Njani amagama kunye neentsingiselo ezininzi?

ulwimi lwethu izityebi ezininzi. Ngamanye amaxesha, esebenzisa igama elithile, siya musa ukucinga malunga imida intsingiselo yalo. Siyazi ukuba umhlaba - ligama iplanethi yethu, yaye umhlaba - oku kuyinxalenye ubuso bawo, umhlaba, umhlaba. Kwakhona, sonke siyazi ukuba ihlabathi - ke ngeenxa zonke kuthi, kunye nenkqubo ngexesha elifanayo ihlabathi - kukunqongophala intiyo, ubomi ngaphandle imfazwe. Ezinye ukutolika semantically ezahlukeneyo, sivakalisa iiyunithi lungelelanisa enye, ezo amagama kunye neentsingiselo ezininzi. Makhe sibone ukuba kutheni.

Kutheni kukho amagama aneentsingiselo ezininzi kulwimi?

Enye ngeelwimi AA Potebnya, owayephila kwinkulungwane XIX, xa ngodaba yakhe "Thought and Language" wabhala ukuba uphuhliso intetho yabantu iya kwicala abstraktizatsii enkulu.

Xa ookhokho bethu ndafunda indlela yokuthetha iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno yabo ngokusebenzisa izandi, babengazi ukuba yintoni na geometry kunye lwezakhi, akazange ukwahlula phakathi ingqiqo ka "okubi" okanye "eyoyikekayo," "ezilungileyo" okanye "ezigqwesileyo." Amazwi okuqala ekubhekiselwe kuyo izinto, izenzakalo kunye neemvakalelo, ukukwazi ukuchonga ukuveza ukuba kuyimfuneko kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngokufanayo, abantwana abafunda nje ukuthetha, kuqala ukusebenzisa amagama alula ezifana "umama", "utata", "Ekhaya", "itafile", emva koko nje ukuqonda ukuba kuthetha ntoni ububele, uvuyo, intiyo, umsindo.

Ngexesha kuphuhliso lwezakhono yakudala ngenxa yokucinga lwengcingane nabaqiqayo kukho imfuneko ukuza iisimboli ezintsha iingqiqo imini yamva. Maxa wambi, njengoko ezi iisimboli kusetyenziswa amagama ngolwimi ekhoyo, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, wanikwa intsingiselo entsha. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo intsingiselo yokuqala yamagama zahlala. Ngoko kwakukho amazwi amaninzi aneentsingiselo ezininzi.

Njengoko ayichaze imiqondiso kunye neenqobo ezininzi

Xa Ezolimi, igama eye iintsingiselo ezininzi, ekuthiwa multi-kakhulu. Kuyinto isithuba Ezolimi Russian, kunye nenzululwazi angaphandle loo magama abizwa ngokuba polysemic (ukusuka polis Greek -. "A lot" kunye semanticos - "intsingiselo").

Russian Academician VV Vinogradov ebizwa Upelo neempawu ukukwazi amazwi ukuba adlulisele iintlobo ulwazi malunga izinto ezinzulu of engokoqobo extra-yeelwimi. Kufuneka ke ukuba intsingiselo ezendeleyo ilizwi, xi ri xa xiviri-lwesemantiki iqokobhe ekuthiwa intsingiselo lungelelanisa. Sele unike imizekelo yamagama ukuchazwa, apho neentsingiselo ezininzi lungelelanisa. Noko ke, bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba igama elithi "uxolo" ayikho ezimbini, kodwa ke ezisixhenxe amanani! Unga khangela oku dictionary ecacisiweyo Ozhegova.

Homonymy and Upelo neempawu

Xa Ezolimi, njengoko nayiphi na inzululwazi, kukho iingqiqo, aphakathi ingxoxo. Umzekelo, AA Potebnya kunye Jakobson wayekholelwa ukuba ayisekho amagama kunye neentsingiselo ezininzi; ngokuba xa umqondiso phantsi kwezinye iimeko iye kufika ukubonisa kwenye into okanye nesenzeko, itshintshe ngokupheleleyo kernel yayo esemantiki.

Noko ke, ngo kwengcinga zegrama yemveli Upelo neempawu kunye homonymy nangoku ezahlukahlukeneyo, nangona izibonelelo online bavame bedidekile.

