Petroleum lokulungisa, processing eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari yeoli

I-oyile fractionated ukufumana petroleum ngokwamanqanaba ezimbini, ngamanye petroleum neyanamhlanje udlula processing zaseprayimari nasesekondari.

Inkqubo ye isusa ephambili

Kweli nyathelo, kukho ulwelo olwenziwa emzimbeni kwangaphambili kunye desalting le-oli ekrwada kwi izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ngokuba ukwahlula neetyuwa kunye nezinye ubumdaka, esinokubangela umhlwa ye izixhobo kunye nokunciphisa umgangatho iimveliso zepetroliyam. Emva koko, i-oyile eziqulathwe 3-4 kuphela ityuwa mg ilitha nganye kwaye namanzi ngaphezulu kwe-0.1%. Le mveliso ukulungele ilungele neyanamhlanje.

Ngenxa yokuba hydrocarbon ulwelo ukubilisa kubushushu ezahlukeneyo, kule ndawo isetyenziswa yokucokisa petroleum ekwahluleni ngoko amaqhezu ngamnye ngokwezigaba okubila ahlukeneyo. Ulwelo lwe kwiindawo ezicokisayo yeoli kwi kuqala wenza kube lula ukuba ukwahlula amaqhekeza zilandelayo ngokungqinelana lobushushu: ipetroli (amathumba kwi-180 ° C kunye ngezantsi), amafutha jet (amathumba kwi 180-240 ° C) kunye ne-diesel (amathumba kwi 240-350 ° C). Ukususela neyanamhlanje leoli petroleum kuhlala.

Le oyile nkqubo abazahlulayo ulwelo abilayo amaqondo obushushu zibe amaqhezu (components). Ngenxa yoko imveliso yorhwebo petroleum okanye kumacandelo abo. Oil yokusulungekisa lokuqala inqanaba processing yawo izityalo ezizodwa.

Xa eshushu, isigaba Umphunga abunjwe, ukwakhiwa yazo yahlukile engamanzi. amaqhezu Petroleum afunyenwe ulwelo akusoloko imveliso nyulu kunye nomxube hydrocarbon. hydrocarbon ngabanye zingahlukaniswa kuphela ulwelo ezininzi zamaqhezu petroleum.

neyanamhlanje nkqo ye-oli ekrwada yenziwa

- flash uwase indlela (ebizwa ngokuba yi-lizama neyanamhlanje) okanye ulwelo elula (neyanamhlanje fraction);

- kunye okanye ngaphandle ukulungisa;

- usebenzisa arhente ngumphunga;

- phantsi emoyeni kwaye womoya.

Equilibrium neyanamhlanje esahlula ngaphantsi ngokucacileyo yeoli amaqhezu ngaphezu neyanamhlanje elula. Ngoko ke kule imeko umphunga ikwiqondo lobushushu efanayo kwimeko yokuqala ngayo ihamba ioli ngaphezu elinesibini.

neyanamhlanje fraction yeoli unika ithuba ukufumana izibaso ezahlukeneyo (ipetroli, idizili kunye nezibaso jet), kunye nezinto ekrwada (benzene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, ethylene, butadiene, propylene), izinyibilikisi, kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Okulandelayo wenziwa a iimveliso oyile neyanamhlanje eziziisekondari efunyenwe sele evela ekuthiwa nokuqhekeka.

Inkqubo ye isusa secondary

Secondary oyile Ukusulungekiswa ikhutshwa phandle i cleavage imichiza okanye thermal zokuphosa ye kwimveliso ezahlulwe ngayo ulwelo oyile ephambili. Oku okuphindwe imali enkulu zamaqhezu ipetroli, kwakunye nezinto ekrwada ekuveliseni hydrocarbon enuka (toluene, benzene, kunye nabanye). Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokucokisa zasesekondari nokuqhekeka oyile.

inkqubo ngokuhlaziya kuthiwa-amaqondo obushushu aphezulu processing of oyile namaqhezu ezisemagqagaleni ukufumana i (ikakhulu) iimveliso apho ezincinci ubunzima eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka motor-oyile, i-oyile ukuthambisa ajikeleze kunye m. P., izixhobo okrwada ukuba petrochemical nemichiza mveliso. Inkqubela nokuqhekeka lwenzeka nge break iibhondi C-C kwaye ukuyilwa radicals simahla okanye carbanions. Uqhekeko neentambo C-C lwenziwa ngaxeshanye dehydrogenation, isomerization, polymerization kunye amafu of intermediates nezinto eqala. Iinkqubo ezimbini yokugqibela zenze amasalela oqhiphuke umbilini, ngamanye iqhekeza abilayo 350 ° C kunye coke.

Oil ukusulungekiswa indlela ngokuhlaziya ukuba nelungelo yi V. G. Shuhovym kunye Gavrilov S. ngowe-1891, ngoko ezi izisombululo zobunjineli iyaphindwa W. Barton ekwakhiweni okokuqala kwisityalo US.

Le nokuqhekeka ikhutshwa phandle ngokushushubeza izinto ekrwada okanye ehlanganisa, kunye nokuqhelana lobushushu eliphezulu.

Ngokuhlaziya ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe kusuka ioli amafutha amacandelo luncedo ngakumbi.