The New Eyisilika Road: indlela, scheme, ukukhulelwa

Mashumi ezimbini zokugqibela ukukhula koqoqosho olukhawulezileyo China nikujike ibe ukubangisana. Nokufika ziinkokheli ezintsha ikhokelwa ngu Xi Jinping, China wayeka ukufihla amabhongo nkqubo namazwe angaphandle. Le projekthi malunga nokudalwa New Silk Road - yinto nokuqhubekeka ubhalo yomgaqo-nkqubo ka-China kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Amanyathelo okuqala ngenxa yokuba baqonda ukuba amaphupha sele ethathiwe: ukunika izibonelelo zemali, sandivusela izivumelwano kunye namazwe angundoqo. Esi sicwangciso nesingcikivo amagunya emikhulu kwihlabathi iintshaba ezimbalwa. Ukwenza lo msebenzi, China liya kwenza isigqibo kuphela inani iingxaki lwangaphakathi, kodwa kuchaphazela umfanekiso koqoqosho lwehlabathi zehlabathi. Njani le New Silk Road?

nohlelo

Hayi kudala, uMphathiswa Foreign Wang Yi licacise ingqikelelo nkqubo amazwe ka "One Belt - elinye iphupha" eTshayina, njengoko apho ulwakhiwo okucwangcisiweyo New Silk Road ukusuka Asia ukuya eYurophu. Ebutsheni bowe-2014, intloko China Xi Jinping thaca isicwangciso nokudalwa Silk Road. Le projekthi kulindeleke ukuba ukujikelezisa enkulu indawo enye kwezoqoqosho, owakhiwa kwezibonelelo kumazwe amaninzi. Kwathi New Eyisilika Road nge Central Asia, eRashiya, Belarus, eYurophu. indlela ulwandle mayiqhutywe nePersian Gulf, uLwandle lweMeditera kunye Indian Ocean. Siye sahlolisisa ukhetho kunye iindlela amazwe aseAfrika.

China uza ukutyala imali kule projekthi zeerandi ngaphezulu kwama-40 billion evela kwingxowa-mali ekhethekileyo. $ 50 billion sele yabelwe ukuba Asian Development Bank. Le mali iza kutyalwa ukwakhiwa iziporo, amazibuko kunye nezinye izibonelelo, kokwandiswa kobuhlobo nemvisiswano phakathi kwamazwe athatha inxaxheba. Resource Wantchinatimes wancoma utyalo China xa zizonke 22 ezigidi.

Imizamo ukuba ndibuye ndiphilise Silk Road lithatyathwe Europe kunye US. China wabhenela kule mbono mncinane, kodwa okuninzi kwenziwa ukuliphumeza. Ngenxa imali obukholekayo "ndlongo kwezoqoqosho ethambileyo" baya kuba nako ukwenza zento ekhuselekileyo, ukuze lusetyenziswe kumazwe amaninzi. Namhlanje, China aza ukuxoxa iiprojekthi zokwakha ezingundoqo kunye namazwe inxaxheba. scheme ngakumbi ezithile omtsha Silk Road, yaye isiphumo thethwano elide ziya kubhengezwa ekupheleni kuka Matshi kwi Boao Forum (kumzantsi iphondo Chinese of Hainan).

Ingcamango i Silk Road

Namhlanje, China kunikeza imarike ihlabathi oomatshini, izixhobo, zombane kunye neemveliso eliphezulu-zobugcisa. imigca-High speed ubude (16 000 km), eli lizwe ubekwa kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini. Le yamandulo Silk Road waye nezithuthi Chinese kuphela. Namhlanje China yazisa ukusungulwa indawo yezoqoqosho ngamazwe.

Eli phulo yokuhlanganisa i "ummandla kwezoqoqosho" kunye «xxi Century Maritime Silk Road" lwenziwa ngaphakathi sikhokelo "One Belt -" inkqubo ngendlela enye. Ingcamango Entsha Silk Zendlela ukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso ngoncedo imiba emihlanu ehambelanayo:

• iziseko eyodwa;
• uzinzo yezopolitiko;
• enabela emali mali;
• kurhwebo;
• unxibelelwano wobuntu.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, neshukumayo intsebenziswano epheleleyo, ukuphucula ukuthembana phakathi kwamazwe ukuphuhlisa ukuhlanganiswa koqoqosho kunye nokunyamezela kwinkcubeko. Ukuphunyezwa kwale projekthi iyonke kwacetywa kwiindlela ezintathu:

• "China - Central Asia - Russia - Europe".
• "China - Central naseWest Asia".
• "China - mpuma Asia - South Asia".

