Wrangel Island Nature Reserve, indawo emephini of Russia, imozulu, indawo. Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo of Wrangel Island

Namhlanje uya kuba ilizwe Wrangel. Esi siqithi umdla kakhulu. It azamile bafuna umhambi Russian, waza wavula indlela waseBritani kunye waseJamani. Emva koko isiqithi eyintlango yaba 'ukhozo imbambano "phakathi eSoviet Union kunye United States. Ilizwe le ijikelezwe amavo. Kukho uluvo lokuba omnye amathanga Gulag semfene lalikhona apha. Kodwa ngaphandle elizweni kweminquba ingcinezelo ukuba ezibulalayo ebantwini. Akukho namnye polar wafa. Namhlanje kwesi siqithi iyaqhubeka mangaza izazinzulu nezinto ezintsha ivuso. Njengoko siqithi kwasekwa, yintoni na kukho isiqabu, imozulu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana - ukubona eli nqaku.

Wrangel Island emephini

Le ndawo enkulu kangangoko komhlaba. indawo yayo malunga ezisixhenxe iwaka nesiqingatha ezikwere zeekhilomitha, kwaye uninzi lwalo ehlanganiswa iintaba. Isiqithi ifumaneka kwi-Arctic Ocean. Nokuba kwindawo elula wejografi ilizwe Wrangel sele kulele ubunjalo yayo. It is a yomlambo izidumbu ezimbini enkulu kwamanzi olwandle, lo umda phakathi Chukchi ne East Siberian ziilwandle. Yaye Wrangel Island eyipasile isiphambuka phakathi Mpuma kunye zifaka Western iplanethi yethu. One anamanci okuyi wamakhulu, ebizwa njalo-"Umhla Line" okuphosela indawo yomhlaba iinxalenye phantse ngokulinganayo. Kunxweme osemantla Chukotka, esi siqithi abazahlulayo ubuncinane 140 leekhilomitha amanzi - Long Strait. Ukususela ngo-1976, eli lizwe unokubhengezwa yolondolozo lwendalo. Umhlali lokugqibela wafa ngo-2003. Ukususela ngoko, kukho ubomi izazinzulu polar kuphela. Ene siqithi bobabo ukuya Chukotka Ukuzilawula District (Iultinsky weSithili).

History of izovela

Ngokuzithemba sinokuthi ilizwe Wrangel kuqala wafumanisa Paleo-Eskimo. Indlela ukubonisa ngabembi wenziwe ebisenyobeni leyo kuthiwa nguMtyholi, abantu bayeka apha inkampu emithathu enesiqingatha kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo. abahloli Russian wabalisa ubukho kwilizwe elikude Umkilir ( "kwisiqithi amabhere") Chukchi. Kodwa kwathatha iminyaka engamakhulu amabini ngaphambili elwandle eyintlango, nelaskovy ubeke unyawo yaseYurophu. Kangangethuba elide siqithi ingqalelo kuphela Chukchi ilivo omhle. Kwiminyaka yakhe 1820-1824 ngokungeyompumelelo wafuna wamazwe Russian kunye laseburhulumenteni UFerdinand Petrovich Vrangel. Ngowe-1849, umhloli kunye umhambi evela UK Genri Kellett wabukela ngokusebenzisa iteleskopu, iziqwenga ezimbini umhlaba kuLwandle Chukchi. Discoverer ogama emva yena inqanawa yakhe Herald. Ngoko kwakukho "Kellett Land" kunye kwisiqithi Herald (kamva Wrangel Island) kwimephu yehlabathi. Kodwa akukho zonke adventures yinxalenye lethu ilizwe engqongwe ngaselwandle.

