Suburbanization - na lo mbono? Yintoni umahluko ezidolophini, de-kwabantu ezidolophini kunye suburbanization?

Man - ngumntu, Kakade ke, zentlalo, efuna ubudlelane nabanye. Yiloo nto ehlabathini lonke buyaqhubeka 'flow' ukuya kwizixeko ezikhulu. Kwelinye icala, abantu - ukuba zendalo. Luyinto ebalulekileyo element zendalo, kwinkangeleko yendalo. Ngenxa yoko, imizi neendawo zendalo - ngaphandle kushishino kunye zeemoto kuhlala namhlanje nezamazembe emibini kuyo kugxile ubomi abantu namhlanje.

Kweli nqaku siza kuxubusha iingqiqo ezinxulumene kwicandelo yocwangciso lwedolophu. Yintoni suburbanization, de-ezidolophini kwabantu ezidolophini? Iyintoni na intsingiselo yala magama mathathu?

Meaning of "ezidolophini"

Igama elithi "ezidolophini" livela elithi "Urbhano" Latin, bona bubonakala "isixeko". Phantsi ezidolophini (ngokwengqiqo ebanzi) ukuqonda ukukhula indima sixeko kubomi babantu kunye noluntu. Ngengqiqo ayemxinwa, kuba yinkqubo sokukhula sabantu ezidolophini kunye 'ukuphuphuma' abantu abavela emaphandleni - kwizixeko megacities.

On ezidolophini, njengoko into lwentlalo-qoqosho kunye nenkqubo, yaqala inxaxheba ukuthetha phakathi zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, xa ipesenti yabemi ezidolophini baqala ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza. Isizathu sokuba oku kuphuhliso lwamashisini kwiidolophu, ukuvela ezi amatsha emisebenzi, kwakunye nokuphuhliswa imisebenzi yenkcubeko kunye nezemfundo kwiindawo ezisezidolophini.

Izazinzulu ziye ichonge imiba yeenkqubo ezidolophini, ezizezi:

• depopulation ye emaphandleni - esixekweni;
• inguqu zemizana - ematyotyombeni asezidolophini;
• ukuyilwa kwiindawo ezinkulu nepheleleyo ipoma sokubhatala.

Kwi lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na suburbanization, ukufudukela kwabantu, de-ezidolophini, ruralisation?" geourbanistika idibana isayensi - enye miba ibalulekileyo yejografi kwabantu kwala maxesha.

Nengqiqo "ezidolophini" izalana ngokusondeleyo lo mkhuba ekuthiwa ezidolophini ubuxoki, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba imimandla ezifana Latin America kunye mpuma Asia. Yintoni abafudukela lobuxoki. Eneneni, akukho nto ngqiqweni ukukhula izixeko, nto leyo ezingahambi ukwanda oluyimfuneko imisebenzi kunye nophuhliso nezibonelelo ezinxulumene nazo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu basemaphandleni kanye nje "indawo" kwizixeko ezikhulu. ezidolophini lobuxoki, ngokuqhelekileyo sikhatshwe yokwanda ukungaphangeli ukubonakala esixekweni ekuthiwa-njalo "ematyotyombeni" - ayenzelwanga iindawo zasezidolophini yesiqhelo umntu.

Umgangatho ezidolophini kumazwe ahlukeneyo

United Nations ISebe leMicimbi lezoQoqosho nezeNtlalo ngonyaka ulungisa rating elandelayo ezidolophini behlabathi. Ezi izifundo ziqhutywa, ukususela ngowe-1980.

Inqanaba ezidolophini - yipesenti yabantu ezidolophini ukuba abemi belizwe a. Kwaye asinguye efanayo kumazwe ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ngenxa yoko, izinga eliphezulu ezidolophini (ukuba ukuthatha urhulumente ezincinanana ingqalelo, ebandakanya isixeko enye) ayinakutshintshwa e Kuwait, Qatar, Belgium kunye yiMalta. Kuzo zonke ezi amazwe izalathi si zokunikwa ezidolophini lingaphezu 95%. Kwakhona, umgangatho ezidolophini kakhulu phezulu e Iceland, Argentina, eJapan, Sirayeli, Uruguay kunye Venezuela (ngasentla 90%).

inani Russian kwi simo njengoko uqikelelo UN ngama-74%. Ezantsi ezidolophini rated ibekwe Papua New Guinea kunye Burundi (kunye indices ezidolophini 12.6 no-11.5% ngokulandelelana). EYurophu, asezantsi izinga ezidolophini ekuso for Moldova (49 pesenti).

