Sulfated acid: iipropati ifomula nemichiza

Omnye asidi kwezimbiwa yokuqala, leyo waziwa emntwini - i-sulphuric acid, okanye sulfate. nje kuphela, kodwa uninzi neetyuwa zayo zisetyenziswa ukwakha, amayeza, ishishini ngokutya ukulungiselela iinjongo zobugcisa. Ukuza kuthi ga kule nkalo, akukho nto iye yatshintsha. iimpawu eziliqela anazo sulphate acid, yenza kube lula sele syntheses imichiza. Ukongezelela, phantse onke amacandelo oshishino kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla zisetyenziswa iityuwa zayo. Ngoko ke, esiza kuxubusha ngayo iinkcukacha ntoni na nokuba yintoni na iimpawu oluboniswe iipropati.

Iintlobo lwamagama

Masiqalise nesibakala sokuba amagama kule into eninzi. Phakathi kwabo abo ezenziwa nokuhlelwa obengo, kunye nabo ngokwembali. Ngenxa yoko, le ezimbaxa ubizwa ngokuba:

• sulphate acid;
• vitriol;
• sulphuric acid;
• oleum.

Nangona igama elithi "oleum" ayifaneleki ngokupheleleyo ngenxa iziyobisi kuba ngumxube sulphuric acid kunye oxide aphezulu nesalfure - SO _3.

sulphate acid: ifomula ezinto eziphilayo kunye nesakhiwo

Kweli qela lwezifinyezi kwemichiza ukubhala formula kwalo acid kusenokuba njalo: H ₂ SO _4. Kucacile ukuba molecule ubunjwe ukuse- hydrogen ezimbini namasalela anion asidi - sulfate ion ukuba ityala 2+.

Ngaloo ngaphakathi molecule, unxibelelwano ilandelayo:

• covalent polar phakathi isalfure ioksijini;
• covalent ngamandla ezibandayo phakathi hydrogen namasalela asidi SO _4.

Sera ukuba 6 electron unpaired kwenza iibhondi ezimbini kabini athom ezimbini oksijini. Nokuba isibini - olunye, kunye nabo nayo - a hydrogen enye. Ngenxa yoko lobume molecule liyayivumela ukuba ibe ibingenamongo ngokwaneleyo. Kwangaxeshanye, lo zesiqinisekiso hydrogen mobile kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuya, kuba isalfure oxygen inkulu kakhulu electronegativity. Bawurhuqa loxinano electron ngokwayo, zinikeza hydrogen buso umrhumo ngendlela eyakhayo, xa ukungena lugqityiwe. Ngenxa yoko kwasekwa izisombululo acid apho i H ^+.

Ethetha igcwala ithi izakhi umchiza, ifomula sulfate asidi apho H ₂ SO _4, ngokulula ivumela ukubalwa: hydrogen y +1, y -2 ioksijini, isalfure kwi +6.

Njengoko na molecule, intlawulo net ngu zero.

History of izovela

Sulfate acid yaziwa abantu ukususela maxesha amandulo. Nkqu abenzi bamachiza bakwazi ukufumana oko iindlela ezahlukeneyo calcining sulfate. Ukususela ngenkulungwane IX, abantu bewiselwe kwaye wayesebenzisa lo mgubo. Kamva eYurophu Albertus Magnus wafunda ndikhuphe acid kwinkqubo yokubola sulphate yentsimbi.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi ndlela leyo ongenakunceda nto. Emva koko Waziwa ekuthiwa-njini egumbini lwalo. Ngokuba lo sulphur evuthayo kunye nitrate, kunye umphunga bavela wendele amanzi. Ngenxa yoko, sulphate acid ndakubumba.

Kamva, amaNgesi bakwazi ukufumana indlela ibiza ukufumana kweziyobisi. We wasebenzisa pyrite - Fès _2, pyrites yentsimbi. beqhumisa Kwalo indlela esilandelayo mpilo nangoku ungomnye iinkqubo zoshishino ibaluleke kakhulu kudibaniso kwe-sulphuric acid. izinto ezinjalo ekrwada ufikelelo olungaphaya, ezifikelelekayo kunye nomgangatho wemveliso umthamo omkhulu.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Kukho iinketho eziliqela, kuquka lwangaphandle, nto leyo yahluke kwezinye sulfate acid. Iipropati Physical linokuchazwa nje iingongoma ezimbalwa:

1. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, - ulwelo.
2. Xa urhulumente wamandla kunzima, olunamafutha, apho wabizwa ngokuba "ngeoli vitriol".
3. Ukusetyenziswa Density - 1,84 g / cm ^3.
4. It has akukho umbala okanye ivumba.
5. It inaso isicwangciso esiqinileyo 'yobhedu' incasa.
6. It enyibilikayo emanzini kakuhle kakhulu, phantse mda.
7. Hygroscopic, ukuba uyakwazi ukufaka amanzi simahla wabopha ukusuka emzimbeni.
8. Le nonvolatile.
9. abilayo - 296 ° ^C.
10. Ukunyibilika kwi 10.3 ^° C

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kule compound kukuba layo ukuphilisa kunye kwakhululwa isixa esikhulu ubushushu. Yiyo loo nto nditsho esikolweni, abantwana bafundiswa ukuba amanzi yongezwe asidi kunjalo akunakwenzeka, kodwa nje eyahlukileyo. Ngapha koko, amanzi esingaphantsi ezixineneyo, ngoko ke baziqwebele phezu komhlaba. Ukuba kakhulu uyifaka esiti, basabela nto inokuyiphelisa ngaphandle amandla kakhulu ukuba amanzi iqalisa ubilise kwaye kutshizwa kunye amasuntswana kwento eziyingozi. Oku kunokubangela ukutsha yemichiza kakhulu eluswini kwezandla.

Kufuneka ke ngoko ukuba kuthotha ugalele acid emanzini, ngoko ke umxube eshushubeziwe ngamandla, kodwa abilayo ayenzeki, yaye ngenxa yoko ngaphakathi kakhulu.

iipropati chemical

Ukususela imbono imichiza, le asidi unamandla kakhulu, ingakumbi ukuba bagxila isisombululo. It dibasic, kunjalo stepwise dissociates ukwakha anion gidrosulfat- kunye sulfate.

Ngokubanzi, intsebenziswano kwayo iikhompawundi ezahlukahlukeneyo nayo yonke abasabela ezisisiseko ngokuqhelekileyo yale iklasi yezinto. Kukho imizekelo quadratic eziliqela leyo inxaxheba sulphate acid. Iipropati Chemical ziyabonakala intsebenziswano yawo:

• iityuwa;
• oxides metal kunye hydroxides;
• oxides amphoteric kunye hydroxides;
• iintsimbi emi kuthotho electrochemical ukuya hydrogen.

Ngenxa yoko leendibano ezinjalo phantse kuzo zonke iimeko iityuwa abangenagama kwakheka acid (sulfates), okanye emuncu (sulfates hydrogen).

Eyona ezizodwa kwakhona into yokuba metal ngendlela eqhelekileyo Me + H ₂ SO ₄ = eziphakathi ₄ + H ₂ ↑ isisombululo ukwimo ngayo, ngamanye yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano acid. Ukuba thatha kanzulu okanye kakhulu befumile (oleum), iimveliso indlela zahluke kakhulu.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kwe-sulphuric acid

Ezi ziquka nje kanzulu izisombululo intsebenziswano kunye nesinyithi. Ngoko ke, kukho umzobo obonisa yonke umgaqo ezi khemikhali:

1. Ukuba metal iyasebenza, umphumo uba ukuyilwa hydrogen sulphide, iityuwa kunye namanzi. Oko kukuthi, nesulfure kuyehla ku -2.
2. Ukuba umsebenzi umndilili intsimbi, isiphumo - isalfure, ityuwa kunye namanzi. Oko kukuthi, uvuselelo sulfate ion ukuya nesalfure free.
3. Iintsimbi msebenzi eliphantsi chemical (emva hydrogen) - sulphur dioxide, ityuwa kunye namanzi. I-sulphur in igcwala zikarhulumente +4.

Kwakhona iimpawu ezizodwa sulfate asidi aba ukukwazi oxidize ezinye non-isinyithi ukuya phezulu igcwala imeko yabo zisenokuxabana iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo oxidizing ukuba izinto ezilula.

Iindlela ngokwenza kushishino

inkqubo sulphate sulphuric acid ubunjwe iintlobo ezimbini:

• pin;
• inqaba.

Zombini ezi ndlela ixhaphakileyo kushishino ehlabathini lonke. Lwalo lokuqala isekelwe lisebenzisa izinto ekrwada pyrites zentsimbi okanye sulphur pyrite - Fès _2. Xa iyonke kukho izigaba ezithathu:

1. Calcination kwezinto ekrwada ukwenza njengoko siyimveliso ukutshiswa sulphur dioxide.
2. Watyhutyha le gas ngokusebenzisa umoya phezu ngumnxibelelanisi vanadium zenze sulphur trioxide - SO _3.
3. Nenqaba Ukunciphisa lwenziwa ukuchitha acetic kwi ngesisombululo sulfate acid kunye nesisombululo high xi Ukwakheka - oleum. ulwelo enzima kakhulu zamafu ezinamafutha.

