Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan: geography, zobuchule

Panjshir Valley - intaba intlambo enzulu, ibekwe i Afghanistan kumntla-mpuma. Ukususela ngo-1980 ukuya 1984, kukho imisebenzi asemkhosini bathwalwa phandle ngokuthatha inxaxheba eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet kwimfazwe e Afghanistan ukususela 1979-1989.

History of igama

Panjshir Valley iye kwaziwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XI. Xa inguqulelo lokoqobo evela Afghanistan Igama layo lithetha "iingonyama ezintlanu." Ngoko ke ngaloo mihla kwathiwa neyamabamba enamandla Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, owayelawula kwezi ndawo. Waye padishah kunye Emir of kwimo Ghaznavids Ekuveleni X-XI eminyaka. Ngokutsho legend, Abo bongameli yokulala wakha idama phesheya Panjshir koMlambo, esekhona namhlanje. Local bakholelwa ukuba oku kuye kwamnceda kuzo ukholo olunzulu womelele.

Panjshir - yinto umlambo omkhulu, leyo yenye imijelo ezityhulu ze-Kabul River. Okubandakanywe Indus River isitya. Panjshir intlambo ibekwe ecaleni zokhahlamba Hindukush eyaziwa. indawo yayo zimalunga nesi-3.5 amawaka ezikwere zeekhilomitha. I-avareji ukuphakama ngaphezu 2200 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ingongoma Incopho kukuba kwi-6000 ubude ukusuka elwandle. Center kwilali Pandzhershskogo Gorge ingqalelo Rukh. Apha abadala kwiphondo ngokusekelwe.

gorge intsingiselo

Gorge kubaluleke qhinga. Ngakumbi ngamandla yabonisa ngexesha lemfazwe Afghanistan. Into yokuba intlambo lomlambo, ujikeleze lonke gorge iyahlula Afghanistan ibe kwiindawo ezisemantla kunye esemazantsi.

Kulapha ukuba amapasi kakhulu yimpumelelo lula ukusuka kwenye inxalenye yelizwe ukuya kwenye. Elimi kulo mzekelo iquka inkqubo entsonkothileyo imilambo kunye nemingenela ukuba ndigila komwonyo. Ngoko ke, lukwa yokusabela kakhulu zendalo ngexesha lemfazwe. Isigodi uguqulwe njengenqaba, ngokulungelelanisiweyo ilingane ukulwa luqalile.

Panjsher waba ukubaluleka zesicwangciso emfazweni nxamnye ulawulo lwamaKomanisi ngo-1975, yaye emva koko ngexesha longquzulwano kunye amajoni Soviet ebudeni bemfazwe kunyaka-10.

Ngalo lonke elo xesha lokuba yiSoviet Union ukugcina amajoni kweli lizwe Asian, gorge, nto leyo luzinikele kweli nqaku kakhulu spot eshushu lonke imaphu Afghanistan. Oku kulapho umlo zinamandla kwenzeka, kulapha ukuba amajoni eSoviet ngenxa yakhe ndonakalelwa mkhulu kwabasebenzi. Kuba amajoni amaninzi Soviet kunye namagosa Panjshir liphupha embi ebomini.

izimpi

Ukuxhathisa kule ndawo wakhokela warlord enamandla Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Massoud. ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa Salang Pass, leyo ekudla ngokuba 'umqala Kabul kaThixo. " Ithi apha Wabaleka ukusuka Hairatan ukuya Kabul. Yena njengento indlela engundoqo njengemiqulu iilori zanikelwa Afghanistan ukusuka impahla yoluntu zomkhosi Soviet.

Kufutshane kwilali Rukh kwiminyaka yokuqala imfazwe nimi-kuthiwa nomkhosi iMuslim yesibini, ngokusekelwe kwi imikhosi ezikhethekileyo eyahlukileyo 177th. Xa zizonke, oko kuquka amawaka abantu.

Ukususela ngo-1984, wayezisekele 682 ngenjini nomkhosi webutho, uniko manani malunga lamawaka. Total amacandelo anti-yabanqolobi Ahmad Shah Massoud lwaqhutywa imisebenzi emikhulu-scale ezisithoba. okuzibonela ezininzi iziganeko kukhunjulwa, ukuba le meko kakhulu inzima Pandzhurshskom gorge. Le luqalile likwazile ukubonisa rhoqo lohlaselo eSoviet.

Amaphaphu kule nxalenye eli lizwe siyakhuselwa kwaye emva ekurhoxisweni nomkhosi ngo-1989. ngxabano Qala kulawulo umongameli Afghanistan ukususela 1987 ukuya 1992, Mohammad Najibullah, yaye kamva Taliban. Islamist intshukumo ukuba wazalelwa Afghanistan ngo-1994 njengoko Pashtuns bume.

Inabantu komwonyo

Inani labemi kwalo ntlambo, nto leyo isisiseko kwiphondo Panjshir, kuqikelelwa abantu malunga ne-100 lamawaka. Ezi data lucaciswa kule yee-80s, xa imikhosi Soviet kwakukho inkcaso asebenzayo apho.

Bonke aba bantu ngabavela zokuhlala 200. Okwangoku akukho iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo abemi apho. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, entilini bathabathela abantu abali-150 ukuya 300 lamawaka. Ngokomthetho yiyo Afghanistan Tajiks. Ngokubanzi, i Tajiks e Afghanistan kakhulu kunene. Ngokutsho kwabanye iingqikelelo, abantu-11 ukuya kwi-13 lezigidi, olubalelwa omnye kwabathathu zoluntu luphela. Ngoko ke abantu yesibini ngobukhulu Afghanistan.

Panjshir - zembali indawo zokuhlala Afghan Tajiks. abo ke uhlala 99%. Xa gorge phambili nokusengwa lithium kunye iikarbhunkolo. Le ingaka ibatsalayo engundoqo yamangcwaba ka Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Le ngxabano amandla Massoud

Ngowe-1979, xa imfazwe e Afghanistan, ukusuka gorge baba ekugqibeleni wankqonkqoza zonke iiyunithi ze umkhosi karhulumente Afghanistan. Zaba phantsi kolawulo elililo athethwe yingqwayi-ngqwayi Ahmad Shah Massoud. Kamva, wada wathola isiteketiso Pandzhshursky ingonyama.

Ngowe-1979, amandla kweli lizwe weza inkokeli entsha, uNobhala Jikelele we-Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan Babrak Karmal. Wafuna nangoko ukubuyisela igunya likarhulumente kuwo onke amaphondo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, imikhosi karhulumente ukuxhasa anokuvela eliqingqiweyo eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet e Afghanistan inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokulwa ukuba akhulule kwafika zokuhlala phantsi kolawulo labavukeli.

District Panjshir Valley yaba yenye yezona yingxaki kule nkalo. Geography of Afghanistan yayikukuba ukufikelela apha kwezothutho yendlela kwacutheka kakhulu ngenxa ngengingqi entsonkothileyo weentaba. Indlela kuphela ndamhambisa kulo mzi Gulbahor. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukuyisebenzisa njengoko kwiqela Masuda siyakwazi ukumelana kakhulu. Ukongeza, ukuba Masood balapha. Oku wamvumela ukuba uzulazule ngcono ngokuma kwaye ufumane inkxaso evela balapho.

Ukongeza, le gorge yaba inyoba best zothutho ngokubonelela iingalo ukusuka ePakistan yaye umbutho woqeqesho iziseko bavukeli.

Nxi Massoud

Ngoko ke, eneneni, Ahmad Shah Massoud wayengomnye abachasi eziphambili eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet ngexesha lonke okwenkawu kunyaka-10 e Afghanistan. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba wazalwa kusapho Tajik.

Ngowe-1973, emva kombuso, wanyanzelwa ekuthinjweni Pakistan. Apho ke wazibandakanya nenkcaso Islamist, ikhokelwa ngu Burhanuddin Rabbani.

Ngowe-1975 yena inxaxheba kwimvukelo ayiphumelelanga ngokuchasene uzwilakhe Mohammed Daoud. Emva koko walwa nayo imikhosi Soviet kunye Karmal waba ngumongameli.

Emva ukurhoxiswa umkhosi USSR okunene waba ngumlawuli Masudistana. Le meko self-wavakalisa esithi, eziquka phondo mpuma Afghanistan. Ihlelwe embindini kwekomkhulu kwiphondo Takhar - Taloqan. Masudistan waba urhulumente yayo, malunga nezigidi ezi-2.5 zabantu, ubukhulu becala ukuba Tajiks, imali yayo kunye nomkhosi 60000th.

Ngowe-1992, Massoud umkhosi wangena Kabul. Emva koko, uMongameli Afghanistan waba Rabbani kunye Massoud wafumana beLungu nguMphathiswa wezoKhuselo. Noko ke, emva kokuwa kolawulo eSoviet, Massoud kwafuneka ukuba aye kuthetha Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Ngowe-1994, ngenxa edabini wolawulo lwe Kabul kwabulawa malunga namawaka amane abahlali, yaye ngokusisiseko watshabalalisa isixeko.

Kodwa ngo 1996, i-Taliban wasebenzisa amandla e Afghanistan, kunye Masudistan waba lilungu Northern Alliance, nto leyo ikhokelwe Massoud.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukususela 1999, Massoud wayesebenza ubukrelekrele American. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-2001, yena wabulala ngexesha umzamo lokubulawa yi bomber ukuzibulala. Yena wazazisa njengoko intatheli, kwaye ukuqhushumba obufihlwe ikhamera yevidiyo. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, Massoud wabulawa ngokwemiyalelo bin Laden ngenxa amatyathanga abaseMelika.

Panjshir offensives

offensives First Panjshir kwenzeka ngo-1980. Impi yaqala ngo-Apreli-9. yatshatyalaliswa kwikomkhulu Massoud, kodwa ke akunakwenzeka ukuba balandele abo bavukeli layohlala. Ngenxa mphandle oomatshini enzima asikwazanga kudlula. Yaba enye impumelelo yokuqala eentloko ezaxhobela yiSoviet e Afghanistan. akazange kubonakala engenakuphikiswa kangaka Panjshir Valley.

Iziphumo zemisebenzi ingqalelo ngempumelelo. Ngokwamaqela Masud wachithwa, wasaba yena, baba ngathi wenzakele kakhulu.

Noko ke, ngenxa yezizathu phaku, imikhosi eSoviet wagqiba ukushiya kwiilali zabo ithathele anazo. Ngenxa yoko, baba kungekudala emva ezandleni luqalile abuyisele Massoud.

Sokubeka ne Massoud

Massoud wayengomnye likhetha Afghanistan, ngubani babezimisele isgqibo kunye neeyunithi Soviet. Le isgqibo yokuqala lwagqitywa ngoko nangoko emva kokuba usebenze kanzima ngo-1980.

Masood uye wathembisa ukuba kuhlasela Soviet kunye norhulumente, nayo ke, wathembisa ukuba ukunika umoya kunye nenkxaso zokudubula xa kuthe yangqubana iiyunithi Massoud kunye Islamic Party of Afghanistan, ikhokelwa ngu Hekmatyar.

Enye kuthula yafikelelwa Ekuveleni 1982-1983 kaThixo.

Neziphumo zemisebenzi yalo Panjshir

Bebonke ngexesha ehleli eentloko ezaxhobela yiSoviet e Afghanistan lwaqhutywa imisebenzi emikhulu-abasakhasayo 9 gorge. Isiphumo ngamnye kubo yaba kolawulo Panjshir Valley, nto leyo ekugqibeleni yalahleka okwethutyana kunye noluphakathi.

iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo ilahleko yiSoviet Army kunye mujahedeen Afghanistan na.