. Kule meko, i monopolist anganefuthe ixabiso nokuqinisekisa ngokwabo yenzuzo. Ngamanye amazwi, le yedwa - ochasa imarike kukhuphiswano. Iziganeko esibi zilandelayo iqatshelwe kushishino yayiphethwe:

• umgangatho imveliso akubi ngcono ukususela monopolist bekungekho nkuthazo ukusebenza kweli cala;
• ukunyusa ingeniso ye nkampani ithe kuphunyezwa ngokunciphisa iindleko, kodwa ngenxa ngokulungisa ixabiso;
• nemfuno yokuveza ubuchwepheshe obutsha kwaye ukukhuthaza uphando lwezenzululwazi nayo engekho;
• kwimarike kukho iinkampani ezintsha amathuba emisebenzi;
• ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule amandla emveliso kunye nabasebenzi chu.

Kutheni bodwa - ngokuyimfuneko into embi?

Nangona kunjalo, lo yedwa yemarike na ezinye iimpawu ezintle, nto leyo nayo ngeke walelwe. Abalandeli bodwa qaphela ukuba xi kwimveliso inikezela amathuba amaninzi lokonga iindleko. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokwenzela imisebenzi ethile inkxaso - izimali, ukuthengwa, ukuthengiswa kunye nezinye. Ngaphezu koko, kuphela ukufikelela iinkampani ezinkulu ukutyala imali iiprojekthi ezintsha kunye nophando-mali, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa.

imizekelo

Abadla bodwa imvelaphi yalo kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa ke uphuhliso kakhulu esebenzayo yale nkqubo kwinkulungwane XIX. Kwisiqingatha sesibini bodwa waqalisa ukuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kuqoqosho kwaye phantse kwaba usongo ukhuphiswano. Ekuveleni kwenkulungwane, liphuhlise iimarike, ingakumbi i-US, wajamelana naloo yokudityaniswa kunye ukuzuza. Ngeli xesha, ukuvela abadibeneyo ezinkulu, ezifana Motors General and Standard Oil. Xa esi sibini elandelayo eminyaka olunye nokulatyuza ukwakheka bodwa. Ngo-1929, oko sisiqalo le-Great Depression eUnited States ziye yayiphethwe ezinkulu amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Nangona ochwepheshe khange kufikelelwe kwisivumelwano malunga kutheni uqoqosho lwelizwe elaqala nentlekele, kucacile ukuba lokubanga edlalwa kule nto indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

Imiphumo bodwa

Ngoko ke, izifundo kwimbali bacebisa ukuba bodwa kwezoqoqosho kusihla intshukumo phambili. Iinzuzo ukuhlanganiswa imveliso, leyo bathi ngayo abavikeli bodwa, kodwa izigqibo. Ngenxa ukhuphiswano obuthathaka iinkampani ezinkulu okanye imibutho yabo buzinze ezandleni zakhe zonke amandla kuloo ndawo apho zinqongophele khona. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kukhokelela kukuba lodwa yolawulo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kwenzeka okungafanelekanga. nkqubo Monopolistic zoqoqosho badla wongezelela, nto leyo inegalelo kuphuhliso urhwaphilizo kwaye ngenye ukutshabalalisa iziseko kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho.

zokulawula

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo karhulumente ngokwemigaqo yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho ukulawulwa bodwa. Ithwalwa phandle bobabini ngokusebenzisa ifuthe ngqo kwi inkampani ngokusebenzisa indlela ye komthetho anti-bodwa, kwakunye ngokudala iimeko zokuphuhliswa ukhuphiswano esempilweni. Ulawulo karhulumente uyondelelwano lwee- eyinkunzi - esweni iinkqubo ukumuncwa kunye nokuhlanganiswa, kwakunye nolawulo phezu bodwa esele kwakhiwa. Ukongeza, imithetho ngophuhliso ukukhusela amalungelo kwiinkampani amancinane kunye naphakathi kwakunye amanyathelo enkxaso-mali - inkuthazo yerhafu, ufikelelo ngetyala njalo njalo.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukudalwa abadla bodwa kwezoqoqosho yinkqubo yendalo, njengoko inkampani kakhulu yimpumelelo ikhula ngcembe yaye ukuzuza emarikeni. Kule anoqoqosho oluphambili, kugquba i oligopoly - uhlobo zemveliso apho inxalenye enkulu umthamo yemarike bobabo inani eliqingqiweyo abenzi. nkqubo Antitrust karhulumente oluqhutywa kubandakanya kukhuselo oligopoly. Olu khetho ithathwa amkeleke kwabo bodwa, kuba inika ukulingana "ukhuphiswano -. Bodwa"

Xa bodwa economics mihla kucingwa into embi, kunye noorhulumente karhulumente ukugcina inkqubo phantsi kolawulo. nkqubo Antitrust kumazwe ahlukeneyo Kuthi eyahlukileyo, ngenxa yokuba uqoqosho lwesizwe ngamnye uneempawu zawo. Noko ke, xa kunjalo, amanyathelo antitrust kufuneka zijolise ukuqinisekisa ukuba imarike yayihanjelwe abenzi ezinokubanika iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngexabiso elifanelekileyo kwaye uluhlu olubanzi ngokufanelekileyo.