Kukholelwa ukuba la amagama aneentsingiselo ezininzi, kodwa sigcine yonke utoliko iziko yalo yesemantiki, ezinye ingcamango yokuba ubuxoki kwi ingcambu ye izakhiwo unit lungelelanisa. Kuthathwa ukuba amagama polysemous kukho ukuqhubeka imilinganiselo, ngoxa akukho Izikweko. Umzekelo, nehlankomo nendwe ekhitshini, inqaku "G" kunye itheyibhile ityuwa - it Izikweko, hayi amagama antsonkothileyo, ngokuba akukho unxulumano lwesemantiki phakathi kwabo.

kanjani amazwi ezininzi

Kukholelwa ukuba Upelo neempawu kwenzeka ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

• Ngokudluliselwa Nakuba. Phantsi isafobe ibhekisa ukubana ilizwi, ngokusekelwe ukufana izifundo ezininzi. Umzekelo: ukhozo lwengqolowa - okuziinkozo inyaniso.
• Ngoncedo lwe tiga. Ngu tiga ukuqonda ixabiso transfer ilizwi enye kwenye ngokwesiseko ebusweni ubudlelwane lwesemantiki phakathi kwamagama. Umzekelo: a dish ezenziwe porcelain eninzi - Cuisine emnandi French.
• Esebenzisa synecdoche. ngeelwimi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba synecdoche icala ekhethekileyo tiga. Oku kuchazwa ukutshintshwa itayitile yonke. Umzekelo: i "ikhaya lweenkobe" endaweni "ikhaya losapho 'yaye' ikhaya ebuya eMelika" endaweni "kubuyela Russia" (ukuba wayecinga ke ukufika kwilizwe labo, yaye ngokukodwa ekhayeni lakhe endlwini yomnye umntu).

Imizekelo yalo magama antsonkothileyo

Kokuba kuthathwe ukuba igama iplanethi yethu - Umhlaba - uvele ixesha yesibini izihloko ilizwe zomhlaba. Ngapha koko, abantu kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, kukho phezu komhlaba, akukho kanye ezihlala kuyo ngoku. Igama umhlaba ukhandwa transfer ngezacana, oko kukuthi, ukonyulwa kumphezulu kudluliselwa lonke liphela. Kwakhona sithi, umzekelo, iklasi uphulaphula ngenyameko ngutitshala, ithetha ukuba akukho igumbi, kodwa ukuba abafundi bakhe.

Rasberries simbiza amaqunube kunye ityholo apho ikhula. Ubalo iqulunqwa ngokusekelwe synecdoche. Ke intsingiselo wayelapha emhlabeni "raspberry" - "emhadini amasela" kukuthi, kunoko, a homonym amanye imizekelo emibini ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ntoni igama elithi "console"?

Ngaba uya kukwazi ukuba ndixelele kanye - amaxabiso omnye okanye ngaphezulu igama elithi "console"? Ukusuka ikhosi lwesikolo Russian ulwimi wonke umntu uyazi ukuba kunjalo ngokuba yinxalenye ilizwi eyandulela yingcambu kwaye isebenza ukutshintsha ixabiso iyunithi lungelelanisa. Kuyinto sisibizo evela isenzi 'ukuba anamathele', yaye enyanisweni ubiza yonke "ubekwa ophetheyo", nto leyo omi ecaleni into.

iintsingiselo ezimbini gama izichazi ngolwimi Russian yathi:

• tape console, ngokwenjenjalo siqinisa amandla isandi;
• Isiqalo morpheme;
• Kwakhona kwisimaphambili kwiminyaka 10-15 eyadlulayo ngokuba isicwangciso ekhethekileyo imidlalo yenyani.

yokugxininisa Iilwimi ngokusekelwe ukungacaci kunye homonymy

Xa ulwimi zonke kuphuhliswa uye amagama afanayo ngembonakalo, kodwa kunye neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo. Indibaniso Izinto lungelelanisa kwisicatshulwa isetyenziselwa ukwenza isiphumo ahlekisayo, imidlalo yamagama - kune. Zama ukuchaza yintoni isiphumo isiseko ehlekisayo ngamabinzana zilandelayo:

• Ukuchetywa qhina elibhalwe ngokumileyo.
• Yena kusincede sifeze isitovu ubusuku bonke. Ngu ekuseni antywiliselwa.
• Parrot us balingise.
• Wafunda le ndinyana kunye vesi.