New Silk Road. indlela

Izinga le projekthi mihle kungekuphela nje ngokuphathelele kutyalomali, kodwa ukususela kwinqanaba imbono lwesifundo. I 'ndlela' yonke yahlulwe iindlela ezimbini (live kanye ulwandle). Land iqala e Xi'an (kwiPhondo Shaanxi), acandacanda lonke China, kufuneka sibe kwisixeko Urumqi, ezi iminqamlezo aba amazwe Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey. Ngaphezu koko, nge Bosphorus ukuba eMpuma Yurophu, eRashiya. New Eyisilika Road, ngendlela eya kudlula kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu Ndiyaqhubekeka Rotterdam eItali.

Hayi indlela ulwandle ngaphantsi wamazwi iqala kwisixeko Quanzhou (sakhona Fuztsyan), kufuneka ibe phakathi kwisixeko esikhulu emazantsi, ngokusebenzisa Malacca Strait, esiza Kuala Lumpur. Ukuwela Indian Ocean, iyakuvingca eCalcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), i Maldives, kuza ku Nairobi (Kenya). Emva koko, le ndlela udlula noLwandle oluBomvu Djibouti nge Suez Canal ukuba eAthene (Greece) e Venice (Italy) kwaye zidibana phantsi yi Silk.

iingxaki zoqoqosho "indlela"

Njengoko elithumela, China ubukhulu becala kuchatshazelwa yi kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ngokutsho uqikelelo, kwi-sikhokelo yoMgaqo-Silk Road kulindeleke 21 ezigidi zeerandi ingeniso ngonyaka ngamnye, nto leyo ukwandisa isabelo China kwi GDP kwihlabathi kwi-50%.

Kulindeleke ukuba New Silk Road, ukwakhiwa apho sele ethathiwe, kwakhona ukuhamba kokuthunyelwa kwempahla eyinkunzi kule ngingqi kuhlala de kutshanje emva urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, China aza sokubambisana kunye namazwe Asia. Investments abelwe iinkampani Chinese zikarhulumente-aba kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, phantse kungenzeka kuphela ukuba babe nenkululeko phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu.

Ngokwemeko-kwezoqoqosho lwembono, inzuzo iprojekthi eChina ukunciphisa iindleko logistics. Kumazwe ilungu le-Silk Road - ukutsala imali eyongezelelweyo. Umzekelo intsebenziswano enjalo ngokusekelwe mali eTshayina Yiprojekthi iHavan kwi Maldives (kwixesha elizayo yenye yezi ngongoma zibalulekileyo kwimephu elwandle Silk Road).

imingeni zengingqi

ubukho China e-Central Asia and Afrika kungekhona uhlobo onombono kwezoqoqosho. Kwinqanaba lengingqi ukuba PRC kusahleli kungumba kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho uzinzo mimandla umda: East, Central kunye mpuma Asia. Eyona isithintelo engundoqo ukusasazeka isenzeko Chinese yezoqoqosho yaba ngumba ka "China usongo." Ukunciphisa usongo "hayi" icetyelwe ngoncedo qhinga "amandla ethambileyo", ukomeleza impembelelo yenkcubeko China. Inani labafundi kummandla Asian, abafundi kwiiyunivesithi Chinese, ibonisa ukuba iqondo elalana lwenkcubeko Chinese.

ukhuseleko lwamandla China ixhomekeke ukulawula lwaselwandle nasemhlabeni Silk Road. Njengoko ongenisa inkulu ehlabathini yamandla, China ixhomekeke 100% kwi izinto zaselwandle. usongo "ioli korhwebo" esoloko ijinga phezu amandla. US Eli cebo yasetyenziswa eJapan phambi imfazwe.

New Eyisilika Road uya kuzisa ndawonye kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka i-US abachasi (Russia, Pakistan, Iran). States amaqela indlela inokuba amandla sinzima yezopolitiko. umsebenzi ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene ekuyilweni Silk Road, kukuba ukukhusela utyalo-Chinese. Esebenzisa izinto zokurhweba elawulwa PRC, oko zinokuphunyezwa kuphela zorhwebo, kodwa iinjongo anti-abanqolobi. Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha ulwazi kuvela kumajelo eendaba malunga nokuziphatha thethwano ukuseka uthungelwano Chinese of iziseko zomkhosi "string neyeeperile" kwi Indian Ocean.

ifuthe Project kwi kwezopolitiko yangaphakathi of China

Iiprojekthi ezinkulu ngamazwe ziye zaba a kuqala, yaye kwezopolitiko zangaphakathi China. New Eyisilika Road iya kunceda ukusombulula eziliqela iingxaki zangaphakathi.

1. amaxesha Pro-Chinese ngezoqoqosho iiprojekthi inzuzo kunye imbuyekezo ephezulu yotyalo-mali lwexesha elide kuyingenelo.
2. Edlula China Western, ibhanti iza kuba negalelo ekusombululeni iingxaki zophuhliso ngokungalinganiyo lizwe, ukuhlanganiswa kwezenkcubeko kunye nezoqoqosho kwimimandla yasentshona.
3. Ukwakhiwa amaziko ezibonelelo - umthombo kwemisebenzi emitsha ukuba urhulumente iinkampani PRC ukuba abe resources okuqinileyo kwabantu.