Kutheni ukufunyanwa igama behlonipha Wrangel

I siqithi ingqalelo ayaziwa ukuba baseYurophu (uluvo malunga Chukchi Umkilir azithathelwa ngqalelo). Ilungelo lo discoverer behlelo umntu abazange babone nje kunxweme ezikude kunye uncedo iteleskopu, waphumela kulo unyawo lwakhe. Yaba umrhwebi waseJamani Eduard Dallmann, obeqhuba iintengiselwano umthengisi kunye nabahlali Chukotka kunye Alaska. Kodwa ukuba kude bangacingi kanye ezafika wababiza ilizwe. Emva konyaka, ngowe-1867-m, whaler Thomas Long ukususela Melika lawela siqithi. Xa ubizo, lo mntu okhaliphileyo uphando, wayesazi lukhulu malunga khangela F. P. Vrangelya. Ngoko ke, wabhaqa waza wasithiya eso siqithi emva kwakhe. Le ndawo kwakungekho mntu malunga-14 leminyaka ubudala. Ngowe-1881, kwiziqithi Wrangel kunye Harold wafika nqanawa yaseMelika. Kwakubonakala ukuba amalungu hambo polar, De Long, saya ukoyisa i-North Pole ngo-1879 ababe- "Jeannette" kwaye alikho. Captain Kelvin Huper lawela kwisiqithi weqela. Ngeli xesha amadoda babefuna, kungekho imizila womthetheli engekhoyo indwe US iflegi elunxwemeni. Isiqithi wabiza Colombia Entsha.

Ncebakazi Education

De kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, eRashiya kunye norhulumente United States waba mdla ngubani ongumnini ezimbini yalahleka Arctic Ocean Sushi ezilahliweyo. Esi simo sengqondo negalelo zilungelelanise zabo 'zikude "okuyo. Wrangel Island, umzekelo, i-yentshona e Ncebakazi encinane, ephakathi 70 ° ne-71 ° yobubanzi ngasentla. Ubude efanayo kunye ithe cwaka kule ndawo ikhethekileyo nje: ukususela 179 ° W. d. ku 177 ° c. d. Le leziqithi usondele kakhulu nje kuphela North America kodwa Asia. Oku konke okuseleyo kwebhulorho kanye ekhoyo phakathi kumazwekazi ezimbini, apho wethu Strait ayikenziwa yahlukana nabo. Ngenxa yoko, kwisiqithi wase imvelaphi. Kwaye loo nto, babiziweyo Beringia. Le ndawo Wasinda kweminyaka Emdaka ngumkhenkce, ngexesha ukufudumala kwihlabathi siqithi zange uye phantsi kwamanzi. Le nto iye igcinwe emhlabeni Wrangel enezityalo nezilwanyana emangalisayo.

Zapolyarnoe apile yokuhlukana

Xa kuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, yaye kunye noshishino kwekhulu le, bobabini abaviwa bavakalisa amalungelo abo Nqabakazi. Emva koko, kungakhathaliseki apho Wrangel Island, ohlala ukuba kukho umntu, nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza imisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Imida namazwe angabamelwane sele lutshintshelwe empumalanga nasentshonalanga ngokulandelelana, ukuba umntu ufumana kubamba lencinibakazi. Xa ekwindla ka-1911 kwiphulo Russian lokuhlola amanzi kwi isitya "Vaigach" zihlale Wrangel Island yaye yaphakamisa iflegi Russian kuyo. Ngehlobo lowe-1913 brigantine eKhanada "Karluk" waba nipped kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukukhukulisekela eya wethu Strait. Inxalenye weqela lawela kwisiqithi uGerald kunye nezinye - enkulu party - e Wrangel. amalungu amabini hambo lafika ilizwe enkulu (Alaska), kodwa iqela yohlangulo weza ukubandezeleka kuphela ngoSeptemba 1914.

Uphuhliso lencinibakazi

Ngowe-1921, baseKhanada wagqiba kwelokuba "isibonda ngaphandle 'an leziqithi kuLwandle Chukchi. Emva koko, wanika urhulumente ithuba lokuloba kunye whaling kwi kunxweme zabo. Kodwa ke kwabantu bokuqala abasetyhini abane polar yaye omnye Inuit akayiyekela ebusika (asinda kuphela Ada Blackjack). Ngoko ke abantu baseCanada ngo-1923 kwasekwa kwikholam yesibini. On Wrangel Island weza komhlaba uCharles Wells elinesibini Eskimos, phakathi kwabo abafazi kunye nabantwana. Njengoko imveliso yokutya obandakanyeka abazingeli, nabafiki ukuphila ngempumelelo ebusika. Kodwa ke urhulumente USSR wathumela kunxweme icebreaker siqithi "Red Oktobha", baxhotyiswa ngemipu. bahlali iqela lakhe ngenkani waphakamisa esikhitshaneni, wabakhukulisa Vladivostok, apho kamva extradited kwilizwe lakhe. Ngenxa yale hambo, abantwana ababini babulawa.

Wrangel Island angawethu

Njani ukuba abe 'zasekhaya' ekugqibeleni? Nangona kukho Wrangel Island kwimephu weRashiya, urhulumente ayiyi kuphumla akukho ukuvunywa kufika Russian. Ngowe-1926 yaye yasekwa isikhululo polar, eyayikhokelwa umphandi G. Ya. Ushakov. Naye wahlala omnye 59 emizaneni Chukchi Chaplin kunye Providence. Ngowe-1928, le icebreaker "Litke" kweza intatheli Ukrainian UNikolai Trublaini. Yena uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiincwadi zakhe (ezifana "Indlela eya Arctic ngokusebenzisa ekweleenjiko") wachaza Wrangel Island kwaye ubuhle bayo gingxi. Iifama nemibutho ke ukuba kuyo yonke eSoviet Union kunye Far North, wayexakekile. adle namadlelo ifama ezidityanelweyo yasekwa ngo-1948 - kule ekupheleni bazisa umhlambi encinane evela emhlabeni nomsinga. Yaye 70s aziselwe muskox kunye Nunivak Island. Nangona ngeelwimi ububi yaye bathi esekelwe Nqabakazi yenye nkampu Gulag, akuyonyaniso. Iilali Ushakovskoe, Perkatkun, Star and ilali. Cape Schmidt belimiwe okanye abahloli okanye izizwe Chukchi.

Amazwe eziKhuselweyo

Ngowe-1953 abasemagunyeni bagqiba ukukhusela kunye rookeries isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade nabo kwiziqithi ezimbini kuLwandle Chukchi. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, Magadan Oblast iKomiti eLawulayo esekwe ngesigqibo sayo kwi Wrangel Island Reserve. Kamva (1968) yena ezikhuthazwa status. Kodwa oku akuzange wama urhulumente waseSoviet. Nature Reserve ebalulekileyo yesizwe ngo-1976 sajikwa yaba yolondolozo lwendalo "Wrangel Island". Le ndawo ke nangoku zikhuselwe phantsi RSFSR iBhunga labaPhathiswa umthetho phantsi inani 189 ngoMatshi 23, 1976. Isininzi isihloko reserve - akukho inkinga. Ngaba phantsi nokhuselo, kunye kwisiqithi esiselumelwaneni Herald, yaye malunga ne-1.43 yezigidi hectares ummandla wamanzi. Okuphoxayo kukuba nolondolozo lwendalo womrhumo kakhulu kwintlekele ka-1990 emva kwexesha. Uninzi abemi basiwa nezwe, kuba kwakungekho ndlela ukuze babanikele ukutya nepetroli. Le ngumhlali lokugqibela Vasilina Alpaun wabulala ibhere elimhlophe ngo-2003. Kwaye ngo-2004 kwezi ziqithi ezimbini zifakiwe kwi-UNESCO World List Heritage.

ukukhululeka

Wrangel Island Map ibonisa ukuba le ndawo yomhlaba kakhulu weentaba. Ezintathu chain phantse ngaxeshanye - Northern, Middle emikhulu Southern - siqhawule emaweni yonxweme. Ingongoma iphezulu - Mount eSoviet - ukuya ku 1096 kwiimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Le ebekwe phantse embindini siqithi. Low Ridge North uba amanzi kwacaca ekuthiwa Tundra Academy. Nelezihlambo emdeni siqithi, banqunyulwe yi Amachweba. Kukho Amachibi ezininzi kunye nemilambo. Kodwa apha iintlanzi zabo ayifumanekanga. Ngenxa yemozulu ngqwabalala, ezi amadama ngalo ngumkhenkce ebusika. Noko ke, ukufudumala kwehlabathi jikelele buqapheleke apha. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, emlonyeni amanzi aqala ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuya kwi ifu zidala salmon. Namageduka kunye Zapolyarnoe indawo kwi siqithi wadala uthotho Neta ezihambayo.

Climate Wrangel Island

ubusuku Polar apha uza leminyaka wesibini kuNovemba kwaye samkela ilanga iboniswe ekupheleni kukaJanuwari. Ukukhanya awangeni ngaphezu kolundi ukususela phakathi-Meyi ukuya kweshumi yesithathu ka July. Kodwa ke into yokuba ilanga usoloko likhanya Wrangel Island, ayiniki ubushushu ihlobo yasekuhlaleni. Ubushushu nokuba ngoJulayi ngaphezulu +3 ° C. Rhoqo lipholile, yimikhwitsho nenkungu. Kuphela i eshushu engaqhelekanga ehlotyeni ka-2007, ithemometha watsibela ukuya +14,8 ° C (ngo-Agasti). Ubusika nabo kakhulu frosty, kunye blizzards rhoqo. Rency ingakumbi kukaFebhuwari noMatshi. Iqondo lobushushu ngeli xesha iiveki ezininzi lingaphumi ngaphezu kwenqanaba -30 ° C khona umoya Cold evela Arctic niyanyamezela ukufuma kancinane. Kodwa ehlotyeni kunye North Pacific babengabokuvuthela nemimoya efumileyo.

Flora

Gorodkov uphando ngo-1938 isiciko isityalo kunxweme kwimpuma Wrangel Island ngokungafanelekanga kunganxulunyaniswa izowuni ezinkqantosini arctic. Njengoko uqhubeka ufundisisa izilwanyana kwenza izazinzulu ukucinga ukuba kummandla ilele kwindawo kumathafa polar. Kwaye ukuba ngqo kakhulu, lucalulo na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Wrangel Subprovince American zone Umbala Western arctic. Flora kuqamba ezahlukeneyo iintlobo yamandulo. Amathathu ekhulwini sisityalo - subendemics. Le poppy Gorodkova, puccinellia, oxytrope Wrangel kunye nabanye. Okwangoku, ityhileke ukuba inani iintlobo esingapheliyo Wrangel Island akanakuthelekiswa nanto kwindawo ezibandayo. Ukongeza kwezi zityalo, apho zifumaneka apha kuphela yaye naphi na kwihlabathi, kwi reserve akhule ngaphezu kwekhulu iintlobo ezinqabileyo.

kulona

iimeko zezulu musa akakhethi iyantlukwano iintlobo ethile. Kwi siqithi akukho akukho eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezirhubuluzayo kunye emanzini. Kodwa Wrangel Island, ogama photo Kunqabile ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ibhere elimhlophe ongaphambili, ubambe ingxelo lexinene ezi zilwanyana. UMgwebi ngokwakho: ummandla ezisixhenxe kunye newaka nesiqingatha ezikwere zeekhilomitha ahlalisane weebhere ezine. Kwaye loo nto zamadoda abangamadoda abaselula! Oko ugwetyelwayo Chukchi igama lesiqithi - Umkilir. Ngaphezu koko, abantu lesi silwanyana luyanda unyaka nonyaka. ibhere elimhlophe - umnini ephambili yale siqithi. Ngaphandle kuye kukho amazwe icaribou kunye muskox. Ihlobo ibeka umoya nezwekazi iinyosi, amabhabhathane, iimpukane neengcongconi. Ihlabathi kweentaka kwi siqithi ineendidi 40. Kweempuku umkhuba Wrangel Lemming. Ukongezelela amabhere kunye nezinye amarhamncwa zifumaneka: polar impungutye, ingcuka, impungutye, wolverine, ermine. Le isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade rookery wengingqi - inkulu eRashiya.

lokufumanisa unique

Ngeminyaka yee-1990, reserve "Wrangel Island" wabonakala phezu kumaphepha phambi neejenali. Kwaye ngenxa paleontologists ziye wafumanisa iintsalela mammoths apha. Kodwa ke kubalulekile ukufumana ngokwakhe, kunye nobudala bakhe. Kwacaca ukuba isiqhithi unoboya, le iindlovu babehlala yaye zonke ezintathu iwaka enesiqingatha ubude iminyaka eyadlulayo. Kodwa kwakusazeka ukuba ndlovu wafa ngaphandle iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi lamawaka eyadlulayo. Into esinayo yintoni na? Xa Greece ikhula impucuko zohlobo, waba ngukumkani eYiputa kuFaro Tutankhamun, ngomhla Wrangel Island Indlovu behamba bephila! Nangona kunjalo, a ohlobo zasekuhlaleni kwahluka kwakhona ukunyuka okungephi - ubungakanani elephant mihla Afrika.