A ngobuwena yesibini - phantse ngokufanayo, kodwa kwenitrojeni zisetyenziswa kuvala. Ngokwemiqathango yemida ezifana nomgangatho wemveliso, iindleko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusulungeka izinto ekrwada, ukusebenza, indlela yokuqala iphumelela ngakumbi kwaye kwamkelekile, ngoko ke isetyenziswa rhoqo.

laboratory Synthesis

Ukuba ufuna ukufumana sulphuric acid hi mpimo lowutsongo ukuvavanywa kwilebhu, indlela engcono ukusebenzisana emanzini sulfates metal engasebenziyo.

Kule meko, ukuyilwa emanzini ayoni, kwaye kwasekwa njenge eceleni kwe-sulphuric acid. Kuba izifundo ezincinane ezinjalo khetho efanelekileyo, kodwa ukusulungeka loo acid kuya kubakho ezahlukeneyo.

Kwakhona elabhoratri ingaba impendulo esemgangathweni kwi izisombululo sulfate. Eyona reagent iqhelekileyo a chloride barium, ekubeni Ba ²⁺ ion kunye anion sulfate ngokwemvula kwi kwenze ezimhlophe - ubisi barite: H ₂ SO ₄ + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + BaSO ₄ ↓

Ityuwa kakhulu

Sulfated acid kunye sulfates leyo yenza, ukuba iikhompawundi ezibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi mveliso kunye nendlu, kuquka ukutya. Le iityuwa acid kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo sulphuric zezi zilandelayo:

1. Isichumisi (lelabhastile, selenite). igama Chemical - zolwelo hydrated calcium sulphate. Ifomula: CaSO _4. Oku kusetyenziswa ukwakha, amayeza, yintlama kunye noshishino nephepha, eyimveliso ubucwebe.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium sulfate. Isisombululo a kwenze iMilky. In uhlobo isiqina - crystals ngaphaya. Ezisetyenziswa izixhobo ezisebenzisa, imitha X-ray, kuba ekwenziweni ukutyabeka zokwambathisa ezikhoyo.
3. Mirabilite (ityuwa Glauber ngayo). igama Chemical - crystalline sodium sulphate decahydrate. Ifomula: Na ₂ SO ₄ * 10H ₂ O. Isetyenziswa amayeza nje isisu.

Umntu baya- njengemizekelo neetyuwa ezininzi, abalulekileyo pfunaka. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngasentla ekhankanywe - yeyona ixhaphakileyo.

okwakhiwa utywala

Le nto isisombululo oluthi luqokelelane yi unyango wobushushu beenkuni, ngamanye kwincindi. Eyona njongo iphambili yale uqhagamshelo - ukufumana isepha yayo utywala ngokuthi balungise. Le khemikhali Ukwakhiwa utywala sulfate ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• emahlamvini;
• acids okunamafutha ezililize;
• sulfides, kloride, carbonates kunye sulfates sodium.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zemathiriyeli: amhlophe namnyama okwakhiwa utywala. White uya Intlama nePhepha shishino, kwaye emnyama esetyenziselwa isepha utywala abamnyama kolu shishino.

izicelo Main

Imveliso ye-sulphuric acid ngonyaka Iitoni yezigidi-160. Ngonyaka ngamnye. Oku oyintsobi ebalulekileyo kakhulu, nto leyo ibonisa ukubaluleka kunye nokwanda kwalo ezimbaxa. Kukho amashishini eziliqela kunye neendawo apho kuyimfuneko ukusetyenziswa sulphate acid:

1. Ibhetri njengoko electrolyte, ingakumbi phambili.
2. Kwizityalo apho sulphate nomanyolo. Ubuninzi esiti kanye nokuveliswa kwezityalo kwezimbiwa ukutyebisa. Ngoko ke, ukubu- ukuba ukuveliswa kwe-sulphuric acid kunye nokuveliswa izichumisi badla wakhe osenyongweni.
3. Kushishino yokutya njenge emulsifier, okhethwe ikhowudi E513.
4. ezwi ezininzi organic njenge arhente dehydrating, kuvala. Ngoko ndizuze weziqhushumbisi, nentlaka, izicoci, nenayiloni, ezinepolypropylene kunye ethylene, idayi, imicu imichiza, esters kunye nezinye kusitsha.
5. Sebenzisa kwi izihluzi zokuhlanjululwa amanzi kunye nokuveliswa kwamanzi enkolo.
6. Isetyenziswa kwi nezokukhupha nokwenza izinto ezinqabileyo ukusuka nsimbi.

Kwakhona kakhulu kwe-sulphuric acid ichithwa iimvavanyo elebhu, apho iveliswa ngendlela yasekuhlaleni.