Central Asia neRashiya

Russia and Central Asia, edibanisa eMpuma naseNtshona zibalulekile imithambo yohambo eTshayina. Namhlanje, China --mveliso yehlabathi. Ingcamango yokuba ukusetyenziswa Central Asia kumdla kwezoqoqosho, baye bacinga ukususela eSoviet Union iwa. Waza waqala umsebenzi ngendlela ngale ndlela: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ekukhuliseni umbuzo wentsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho. Kubalulekile nje ukuba ukulungelelanisa imeko yoqoqosho lwasekhaya, kodwa ukuze alungiselele ngepaseji ukuya eYurophu Central Asia naseRashiya.

a omkhulu nakuyiphi na imeko iya kuba "kunyikima-up 'kwezibonelelo Central Asia kunye nokwandisa kakhulu yokuthutha traffic evela China: Not kubaluleke kangaka, apho iya kwenzeka le New Silk Road. Impumelelo Amaqhinga ubunye kunye nozinzo, kuphela kunokwenzeka kwi Silk Road, singqiniwe ngokwembali. Babhukuqwa, iimfazwe phakathi kweentlanga zikhokelele kuye esiphelweni, kwaye navigation - nokungabikho ebango. Imizamo eyalandela ukuphinda indlela ngaphandle umbutho kwinqanaba lengingqi, nokuba akukho zatsho phantsi.

Central Asia bekusoloko nqanaba elinomdla Russian. Ukuhlangabezana of China kunye Russian Federation - umbuzo kunokuba nzima. Akucaci, njengoko ifuthe Silk Road kwi-Customs Union kunye SCO. Kuxhomekeka kwisikhundla sokuba Kazakhstan, iziko lengingqi of Central Asia.

ERashiya indima kule projekthi

On the yamandulo Silk Road, China yaba kumazwe angaphandle kuphela. indlela Modern owayephambi yayo, lunomahluko kanye ngumnqweno kumdibaniso. Xa iintetho e Moscow, ixesha lokuqala China abanikezelayo eRashiya ukuba asebenzise izibonelelo inyoba kwezoqoqosho ngeenjongo zokuthengisa. Russia kubonakala ukuba ukufikelela amazibuko kwi New Silk Road, kwaye uza kuthatha inxaxheba yokuhamba kwempahla. Kakade ke, indlela China elisombulula omnye wemisebenzi ibalulekileyo - ukunika amandla okuqhubela phambili uphuhliso kunye ukubandakanywa kuqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe nemimandla yasentshona.

Russia on the New Silk Road de ibonakala kuphela iqabane, umniki izinto ekrwada, ukuba sendleleni. Kuba kuphuhliso "indlela" ufuna isicwangciso holistic. Urhulumente, izicwangciso zayo kwiinkampani ngamnye akwanelanga, kufuneka enobunye Isicwangciso-qhinga. Ngenxa China baba umfanekiso omhle le projekthi, kodwa izinto ngokwenene kakhulu ezintle iRashiya.

Emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR, sesihambe ukusuka Central Asia kunye ukusombulula iingxaki zangaphakathi. China lokuhlanganisa waseka Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. ithi Small boyika China, ngoko kokuphepha kwi-ajenda. China yaphakamisa imiba yezoqoqosho enxulumene lorhwebo olukhululekileyo, imida ezivulekileyo. SCO wayeza kuba monopolist kule ngingqi, ukuba ukuyilwa le yaseYurophu Economic Union, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iRussia izicwangciso ukuthanda kunye sobuchule Central Asia. Namhlanje, i SCO kunye EAEC yiprojekthi kuphela Central Asia, yaye ithemba yesibini ngakumbi kuphuhliso, ngoko China i-thethane.

Xi Jinping isaziso izindululo eziliqela wahlaba umtyangapho wekhwelo lokumanywa bommandla yezoqoqosho elizayo kunye EAEC. Le mbono uxhaswe Vladimir Putin. UMongameli waye noluvo lokuba zombini iiprojekthi kunye kuya kuba negalelo enamandla umsebenzi lwezoqoqosho kummandla Eurasia. iiprojekthi Ludityanisiwe ziya kusekelwa phezu SCO, nayo leyo kuzisa China isikhundla phambili.

Amathuba Draft eRussia

Iprojekthi New Eyisilika Road kuza kuba negalelo ekwandiseni urhwebo kunye zophuhliso lomhlaba kunye nokuthuthwa zaselwandle yayo nothungelwano ngayo Russia. Ukuze wenze oku, ukwakha izibonelelo udibaniso. Namhlanje, urhulumente Russian uyabasindisa mali, kuquka amanxeba emva imali eyabiweyo ukwakhiwa.

