Ngokuba yiSakharov Prize. Le mbasa "Kuba Freedom of Thought 'Andrei yiSakharov

YiSakharov Andrei Dmitrievich (owazalwa 05.21.1921, wafa 14.12.1989) - into yamachiza obalaseleyo, omnye wabaseki hydrogen, owokuqala eSoviet itshantliziyo amalungelo oluntu, abapolitiki, Academician waseUSSR, owazuza iNobel Peace Prize. Scientific and yezopolitiko imibhalo yiSakharov ziye zaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi zasemzini, kunye sengqondo zayo, iinkolelo kunye ezifunyaniswe ezaziwayo zizazinzulu kunye namagosa karhulumente ehlabathini lonke.

"Kuba Freedom of Thought 'Ngowe-1988, iPalamente yaseYurophu iye yaseka ibhaso yonyaka yiSakharov.

Saharov Andrey. biography

AD Born YiSakharov e Moscow, apho wachitha ubuntwana bakhe kunye nolutsha ekuqaleni. Kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, akazange aye, waza abafundileyo apha ekhaya, ukwenza noyise wakhe, umfundisi physics. Unina yiSakharov yaba ngumama. School of the sisazinzulu elizayo baqalisa ukuya kuphela kwibakala 7, yaye emva kokuba igqityiwe wangena University eMoscow kwi-Faculty of Physics.

Xa imfazwe, Andrei yiSakharov wazama ukuba bangene akhademi emkhosini, kodwa yena akazange kwamkelwa ngenxa yempilo enkenenkene. Kunye ne Moscow State University Andrew babalekela Ashgabat, apho waphumelela iimbeko ukusuka zokufundisa ngo-1942.

Ukuqala Umsebenzi zenzululwazi

Emva kokuphumelela, yiSakharov weza ukusasazwa Ulyanovsk iimbumbulu zezityalo. Apha ke kungekudala ufumana ngeendlela zokuphucula ulawulo umgangatho imveliso, kwaye lazisa kwimveliso indlela yakhe yokuqala.

Ngowe-1943-44 Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov ngokuzimela amaphepha eziliqela zenzululwazi ayithumele kwintloko kwisahlulo theoretical component Physics Institute. Lebedeva IE wachaza oku Yaye ekuqaleni 1945, yiSakharov wabizelwa eMoscow iimviwo kunye ukwamkelwa ugqibe esikolweni. Ngowe-1947 wamela ithisisi yakhe, yaye ngowe-1948 neqembu imfihlo izazinzulu inxaxheba ekudalweni kwezixhobo yenyukliya kwisixeko okuvala Arzamas-16. Xa lo myalelo, Saharov Andrey Dmitrievich waba lilungu uyilo kunye nokudalwa hydrogen yokuqala, uphando yakhe kude 1968. Waza yena kanye wachaza oku wavavanya ulawulo mbawula reaction.

Ngowe-1953, yiSakharov waba ngugqirha physical sciences zemathematika kwaye sele onyulwe njengelungu Academy of Sciences USSR.

iinkolelo Political Andreya Saharova

Ekupheleni kuka-1950, yiSakharov waqalisa ukumphikisa ngokubonakalayo ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo iye utyikitye isivumelwano wokuvalwa uvavanyo kwiindawo ezintathu (emoyeni, ocean kunye nesithuba) kwaye ngo-1966 kusetyenziswana ne kwezinye izazinzulu, wapapasha incwadi ngokuhlangeneyo nxamnye nokuvuselelwa Stalin.

Ngowe-1968, iimbono yiSakharov ezopolitiko baye bafumana indlela lwehlabathi umxholo walo eziqaqambise ngayo kweli nqaku, apho inzululwazi bendicinga malunga nenkqubela olubanzi inkululeko ngokwasengqondweni kwaye kungenzeka ngokuhlalisana ngoxolo phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko. Xa umsebenzi wakhe, wathetha ngemfuneko rapprochement efanayo kwenkqubo nkulu kunye yali ukudala isiseko kuphuhliso olungaphezulu uxolo kulo lonke ihlabathi. Eli nqaku yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi, yaye ukusasazwa yayo amazwe ilinganiselwa kwi million ngaphezulu kwama-20. Iikopi. Urhulumente waseSoviet akazange aqonde yiSakharov isebenza engafani andise, ideology. Wasuswa ukusuka kumsebenzi ngokufihlakeleyo kwi izixhobo zenyukliya kwi Arzamas-16, yaye nzulu wabuyela emsebenzini kwi-Physical Institute.

