Okuzenzela ezenziwe ipholiyesta. Ukuveliswa imicu ipholiyesta

imveliso Chemical - umthombo enkulu ubutyebi babantu. Ngapha koko, yonke into ukususela izinto zendlu iimpahla, isebenza kwaye kuveliswa ngokusekelwe nenzululwazi.

A indima ekhethekileyo imicu imichiza ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ukufumana isicelo kwiinkalo ezininzi zemfundo ngenzululwazi, zeteknoloji kunye noshishino.

Ukwahlukanisa imicu chemical

Zonke iifayibha ezenziwe zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu.

1. Lamalungu - zezo zisekelwe Polymer yendalo, kodwa yokuphatha sukube zixhobo ngqo linye inxaxheba iindlela physicochemical.
2. Synthetic - okuzenzela ezo ngqo elabhoratri iimeko (mveliso). Bona zisekelwe eqhelekileyo iikhompawundi ubunzima molekyuli ephantsi ukuba zitshintshele kwi macromolecules kusabela polymerization.

Kwelinye icala, imicu iisoyi kunye eyenziweyo yokuhlelwa kwazo kunye nemizekelo. Cinga lowo ngenxa iisampuli zokwenziwa.

Baya lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu. Isakhiwo yenkqubo-chain carbon, neendlela ukwakha ubuhlobo.

1. Carbochain imicu zokwenziwa. I-chain oluphambili yakhiwe ngokungqongqo athom carbon, amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi eqhelekileyo sigma-uhlobo izitropu. kakhulu inani elikhulu leesampuli ingabalelwa kweli qela. Umzekelo, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, ezinepolypropylene, Polyvinyl utywala.
2. Heterochain imicu zokwenziwa. Luphawulwa kuquka kwekhabhoni heteroatoms macrochain - nitrogen, isalfure, iphosphate kunye nabanye. Eli qela libandakanya imicu: ipholiyesta, lyu, polyamide.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo ukusetyenziswa kwayo noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo ke, ixabiso ochazwe ngabameli ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, lo ifayibha elifakelweyo kakhulu kusebenza ezingubeni, nelinen ukhuko, iitawuli nezinto nezinye izinto zelinen kwabendlu ngakumbi. Nangona kukho iimeko, xa loo ilaphu lisetyenziswa ubugcisa.

okuzenzela lwemichiza, kwelinye icala, phi afanelekileyo kulwakhiwo, ubunjineli, kushishino, kunokuba ekhaya. Uqwalaselo olubukhali amalaphu filament kanye ipholiyesta kubo kunye izicelo.

Okuzenzela ezenziwe ipholiyesta: a isishwankathelo jikelele

Ukususela imichiza uluvo, le mveliso - oku ziziphumo impefumlelwano terephthalic acid C ₈ H ₆ O ₄ kunye ethylene ethers, a dihydric utywala C ₂ H ₆ O _2. Ngenxa yoko, a polymerization asabela oluntsonkothileyo yakha ziikristale ecacileyo okanye ezimhlophe, ine i impahla ebalulekileyo - viscosity. Ukwenza njalo ubushushu wabo. Kunjalo ukulungiselela othile Imicu ezisekelwe ngqo iziyobisi.

Iqondo lobushushu inyibilikiswa kwezi zinto zingasentla 260 ⁰ C. Oku kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa iinjongo zoshishino. Kukho iqela iipropati ezizodwa yababephethwe imicu.

1. nemisonto ipholiyesta eyenziweyo ukumelana izisombululo ye asidi, alkalis.
2. Oku akuthethi ukunyibilika emanzini, izinyibilikisi, indalo ephilayo.
3. Ingaba i yokwambathisa, cishe baziphathe umbane.
4. Products wayiqinisa, zihlala ixesha elide kakhulu yaye oluthembekileyo.

Ukuba zokwenziwa ngokupheleleyo kwindalo, ezi ngemisonto njengabongamileyo ngandlela ezininzi iimpawu zobugcisa textile le imicu ezininzi ezenziwe ngumntu.

iindlela zemveliso

Ngokutsho inkcazo ngasentla kufuneka ube ipholiyesta lemveliso terephthalic acid. Noko ke, zayo iimpawu ezibonakalayo elifuna ukuba kuhlalwe ivumelane ne ngokukhawuleza asabela polymerization kunye ethylene ethers, into leyo kusetyenziswa ngendlela ecocekileyo, ibe Ester. Layo igama - dimethyl terephthalic acid Ester kwegama elifanayo, olufinyeziweyo njengoko DMT.