ERashiya ukujoyina indlela iyonke ixhomekeke iqondo yophuhliso nololiwe yesizwe. Kwacetywa ukuba Silk Road entsha nge Russia kuya kuMbindi, Urals Southern kunye neendawo zengingqi emantla, apho kukho ulwakhiwo kwindlela Northern latitudinal. Ukuba nokwenzeka nokokunweba umgca onqumla umgca "Midnight - OB" ku Kazakhstan kunye neTshayina. Severnyy phambene iza kuhlanganiswa 'ndlela' ngolwandle okanye umhlaba, kodwa kuphela ukuba azalisekise iimeko maxesha w / net d.

Transport UMphathiswa Sokolov, umbuzo ke wavuswa malunga yotshintsho BAM kunye Trans-aseSiberia Railway, nto leyo iza kudala omkhulu-isantya w / d umendo "Moscow - Beijing", kodwa ke imali leyo kulindeleke. Ngowe-2015, ngokwesicwangciso, i-Trans-aseSiberia kunye nezezimali izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa wayeza kuba akukho engange ngaphantsi kwama-21 ezigidi., Enyanisweni, abelwe 16 bhiliyoni.

Omnye ukufakwa Russia ngayo lweenketho ku New Silk Road bazitshitshisela kunye ukupheliswa iprojekthi yokwakha uyezibuko iCrimea. ECrimea abe isiseko zorhwebo kunye kwindawo entsha yendlela umnxeba yorhwebo eYurophu. Silk Road kumhlaba kuyo nayiphi na imeko iza kuhamba ngenye yezi kumazwe aseYurophu, apho kulula ukuba bawaphikise ukutshintsha kwamandla kunye sendleleni yokutshixa. Umzekelo, Southern flow stop eBulgaria. Ukufumaneka isiseko yorhwebo eCrimea kuya kuvumela ukuba batshintshe ukuhamba kwempahla ngokusebenzisa naliphi na ilizwe.

New Eyisilika Road yokucima eRussia

Ukraine udize iinjongo zakhe ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kule projekthi "Silk Road" njengomthetheli kuba umthwalo ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eYurophu. Ngokutsho Mikheil Saakashvili, nokuphuma zorhwebo izinto zihamba kakuhle ngakumbi ukuba kuthunyelwa kwizibuko Ilyichevsk njengoko kwempahla neenkonzo ngokusebenzisa ziintsuku hayi ngaphezulu kwe-9, yaye Russia - iintsuku ezingama-30. Saakashvili wagxininisa ukuba umsebenzi sele sithethayo nokwakhiwa kweendlela kwi-EU, ngokusebenzisa Dniester ichweba iyakhiwa ibhulorho enkulu.

China sele kakhulu phambili ekuphunyezweni uhlobo olusisiseko ndlela: Kazakhstan - Azerbaijan - Georgia - Turkey. Ukusuka China, ngokudlulisela ummandla Russia kwafika uvavanyo inkonkxa train Nomadexpress, i-3500 km yokugqibela ngeentsuku ezintlanu - nge Kazakhstan, uLwandle lweCaspian ukuya kwisitishi Kishly (kufutshane Baku). Le track yesibini New Silk Road wacanda Iran, eli lesithathu (kwi kummandla Russia eMoscow eSt Petersburg) kusaxoxwa. Le ndlela yokugqibela kuluncedo kakhulu: ibe mfutshane kunezinye ezimbini. Ukongeza, eRashiya, Belarus kunye Kazakhstan zifakiwe EAEC. Umbuzo-nxaxheba Russian kule projekthi isonjululwe ixesha elide, isibhengezo isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngoMeyi 2015.

Option with "geqe" China ibona eyamkelekileyo. Unozakuzaku Chinese wathi iibhanki Chinese uzimisele ukudela $ 20 bhiliyoni izibonelelo Ukraine. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba kukho entsha Silk Road yokucima ummandla Russian Federation? Silinde sibone. Kucacile ukuba China uyakucinga iinketho eziliqela indlela, njengoko ngaphambili.

Direction "Kazakhstan - Russian Federation - Belarus 'eyinzuzo eTshayina, kodwa iRashiya ujoyine i" New Silk Road "ingqiqo nokukhusela ezabo izinto enxulumene EAEC. Ukraine esivumelana ngokwenene amalungiselelo ezothutho, kodwa akukho ezifanelekileyo utyalo enkulu ngenxa kozinzo yayo. umdlalo China kunye "Square" uqinisa isikhundla China xa uthetha-thethwano kunye Russian Federation. Kakade ke, le ndlela "Kazan - Moscow - eSt Petersburg ..." on the Silk Road iza kuxoxwa.