Kwezi amabinzana isiphumo ohlekisayo isekelwe phezu homonymy iintlobo ezithile kwamagama. Kodwa uhlobo olufanayo lungelelanisa zezi yunithi lungelelanisa zahlukile. Ngoko ke, umzekelo yokuqala, esebenzisa igama elithi "kunqunyulwa", "elibhalwe ngokumileyo", "Mothers". "Oblique" njengoko asilogama lithetha "obungalinganiyo", "igophe" yaye "ROOTN" njengesibizo - a nokuthiywa Indies yomvundla. Kumzekelo yesibini isebenzisa ubumbaxa yegama elithi 'utshona': baphembe umlilo, ukuntywiliselwa kakhulu emanzini. Kulo mzekelo wesithathu, esidla Izikweko: i sisikhwenene njengesibizo - igama kwentaka, sisikhwenene njengefunekayo yesenzi "zokoyikisa." Ekugqibeleni, ngenyanga yesine umzekelo pun ngokusekelwe kuqondana iifomu kwixesha elidlulileyo yesenzi "aphelise 'kwaye esibizo kwimeko nominative" v "(umgca kwisihobe).

Akusoloko kulula ukuqonda, amaxabiso omnye okanye ngaphezulu amagama. Ingcambu wemiqondiso kunye uhlahlelo kwimeko ukusetyenziswa unokukunceda ubone Kuyi homonymous okanye zithathwa iyunithi.

Bonisani phezu utoliko isiqu amagama amanani

Umsebenzi: Jonga uluhlu ngezantsi uze uzame ngokwabo ukumisela amagama amanani enye okanye ngaphezulu ilandelayo: ngubo, impungutye, imoto, endleleni, ngesandla, kernel. Ukucacisa ngochongo yakho. Zingaphi entries ungakhetha ukuba igama ngalinye?

Onke la magama neentsingiselo ezininzi lungelelanisa:

• Ngubo ngokuba izambatho, kwakunye indawo apho zigcinwa.
• Fox - isilwanyana ngexesha ndoda wengcibi yokuluka ke lowo. Le ubumbaxa of ekhulisa ngaphandle yokuba kumaxesha amandulo (nakwiilali - kwaye ngoku) iimpungutye ebusuku, xa kungekho namnye uyabona, eyangena amakhaya kunye koovimba ukuba bebe ukutya abantu.
• Machine - le isithuthi, kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa.
• Indlela - oku indlela ilizwe, kunye nezothutho emoyeni, kunye nobomi liphuzu yabantu.
• Hand - yinxalenye yomzimba nokubhala.
• I kernel - eli ngundoqo into ethile, kwaye isiseko nayiphi na intshukumo, ezifana umkhosi.

izabelo eziliqela logic

Jonga izivakalisi ezingezantsi. Ngaba ngezi esihlanganisa:

1. isikhundla esikhulu, kunye pickles;
2. imitha yelanga kunye udidi basebukhosini;
3. emtshatweni nempahla kabi wenza;
4. Umhlaba elwandle, ukukhukhumala ubuhle Russian;
5. fish ngasemlanjeni ibhrashi ukuhlamba izitya.

Iimpendulo: Ambassador; ekukhanyeni; ngomtshato; isiXhosa; nguyá.

Ucinga ukuba naziphi na le mizekelo ngoomabizwafane leyo - ukuya ambiguity? Amagama kunye neenqobo ezininzi zahlukile Izikweko kukho ubhalo-uqhagamshelwano phakathi iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo esemantiki. Umzekelo №2 budlelwane isekelwe phezu isafobe: njengoko ilanga likhanyisa uMhlaba, kunye izidwangube ngenxa yemfundo yabo kunye nophuhliso Likhonkco yoluntu. Kumzekelo №5 unxibelelwano phakathi intlanzi kunye ibrashi isekelwe tiga, ngokuba imilo olungaphandle ibrashi kufana intlanzi. Imizekelo Isuka 1, 3, 4 esekelwe ngoomabizwafane.

Ngenxa yoko, siye safumanisa ukuba gama iintsingiselo ezininzi, ekuthiwa multi-oxabisekileyo, okanye polysemic. Kodwa lo ambiguity inqweneleka ukuba bakwazi ukwahlula ukusuka Izikweko. Ukuba phakathi amagama kunye neentsingiselo ezininzi naluphi uxhulumaniso lwesemantiki phakathi Izikweko wabasindisa musa.