Ngoko ke, ukwenziwa ipholiyesta ifayibha ubunjwe amanyathelo aliqela chemical ezilandelelanayo:

• igcwala ngomxube esters of para-xylene, ngamanye ukulungiselela ukuqala izinto;
• esterification, okt imveliso ye Ester DMT;
• Nokugululwa nokucocwa imveliso onesiphumo;
• DMT recrystallization ukufumana izinto ecocekileyo.

Izimasekile ngokwale cebo ilungele ukungena kumjikelo olandelayo esizenzayo ezibangelwa kunye ipholiyesta baba (ipholiyesta) kweziyobisi. Kuthatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezibini eziphambili.

1. Transesterification wafumana DMT kunye ethylene ethers. Isiphumo - diglycol kunye polyesters ephantsi ubunzima eziphilayo.
2. Polycondensation afunyenwe kwi inyathelo lokuqala phakathi iimveliso. Ngenxa yoko polietilentereftalatat viscous.

Ngoku wenyuka waya egxalabeni yobugcisa. Le nto ke idlule prodavlivaya ekhethekileyo elincinane spinneret ezifana, yaye ngaloo ndlela imicu ezilungiselelwe. On zokupholisa ukuba nokuntlalutyisa. processing Eminye ke zincothulwe, zokuhlanjululwa umbala.

igama lezinto

amazwe awohlukeneyo ziveliswa kwaye ezi imicu zisetyenziswa. Ipholiyesta okuzenzela esiyenziwe isekwimo nganye got igama layo, ngoko ukuba kukho eninzi ntonye. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni na.

1. In Russia - ipholiyesta, polyether, ipholiyesta.
2. In Melika - Dacron.
3. United Kingdom - Terylene.
4. Japan - teteron.
5. France - tergalii.

Noko ke, njengoko engabizwanga, kwaye neempawu zihlala zifana kwaye kakhulu isicelo.

Ipholiyesta Material: Properties

Phakathi inkalo ephambili ezintle Dacron kufuneka ibandakanye iimpawu ezifana:

• creasing embi;
• iyawulwa umlilo;
• ukumelana ukukhanya;
• kwalo;
• amandla kunye ukuthamba, behanahanisa;
• ukumelana ezininzi izinyibilikisi ze-oganikhi, kwakunye asidi kunye alkalis;
• ukungabikho lingonakali;
• Ilaphu awuxhasi uphuhliso eziphilayo (nomngundo, amangolwane, iintsholongwane, njl);
• nefuthe ukumelana;
• ukumelana elula.

Kakade ke, iseti intsebenzo entle awukwazi ukuya nakuthathatha. Kungenxa yoko le nto isicelo yemveliso evela ipholiyesta abanzi kakhulu, ehlanganisa amacandelo amaninzi kuqoqosho.

Noko ke, kukho izinto kuneengxaki. Ezi ngongoma zilandelayo kufuneka kwaziwe kuye:

• Kunzima ukuba umbala, ngoko imibala etyebileyo eqaqambileyo kwezi kwizihlunu lungenzeki;
• kakhulu ugesi, njengoko dielectrics ngokwabo;
• xa uthatha yokwenene, ayisayi kusetyenzwa ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo ipholiyesta, kuya kuba izinto ezinzima.

Zonke ezingeloncedo zidwelisiweyo bayiyeka lula ukongezwa kwezinto ezithile kwinkqubo imveliso ye ifayibha. Ngoko ke, ixabiso enkulu, abanayo.

imicu kuthembeke

Olu hlobo ipholiyesta vulu ibaluleke kakhulu ukwakhiwa kunye zobunjineli usetyenziswa khona. Nangona kukho ukuxolelwa. Ngokomzekelo, ezifana hollofayber owafumana indawo yokusabela noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo le.

Imicu ezibuhlazarha zisetyenziselwa imveliso:

• fiberglass;
• izinto zokwakha;
• ukwambathisa thermal zonke izinto;
• iimveliso radio.

Zisetyenziswa njengoko lokucoca ulwelo unyango amdaka. Hollofayber ngenxa iimpawu zayo ngokubanzi andigweqe elide iintsiba yendalo kwaye ukuhla noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo le. Waba uhlobo olungundoqo mfuma lokufaka, iingubo, iimpahla kunye nezinye izinto.

imicu Ball siliconized

Le yimveliso esisisiseko eyimveliso kakhulu soft, eco-friendly and non-allergenic zokulala. imicu zisetyenziswa fillers for iingubo ezimfuma-phantsi kwentloko.

Kutheni ukuwasebenzisa? Oku kungenxa iimpawu ezigqwesileyo zobugcisa.

