Superclass Pisces: iimpawu uphawu ubume lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle

Fish - oku elona qela likhulu kwi ukungafani iintlobo chordates zasemanzini, nto leyo nayo kakhulu yamandulo. Iintlanzi ahlale phantse yonke amanzi kunye netyiwa. Zonke iinkqubo zabo omzimba ziqhelana ebomini kwindawo emanzini. Ngokutsho eyamkelekileyo lwezenzululwazi Ukuhlelwa Pisces bobabo egunyeni eukaryotes, izilwanyana kunye nohlobo Chordates. Cinga ngenyameko superclass.

izigqubuthelo zomzimba

I engaphandle cover umzimba intlanzi - oko ulusu kunye esikalini. Amatyala kusuku enqabileyo xa izikali zilahlekile okanye ilungiswe. Le ulusu yahlulwe dermis kunye sangaphandle. Sangaphandle lo superclass Pisces hayi horny.

Xa ekumisweni isikali ngayo indima ephambili ngoku udlalwa nge dermis. Ezi izikali ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke grade iintlanzi kuyo elimfaneleyo.

• ezikalini Placoid uba iklasi intlanzi Cartilaginous. Le ibandakanya dentin, lwawo camera. Yile hlobo isikali ngexesha yendaleko baba amazinyo ookrebe ray. Ekubeni ilahleko kwisikali link ayiyi kuphila.
• Ganoid scales uphawu Sturgeon squad. It is a ipleyiti ithambo ganoinom camera. isikrweqe okunjalo ngokupheleleyo umzimba.
• Kosmoidnaya isikali esiyibona Crossopterygii kunye neentlobo lungfish. Le ibandakanya Cosmina kunye dentin.

Umbala izilwanyana superclass Pisces kunokuba zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Izilwanyana ukuze ube nombala ofanayo, kwaye inemibalabala, anokuba enorhatyazo ukuba angaboni, okanye, icala, isilumkiso ingozi imibala.

inkqubo Musculoskeletal

inkqubo Musculoskeletal kuvumela intlanzi ukwenza intshukumo kwaye ukutshintsha imeko-bume. Amathambo iintlanzi yahlukile ezisentlabathini amathambo isilwanyana. ukhakhayi lakhe izinto angaphezu kwamashumi amane elinokushukuma ngokuzimeleyo. Oku kuvumela isilwanyana ukutsala nizihlabe emhlathini ngamanye amaxesha ngokubanzi kakhulu.

Ngumqolo ibandakanya omqolo ngamnye, hayi ezinyibilikiswe kunye. Yahlulahlulwe yaba buti nomsila macandelo. Xa udlula amandla uqhuba kudala ephikweni sentlanzi. Zahlula-hlulwe ngababini (thoracic, esiswini) kunye unpaired (amanakani, ezimpundu, caudal). Xa abameli nokudleka fin superclass iqulathe reyi nokudleka, leyo Simanywe inwebu. Izihlunu kunceda ukwandisa, ukudibanisa uze ulisonge njengoko uthanda iintlanzi.

Bequbha zasemanzini sibamba kunokwenzeka kwizihlunu. Bona kuyehla, uthabathe loo ntlanzi ihamba phambili. Izihlunu zahlulwe izihlunu "slow" "fast". Eyokuqala Imfuneko nichithe qubha, iculwa. Second - kuba uphakamisa fast and enamandla.

Luvo yeentlanzi

Ubuchopho iintlanzi yahlulwe yangamacandelo. Ngamnye kubo umsebenzi okhethekileyo;

1. Yangaphambili ibandakanya esiphakathi nesokugqibela. Kweli candelo zilahlwe ibhalbhu ukuqgiba. Befumana imiyalezo evela kwi amalungu yangaphandle seyiphi. Fish ngenkuthalo usebenzisa ivumba lo gama kuzingela, ndiwenze banzi ibhalbhu.
2. Obuphakathi ngamandlakazi waso lobe optical.
3. Le gland yahlulahlulwe kwiCerebellum kunye Medulla.

Umnqonqo ke abameli superclass Pisces uthatha yonke ubude lomqolo.

kwegazi

Uninzi abameli babe superclass ejikeleza enye intliziyo-zawo ezimbini. igazi sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo, oko edlulisela igazi entliziyweni ngokusebenzisa iimpumlo kunye kwizihlunu zomzimba. Heart intlanzi esahlula ngokupheleleyo igazi esimbaxa ioksijini-zizityebi namahlwempu lwemithambo.

Iqela elilawula intliziyo kwiintlanzi alandela omnye komnye yaye wayizalisa ngegazi lwemithambo. Yeyona sinus venosus, intendelezo, ventricle infundibulum. Igazi uyakwazi ukuya kwicala elinye kuphela - ukususela sine ye cone. Ngokwenza njalo, oko kunceda izivalo ezizodwa.