Ingcamango agglomeration ezidolophini

iindawo Metropolitan - into leyo kuhlangene kwinkqubo kwabantu ezidolophini. Le nkqubo wokuhlanganisa zokuhlala zasezidolophini ezingabamelwane kwinkqubo nehlangeneyo. Kule nkqubo, ukujikelezisa ezinzileyo olunzulu nonxibelelwano: imveliso, ezothutho, yenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko. iindawo Metropolitan - yenye yeenkqubo ezidolophini izigaba zendalo.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili agglomerations:

• monocentric (ezenziwa ngumongo engundoqo yesixeko);
• polycentric (zemali zokuhlala eziliqela ezidolophini elinganayo).

ezi mpawu zilandelayo uphawu ngenxa kummandla ombhaxa:

1. Ambaxa isixeko engundoqo kunye nezinye izixeko ezikufuphi nonxweme kwakunye needolophu (ngaphandle discontinuities ezibalulekileyo kagunyaziwe).
2. Umlinganiselo kweendawo eyakhelwe-up kummandla metropolitan kufuneka nakanjani ngaphezulu ipesenti lomhlaba wezolimo.
3. Kuba naliphi agglomeration luphawulwa beya yemihla ngemihla - ingqesho, imfundo, inkcubeko kunye nokhenketho.

Ngokutsho UN, kwiplanethi yethu, akukho ngaphantsi kwe 450 yemimandla embhaxa, ngalinye elihlala abantu ubuncinane kwesigidi. Le agglomeration inkulu ehlabathini awaziwa yi Metropolitan Area Tokyo, apho ekhaya ukuya malunga 35 yezigidi zabantu. Ilizwe ephambili inani lilonke agglomerations ezidolophini: China, eUnited States, India, Brazil naseRashiya.

agglomerations Urban eRussia

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, eRashiya kumgangatho karhulumente ukuba aye akukho accounting of agglomerations ezidolophini kweli lizwe. Ngoko ke, ubungqina ngalo mba inokuba nomahluko kancinane omnye komnye.

Noko ke, kummandla Russia yagqiba ama-22 agglomeration. I inkulu kubo yile ilandelayo (kwindawo yegama zibonisa inani elisondeleyo labantu):

1. EMoscow (16 m).
2. St. Petersburg (5.6M).
3. Samara-Toliattinskaya (2.3m).
4. Ekaterinburgskaya (2.2m).
5. Rostov (1.7m).

Ukuze Russian iindawo lwenqila obabuthandwa mveliso ophezulu intsimi, omnye kwinqanaba eliphezulu uphuhliso lwezibonelelo, kukho inani elikhulu kumaziko ophando kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo. Isambuku agglomerations eRussia monocentric, oko kukuthi, mnye, iziko eyahlukileyo, olawula zonke ezinye iilali kunye namadlelo.

Suburbanization: definition

Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa inxaxheba kwizifundo ezidolophini. Suburbanization - kukuba le mbono, yaye yintoni umongo wayo?

Eli binzana wangena ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo kwisiqingatha sesibini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Suburbanization - le meko sikhatshwa luphuhliso esebenzayo yemizana - imimandla akhiwe ngeenxa imizi emikhulu.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, liyanda inani labantu baqalisa ukuya ekupheleni dolophu, kude ingxolo mveliso kunye nomoya emdaka kufutshane kwinkangeleko yendalo. Ngelo xesha, aba "basemzini" musa aqale nokulima umhlaba kwaye ukukhulisa iinkuku. Baqhubekeka ukusebenza esixekweni, ndishumayela iiyure ezimbalwa ngosuku ngalunye ukuya nokubuya emsebenzini. Kakade ke, suburbanization kwenzeka ngenxa kuphela kuphuhliso motorization abaninzi.

Ukuvuka - ukuya suburbanization!

Kutshanje, iphephancwadi "The Economist" wapapasha inqaku umdla osihloko sithi "The Planet amadlelo." Ngokutsho okubhaliweyo nqaku, suburbanization - akukho nto kodwa "wazenza" ezidolophini! Ngapha koko, ihlabathi namhlanje kulo mzi kunye nemimandla embhaxa zikhule kuphela ngendleko amadlelo. Ngaphandle "The Economist" ubiza amabini kuphela sixeko mihla - ukuba London ne eTokyo.

Kwaye ngoku sinako ukubona umfanekiso umdla: ukuba kwiminyaka 30-40 edlulileyo ngaphandle kwezixeko ezinkulu ziye zaba 'ikhaya' ukuba ziqwempu ezithwaxwa yintlupheko labantu, kodwa ngoku zonke itshintshe iphambene. Kwaye ngoku iikota lwezindlu elite ngokuya zibonwa kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisezidolophini.

Yintoni i de-ezidolophini?

Okokugqibela, kufuneka ukujongana nesinye isigama. De-ezidolophini - inkqubo malunga ezidolophini (ukusuka French "dez" - uyaphika).

De-ezidolophini luphawulwa iinkqubo ze kunikwe kwakho labemi ngaphandle imizi. Ngengqiqo jikelele, lo gama lithetha kuphika ngendima entle kwizixeko eluntwini. Eyona njongo ephambili yale theory of de-ezidolophini - kukuba ukuphelisa yonke imizi emikhulu kwihlabathi.

Ekuphetheni ...

Ukuvuka, de-ezidolophini, suburbanization ... Onke la magama ziyajongwa kakhulu zinxulumene omnye komnye. Ukuba ezidolophini - yinkqubo yokuphucula indima sixeko kuluntu, lo suburbanization - kukuthi, phezu koko, kuphuma abemi kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisezidolophini.