Robert Haynlayn: ibhibliyografi, imisebenzi engcono

Enye mkhulu ababhali American - Robert Haynlayn - wazalelwa Missouri, ngoJulayi 7, 1907. Ibid wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe. Impembelelo inkulu malunga nokumiselwa ubuntu umntwana yaba uyisemkhulu wakhe, ekuqaleni, wafaka kuye uthando lokufunda, kunye, okwesibini, ukuphuhlisa neempawu ezintle kuye, ezifana ukuzibophelela kunye noxanduva. Zombini inkanuko wayedlala itshesi, ifundisa ukucinga.

Education and abazithandayo

Intsapho uRobert babomelele isiko lamaKristu, esi siphendu ngoko phezulu ngomoya engqongqo zamaPuritan. Yaba imfundiso yaseWisile, zithandwa kummandla US. Yayithetha ukuvalwa ukusela utywala kulo naliphi na inani, ukungcakaza, ukudanisa kakhulu ngakumbi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Heinlein emkile nje le migaqo engqongqo ezachaphazela abalinganiswa iincwadi zakhe.

Esikolweni, umntwana kakhulu uwuthandayo wenzululwazi ngqo: zemathematika, ngeenkwenkwezi, kunye eziphilayo. imbono lakhe yatshintsha xa wafunda kwemvelo kaCharles Darwin. E Kansas City, apho wayehlala khona, indawo yakhe ayithandayo yaba kwilayibrari karhulumente, apho Akusondela zonke iincwadi kunokwenzeka ngezi zihloko zingentla.

ukubunjwa

Robert Haynlayn wayenabantakwabo abathathu kunye noodade abathathu. Walandela umzekelo lenkulu - Rex - waza waya kukhonza emkhosini. umgomo kwakhe kwisixeko Annapolis, apho kwakukho United States Naval Academy. Inkqubo American of obhaliso basaqalayo kwezi yunivesithi ezimbini nzima. Ngokungafaniyo kwiiyunivesithi zokunxiba, apho ukuthumela imeyile ziyafuneka onke amaxwebhu ayimfuneko kwaye ufumane ingcebiso esihle congressmen ngubani likhuphe ulahlulo zokwamkelwa. Le meko nzima into yokuba, ngokutsho imithetho ukusuka kwenye usapho ukuya akhademi, umntu omnye kuphela ukusuka kwisizukulwana omnye bangamazi. Ngoko ke kakade ukuba umzalwana omdala, Rex, kodwa uRobert akazange anikezele waza wagubungela nabantu abafanelekileyo iileta kunye nezicelo.

Kulo wathabatha unyaka. Ngeli xesha, uRobert Haynlayn wafunda ikhosi enye kwiYunivesithi yase Missouri. Xa ikhademi waqalisa ukukhetha zicelo, kubonakala ukuba ifumene izicelo ezingama-50 ezivela kubantu-50 yaye omnye izicelo-50 ukusuka sicelo efanayo. Lo uRobert. Uye wangena ngempumelelo yaye wafudukela Bancroft Hall. Le midshipmen ihostele ekuthiwa, bahlala apho kabini.

umkhosi wezithuthi

kamva Service uya kubonakala kumsebenzi zombhali. Ngowe-1948 wabhala inoveli "Space yeCadet» (Space yeCadet - eRashiya kwakhona bubonakala "Space okhuselo"). Kule ncwadi, umbhali nozintyintya ezingqondweni nostalgic ixesha elichithwa kwi Navy ngokusebenzisa bemilo banga zabo. Ophambili imveliso iya beyeka isikolo, uze emva koko aye kwi hambo ukuya Venus.

Robert Haynlayn ngokwakhe umsebenzi wakhe yomkhosi wamanzi iqaphele ezininzi kwempumelelo ezikrelekrele. Ngaphandle yokuba ikwazile ukugcina iinkalo yemveli kwikharityhulam, ikwabizwa ukwenza ngokudubula, ukubiya wrestling. Kuzo zonke ezi ulwela, waba yintshatsheli akhademi yabo. Emva kokukhululwa igama lakhe kuluhlu lwe kabini kakhulu.

Izidanga kwi-Academy ngowe-1929, Heinlein wonyuselwa ukuba yibhanile kuwe. Yaba kwirenki junior igosa. Ngoxa umfundi ukuba umqeqeshwa kwiinkundla ezahlukeneyo - "Utah", "Oklahoma" yaye "Arkansas". Injongo yokuqala langoku wawafumana kwi yenethiwekhi moya "Lexington", kubandakanywa i-US Navy gaba. umsebenzi yakhe esweni umgangatho wonxibelelwano phakathi enqanaweni kunye moya. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wonakele ngenxa nobume bempilo - igosa oselula unesifo sephepha. Nasemva kokuba Robert wachacha, akazange avunyelwe ukuba abuyele inkonzo, yaye vekiweke umhlala-phantsi.

Ukuqala umsebenzi wokubhala

Ukwehluleka ngendlela eqhelekileyo yoshishino kunye namatyala-mboleko anikwe Heinlein inkuthazo ukuqalisa ukubhala nokupapasha imisebenzi yabo yobugcisa. Ngowe-1939 wathengisa ngayo sokupapasha ibali lakhe lokuqala "Life Line". Emva koko, wazakhela ubukhulu becala imisebenzi yokubhala, ukubekela bucala zonke ezinye ukuzenza.

"Ubomi Line" kubhaliweyo uhlobo yintsomi yesayensi ukuba waba leitmotif yomsebenzi lonke, nto leyo ilandelwa uRobert Haynlayn. Izimvo kwi ibali iye yaba mihle, kwaye umbhali bagqiba ukuqhubeka i "Umgca of Life" imisebenzi umjikelo efanayo.

Umphumo waba "I History of the Future." Lo mjikelo kuquka ezimbalwa amabali, novellas kunye iinoveli. Kwisiqwenga imbali nolahlo ngokubanzi oluntu bexesha XXIII XX kwekhulu. Ubukhulu becala le ncwadi kwabhalwa ekuqaleni umsebenzi yombhali, kwakunye ukususela 1945 ukuya 1950. Umhleli Dzhon Kempbell ebizwa kuthotho "Imbali Ngekamva," yaye kukhuthazwe ngendlela ezahlukeneyo ezipapashiweyo.

Kuba navigation lula, itafile okhethekileyo, equka maxesha kunye nabalinganiswa abaphambili, umbhali kwawo uRobert Haynlayn ngokwakhe yadalwa yi fantasy yonke. Eyona intle lo mjikelo sele ezaziwa uhlobo ngokwalo "Imbali" ngo-1966, ukhethwe "Hugo," kodwa yavuma ukuba "amabala" Ayzeka Azimova.

iincwadi zabantwana

inoveli Heinlein kuqala yapapashwa wabonakala 1947. Yaba "rocket inqanawa" UGalileo "." Kwisiqwenga ncwadi etha uhambo ukuya enyangeni. Ngelo xesha, umvakalisi wacinga ukuba esi sihloko awungeni kakhulu kwaye aziyi kwamkelwa luluntu. Ngoko ke, umbhali wathumela wesandla Noonyana Charles Scribner kaThixo, apho waqalisa uvelise imisebenzi kuthotho esakhula. Basoloko ethandwa kakhulu phakathi abaphulaphuli yayo engundoqo, ngokunjalo abadala. Kwakukho clichés uhlobo ezininzi, nguRobert Heinlein. References ziquka izifundo malunga amazwe njengabaphambukeli olwaye lwamfimfitha-langa t. D.

Awards nempumelelo

I inoveli "Double Star" yaba yeyokuqala, bamkela bhaso libaluleke kangaka "Hugo". Kwixesha elizayo, eli bhaso efanayo bafuna umsebenzi "starship mikhosi," "Engaqhelekanga kwilizwe lasemzini", "The Moon -. Arhabaxa yiNkosikazi" Njengoko omnye wabaseki uhlobo, umbhali imbeko ngakumbi nabanye amabhaso, kuquka kokufa kwakhe.

inoveli Okokuqala, leyo eyenzakeleyo kulo "umntwana" mqondo "starship avala", ebhalwe 1959 kwi iliza lwenkqubo yenyukliya ubhavumo US. Ukusuka kule ndawo umbhali ezibalulekileyo olukhulu iintshukumisa weziphithiphithi zentlalo kunye neminye imiba ezinzulu.

Ndingumphambukeli ezweni lolunye uhlanga

Ngowe-1961, wakhulula inoveli "Ndingumphambukeli ezweni Strange" zakhe yimpumelelo yaye yaziwa kakuhle. Uluntu ngoko American ebona umbuzo elibukhali ephakanyiswe yi Robert Haynlayn. Izimemo ziquka mpikiswano malunga love ezamahala, libertarianism, entsha exabisekileyo, kunye nezinye zefilosofi.

Le ncwadi wadalwa ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi, nto leyo ingxelo umbhali. Esinye isizathu sokuba lo waye-ukuhluza, nto leyo kungavumelekanga ukuba babuze imibuzo malunga imixholo ngesondo. Kwelinye uhlelo lokuqala yomsebenzi sele kuthiwa "I Umwexuki", nto leyo utyhila intsingiselo yebali. Ophambili of beyibuza eziphakanyiswe Martians,, ebuyela Earth, apho waba nguMesiya phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni. Yokuhlolwa ebekwe ngayo ikota kwisicatshulwa ngenxa iintshukumisa ngesondo kunye nonqulo. weza edition Gqibezela lombhali ngo-1991.

Le mveliso waba ezininzi usingiselo, kuquka ibali Mowgli, Kipling isasetyenziswa nangoku. kanye Isihloko yenoveli kukho iivesi zeBhayibhile.

"Ndingumphambukeli ezweni Strange" uphakamisa ngokuvunyiweyo ngeengozi ukuhlanganisa yonqulo namandla. Wakhulela izimvo kwintsapho umbhali mbalwa zamaKristu usithembisa kwiimfundiso eziphefumlelweyo.

inani

Ukongeza, isihloko kancinci emva kwinoveli "uYobhi" waqhubeka. Yaba incwadi satirical eliye laba uphawu kweqonga lokugqibela ibhibliyografi, umbhali kwawo uRobert Haynlayn. Imisebenzi zizifumene usingiselo efihlakeleyo ezininzi kunye nothelekiso, ezo umfundi engalungiswanga bekungenakuba ziqondwe.

Umbhali igqalwa enye iinkosi ezintathu ezinkulu fantasy par kunye noIsake Asimov kunye Arturom Klarkom. igama lakhe ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene ne ubudala zegolide uhlobo xa othandwa kakhulu phakathi inyambalala readers. Ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo iingcinga zenzululwazi kwezi imisebenzi iye yaba luphawu ebalulekileyo sisandulela kogqatso isithuba, kwaye izifundo ezininzi kweli cala.

impilo Personal

Ngomnyaka lokuthweswa (1929) Heinlein watshata intombazana ebesazi ukususela kwiminyaka yakhe yesikolo. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba umtshato nendoda eyosebenza alizange lisebenze, kwaye kungekudala umfazi wafaka for umtshato. Ngowe-1932, uRobert wagqiba ukunxulumanisa ubomi babo mququzeleli wezopolitiko Leslin McDonald. umtshato ngazo ixesha elide yaye yaphela kuphela ngo-1947. Emva koko ke umbhali watshata Virginia Gerstenfeld, lowo wadibana ngexesha lemfazwe, xa wayesebenza ePhiladelphia.

Umfazi uba nempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi komyeni wakhe, waba umphathi wakhe kunye nonobhala. Yena vavanya yonke imisebenzi yakhe phambi kokuba bangena nokupapasha. Udlale indima ebalulekileyo umsebenzi, nto leyo lwenziwa yi Robert Haynlayn. Imisebenzi intle umbhali ziquka izigcawu aphefumlelweyo ngumfazi wakhe.