Izidumbu exchange igesi iintlanzi

Kwakukhuhlwa lentlanzi - i-organ ephambili kunaniselwano gas. Bona elise emacaleni emlonyeni. Xa iintlanzi bony, ziza kukhutshwa yi-inshorensi kumculo, abanye - bakhululekile ukuvula ngaphandle. Xa umoya iigilizi, amanzi aye emlonyeni uze nakwiingqameko dj. Emva koko kwakhona kuvela ngalo Ekungeneni iigilizi yeentlanzi.

Ubume bale iigilizi yile: babe inwebu semi-akubonakali kwakugcwele imithambo yegazi, kwaye afumaneka kwi nakwiingqameko zalo ezinqinileyo. Gill zixhobo, nizele kwenethiwekhi zincinane emithanjeni, inceda iintlanzi uzive ngakumbi ngokukhululeka ngaphantsi kwikholam kwamanzi.

Ngaphandle intlanzi kumculo nokuphefumla ungasebenzisa enye indlela yokuchaza gas:

• Fish ezidla ukuze sifeze wotshintshiselwano igesi nge kumphezulu ngesikhumba.
• Ezinye zezinto eziphilayo imiphunga ukuba awuthintele umoya humidified.
• Ezinye iintlanzi ukuphefumla umoya ngokuzimeleyo.

wenza njani ometyiso yeentlanzi?

Fish mbambeni ukutya uze ubambe amazinyo ukuba ibekwe kwisisu ngomlomo (as in lomqolo ezininzi). Esebenzisa umqala emphinjeni engena ukutya isisu. Apho iphathwa anejusi esiswini kunye nee-enzayim eziqulathwe apha. Okulandelayo, ukutya eshenxela emathunjini. zaso befakwa ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa cloaca (ingquza).

Yintoni nilaluse abemi bume emanzini? Ukukhetha libanzi kakhulu;

• fish ezitya utyani zitya lona lisiza kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana zasemanzini. Abanye babo ukuze badle kunye ezincinane (ezifana zeCARP).
• iintlanzi ezingabahlaseli zingatya kwizidalwa, iintshulube ezahlukeneyo, molluscs, intlanzi kunye, ke, enye intlanzi, ezincinane.
• Ezinye iintlanzi ukutshintsha ukhetho yazo incasa ubomi, umzekelo, eselula ukutya ezincinane kuphela, kwakunye omdala - intlanzi encinci. Kukho iintlanzi yokuphanga ukuba ondle ectoparasites kuphela. Bekhetha ukuzingela iindawo apho "abacoci" uze uzitye kunye namaqumrhu yeentlanzi parasitized.

Inkqubo excretory yeentlanzi

ngeke ibe ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwenkcazelo kweenkqubo liqumrhu excretory iimpawu superclass Pisces. Ubomi emanzini ibangela intlanzi ezininzi iingxaki kunye osmoregulation. Ngaphezu koko, ezi ngxaki zixhaphakile zombini ahlambulukileyo ndifuze nentlanzi ngokufanayo. neentlanzi Cartilaginous ezi ISO-osmotic. Xi ityuwa emzimbeni babo lingaphantsi olubiyele eliphakathi. Uxinzelelo osmotic ke equalized ngenxa isiqulatho eliphezulu urea egazini intlanzi kunye trimetilaminoksida. A ndzo aphantsi ityuwa yeklasi cartilaginous inkxaso umsebenzi umhlaza efakwa kunye zinomgutyulo sezintso of neetyuwa.

fish bony akukho isoosmotic. Ekuhambeni zazivelela, bakwazi ukuphuhlisa indlela apho retards okanye ion kukukhupha. uhlobo Biology chordal kunceda imveliso iintlanzi elwandle eSalt ngaphandle. Oku kungenxa yokuba iintlanzi ulahlekelwe ngamanzi. ion chloride kunye ion isodiyam ofakwe iigilizi, nezinki kunye sulfates - izintso.

angenawo unayo indlela eyahlukileyo. Ityuwa yoxinaniso umzimba zezidalwa ngaphezulu kokusingqongileyo. Ezi uxinzelelo osmotic into equalized ngokuthi bucala isixa esikhulu urea aze asithimbe ion efanelekileyo ethathwe iigilizi space zolwelo.

Superclass Pisces: njani na uphinda-phindo?

Iintlanzi babe iintlobo eziliqela yokuzala. Makhe siqwalasele nganye ngokweenkcukacha.

1. ukuzala bunjalo - lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, ngokwesini ezimbini bahlukane iintlanzi ngokucacileyo. Ngokufuthi oko babone yi imbonakalo yazo (umzekelo, umbala). Amaninzi, iimpawu zesini zasesekondari kukho into eyindoda. Bayakwazi azibonakalisa umahluko phakathi inkunzi ngokobukhulu nemazi, umahluko phakathi amalungu omzimba (umzekelo, ephikweni elide). Iinkunzi kunye yokuzala ulala kunokuba oyedwa, bakhokele isithembu okanye unxibelelwano mgaqweni ingalawuleki (ukuziphatha).
2. Androgyny - kula intlanzi ngesondo ubomi unako tshintsho. Protoandrii ekuqaleni ebomini eyindoda, ngoko ke amabhinqa akamelwanga kuhlengahlengiswa yomzimba. Protogyny - oluthile androgyny, xa zonke amaduna namathokazi kuguquka.
3. Gynogenesis - indlela yokuzala ngenxa iintlobo imelwe kuphela nabasetyhini. Senzeka kunqabile kwindalo.

Iintlanzi ikwazi ukuzandisa ngokusebenzisa ukuzalwa ephilileyo, yaytserozhdeniya ovoviviparity.

Class of Bone Fish

Superclass Pisces yahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: intlanzi cartilaginous ezinqinileyo.

fish bony - iqela elikhulu ekuyo. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-19.000. amathambo abo nokudleka. Kwezinye iimeko, amathambo usenokuba intlala, kodwa ngoko lomelelzwa. Xa iintlanzi bony abe lwesinye qubha. Kule klasi, ngaphezulu kwama-40 iiyunithi. Ndixelele banzi kakhulu ezininzi.

• Sturgeon squad kuquka intlanzi yamandulo ezinqinileyo ezifana Intlanzi, ukutya, sturgeon. Ahluke bhuqe ekhoyo kunye umlomo kwicala ventral umzimba. Roth kuthatha uhlobo a noqhoqhoqho ezinqamlezayo. Isiseko asemzimbeni - le intlala. Le ntlanzi ithandwa bahlala kuphela kumntla ikhweyitha.
• Clupeiformes squad - yeyona esikolweni ulwandle iintlanzi awadli kwizidalwa. Herring, herring, sardines, anchovies - intlanzi yorhwebo. Zibeka amaqanda emhlabeni okanye lisiza.
• Salmoniformes squad - iintlanzi amatsha ukuba ujungujungu emazantsi. Igcwele eMntla saseNtla. Ingaba iintlanzi ezixabisekileyo zorhwebo kunye inyama emnandi kunye caviar. abameli Key - salmon, chuma salmon, nesalmon pink, trout, trout emdaka.
• Imiyalelo carps - yintlanzi amanzi ngaphandle amazinyo umhlathi. Ukutya, Batyunyuzwa pharyngeal amazinyo. Kwecala kuquka intlanzi zorhwebo (Roach, bream, ling, ide) kunye neentlanzi nase kwi amadama (zeCARP, zeCARP, isilivere crucian).
• lungfish wona - iqela endala. Ngaba ukuphefumla ngokusebenzisa iimpumlo kunye nemiphunga (lunamaqoqo kuthembeke eludongeni kuvuleke iminxunya). Bona apha naphaya abahlala kumazwe ashushu, nokuzisula namachibi. abameli Bright komyalelo - le lungfish Australian kunye Queensland Lungfish South American.

neentlanzi cartilaginous

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi intlanzi cartilaginous ezinqinileyo axhomekeke isakhiwo amathambo, ukungabikho okanye ubukho kumaqweqwe kumculo lizokudada isinye. Class of fish cartilaginous thaca abemi kweelwandle, ezo skeleton ubomi cartilaginous. Ekubeni kungekho isinye qubha, abameli kule kudidi ukuqubha esebenzayo, ukuze ukutshona. njani Intlanzi, umlomo na uhlobo kwiindawo zokubeka ezinqamlezayo, kukho empumlweni.

neentlanzi Cartilaginous kuquka looding ezimbini kuphela. It sharks ray. Shaka inomzimba-ezimile imilo umzimba - baba neendadi esebenzayo kunye amarhamncwa ezoyikekayo. Imihlathi yazo enamandla namaqhosha yamazinyo abukhali. Kulo mzekelo, ooKrebe inkulu awadli kwizidalwa.

Stingrays unawo umzimba atshabalalisa iigilizi esiswini. Le amaphiko lentlanzi linyuke kakhulu. Rays ukondla izilwanyana benthic kunye nentlanzi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo lokuloba kunye nokhuselo lwabo

Iintlanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ebomini bomntu, leyo yenye ukutya okusisiseko. Nyaka ngamnye ehlabathini lonke ivunwe malunga 60 million tons yeentlanzi. Kulo mzekelo, uninzi bonke hlasi Clupeiformes, cod kunye mackerel.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngobanjiso intlanzi ngonyuka lifinyele. Oku kungenxa kukwehla kwemeko eziphilayo ehlabathini. Stocks ukuba osemanzini ngenxa yokuloba kakhulu, ukutshatyalaliswa ezinye iintlobo zentlanzi, ungcoliseko kweendawo amaqanda, ubuthi, iityuwa metal enzima. Ngokuthe ngcembe ubuntu ihamba ukusuka olungalawulwayo zibambe kwifama intlanzi nje into yorhwebo.

Impumelelo kakuhle ekukhuliseni ukufuya zisekelwe kude emva kwimbali. Ukuba unolawulo olupheleleyo phezu ukulinywa iimveliso ezivela mibala ukuze iimveliso zingathengiswa. Fish wakhulela kwamachibi ngumntu ukulungiselela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo: ukutyetyiswa, kwabantwana, isiCoci-njalo. Kukwakho amachibi ezikhethekileyo amaqanda. Zazinjalo ubungakanani amancinane esotha kakuhle.