1. Musa ukufunxa ukufuma.
2. Ukuzivumelanisa elastic.
3. ISADC wokuhlamba umatshini, ilula kwaye kulula ukugcina nokusebenzisa.
4. Abanalo ivumba.
5. Musa ukuba komzimba.
6. Ke kubalulekile ukuba uphuhliso ezincinane.

Konke oku kunika towball ipholiyesta ifayibha njenge ifanitshala lokufaka, iingubo zokulala nempahla basebenzisa ecacileyo phezu "isasetyenziswa 'yendalo yendalo: phantsi, iintsiba.

Le Ububi bubomi elifutshane kuthelekiswa izinto zendalo. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso iimveliso ezifana ngendlela ngezantsi.

ifayibha zihlanganise

Phakathi imicu ipholiyesta unendima ekhethekile indawo enjalo ukwahluka bayo, njengokuba vulu kutyiwa. Kuyinto isityalo sabo uvelisa imicu esiyenziwe kangangoko kwiZwekazi kunokuba kunjalo kunezinye. Oku kungenxa yokuba imveliso eso sisetyenziselwa ukwenza vulu ngokwayo, baza ke impahla yokunxiba, yemiqhaphu njalo njalo.

Lidla ngokuba Imicu kutyiwa wabumba udibaniso evumelanayo yoboya okanye yomqhaphu-ipholiyesta. Le ngokuncedisana yenza kube lula ukufumana ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zemathiriyeli:

• Idrama;
• coat;
• eluhlaza;
• yeehempe;
• komkhusane;
• dress;
• ngayo;
• ekhaphethini;
• uboya.

Ngokucacileyo, ezinye iimveliso ukuba athungwe kwaye inamacandelo ezinjalo.

vulu Technical of ipholiyesta

Ezi Imicu zisetyenziselwa ukwenza ezi ntlobo zilandelayo kweemveliso:

• ukuloba iminatha kunye trawls;
• iintambo kunye neengcingo;
• namathumbu amanzi ukuba iimveliso zepetroliyam;
• Isinikezeli;
• ibhanti swa;
• amabhanti yaye drive kwamabhanti;
• isondo intambo;
• thermal ubushushu kunye nama izinto.

nemisonto ezinjalo ekunokuthiwa kuxoxwe ngasentla ifayibha vuphukuphuku.

Ukuveliswa izinto ipholiyesta

zingenziwa Yintoni nezinye iimveliso ezivela ipholiyesta? Ukubaluleka ngokukhethekileyo ngezinto ezinjalo, ezisetyenziswa njenge lokufaka, sele kuchaziwe ngentla. Nje ufuna ukongeza ukuba hollofayber inikezela komqamelo ethambileyo kakhulu kwaye ekhululekile yaye ingubo ukukhanya enothando. Ipholiyesta nefayibha kwishishini alukiweyo nje kwenye indawo kunye rhoqo ngonyaka ngomhla ixabiso eliphezulu avuke ephakamileyo.

Kwakhona wasebenzisa ipholiyesta oku kulandelayo iintlobo amalaphu :

• taffeta;
• crepe;
• knitwear;
• crimplene;
• Mel.

Benza izambatho, tulle amalengalenga, iimpawu ezintle njalo njalo.

Olunye uhlobo lomsebenzi umsebenzi yabantu, ezo ipholiyesta kusetyenziswa - i uqhaqho. Medicine ingqalelo amathuba yokuvelisa imithambo yegazi iisoyi kunye olulingana ngotyando of ipholiyesta. Kakade ke, liququzelela imisebenzi emininzi asindisa ubomi.

Izimvo iimveliso kunye nale ifayibha

Njengoko ukuba, ukongeza iimpawu ezintle, izinto ipholiyesta-based ndisenawo neengxaki, asingabo bonke abantu bonelisekile iimveliso. Xa kuziwa kwizicelo zokwakha, akukho imbambano: Dacron - inkokeli. Noko ke, ethetha iimveliso textile nempahla, kufanele kuphawulwe nokwahlukileyo. imibono emibi kwakhona gqolo ufumana ipholiyesta nefayibha. Izimvo yale hlobo zisekelwe phezu iintsilelo inwebu ngokwawo - umbane kunye nobomi elilinganiselweyo.

Noko ke, abantu abaninzi badla ukucinga ipholiyesta omnye kakhulu bekhululekile, entle ezikumgangatho ophezulu izinto zale mihla. Ngoko ke, impahla, izinto zasekhaya kunye nezinto zokulala ezenziwe ezi zinto zithandwa kule minyaka kuphela.

Ukuba ujonga nokubuyekezwa imiqamelo neengubo ngokwesiseko ipholiyesta, inkoliso yabo iya kuba HIV, nto leyo kakhulu zizizathu kwaye sifanelekile.