Andrei yiSakharov ngokuya wayethanda ingcamango yemisebenzi kwamalungelo oluntu, nto leyo 1970 waba lilungu leqela waseka ikomiti amalungelo oluntu. Waba ngenkuthalo ukulwela amalungelo oluntu asisiseko: ilungelo ufumana ukuze udlulise ulwazi, ukuba ashiye ilizwe baze babuyele kulo, inkululeko yesazela.

Le ncwadi "On ilizwe nehlabathi"

Njengoko umchazi-entsimini kwezixhobo zenyukliya, iswekile badla Zenziwe ifowuni ukuba kwezixhobo, kwaye ngo-1975 wapapasha incwadi yakhe "On eli lizwe kunye nehlabathi." Kulo msebenzi, le sisazinzulu, kwaye ngoku sezopolitiko, ngqwabalala bagxeka ekhoyo ngexesha ulawulo kwezopolitiko, le nangeendlela abaci-nga iqela elinye, nezithintelo amalungelo nenkululeko. YiSakharov ebizwa eSoviet Union "yingozi ihlabathi ivaliwe karhulumente amapolisa yileyo, axhobe iimpahla eziphakamileyo kuxhaswe kwaye imithombo emikhulu." Academician inika eziliqela iinguqu ezinxulumene nazo zombini icandelo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho umsebenzi karhulumente, ekhokelayo, ngokwembono yakhe, ukuba 'ukuphucula imeko yezentlalo kweli lizwe. "

Ngokumalunga kumazwe Western yiSakharov wathetha zabo "ubuthathaka kunye disorganization," ngokuba yinkokeli US wabiza umanyano, kwakhona, sikwayyigxininisa kakhulu imfuneko yokuba izixhobo ngokuhlangeneyo.

Isazinzulu into eyahlukileyo wagxininisa ukubaluleka ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu ehlabathini jikelele, ingakumbi ilungelo lokukhetha ilizwe labo lokuhlala kunye ukufumana ulwazi, kwakunye nemfuneko yokuba kukhathalelo olubanzi lwamazwe "ihlabathi yesithathu".

Nokunikwa Nobel Prize

Emva kokupapashwa ethi "On lizwe nakwihlabathi", nto leyo yaguqulelwa kwaye yapapashwa ekubhekiswe kuyo kwilizwe lakhe, akukho abapolitiki okanye Isazinzulu eSoviet Union ayikwazanga ndoqhayisa wonke eyaziwa ngokuba iswekile. I-Peace Prize ifumene hero yayo Oktobha 9, 1975. Kwingxelo yomsebenzi weKomiti Nobel yiSakharov kwathiwa ngokuba "inkxaso ngokungenaloyiko imigaqo esisiseko woxolo," yaye nzulu 'umlweli nesibindi ngokuxhatshazwa amandla kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwezithandani isidima sobuntu. "

Ubunkokheli eSoviet yagqiba ukuba aphesheya akanako ushiye umntu ezinobungozi Andrei yiSakharov. I-Nobel Prize yanikezelwa umfazi wakhe, Elena Bonner, abafunda phandle indoda yakhe kunye eyayinesihloko "Uxolo, inkqubela kunye namalungelo oluntu." Kwakhona umlomo umfazi yiSakharov wabalahla zonke ukungafezeki ngamandla kwezopolitiko kunye nemeko ngokubanzi, kokubini apha USSR kwaye kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Nokungalali amabhaso link

Isizathu sokugcina ukuba waphula unyamezelo kobunkokheli Soviet, kwaba nzima intetho yiSakharov ngo-1979 nxamnye ngokuhlaselwa Afghanistan. Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR Academy ebeze zonke mabhaso, kuquka isihloko izihlandlo ezithathu Hero of Socialist Labasebenzi ngoJanuwari 1980.

YiSakharov wabanjwa esitratweni kwaye asiwe kwisixeko Gorky, apho inzululwazi waphila ukwabelana isiphelo bakhe nomkakhe engama-7 phantsi endlini.

Ngoxa esekuthinjweni, ISAZINZULU babona indlela kuphela ukulwa sikweni elingenammiselo ugwayimbo yindlala. Kodwa ke wasiwa esibhedlele kunye nomkhosi-wondleke.

Buyela kunye nokuvuselelwa

Perestroika waba ngamandla, uMikhail Gorbachev wavumela yiSakharov ukuba abuyele aze aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi. Iswekile waphinda ukuthetha umnxeba ukuze izixhobo ze abe lilungu leBhunga Ephakamileyo Academy of Sciences. Nezifundiswa ukuba aphinde afune ilungelo lokuthetha malunga neengxaki zakhe uphazamisekile.

A intsokolo iintsilelo ngurhulumente kwezopolitiko kunye neminyaka yindinisa yokuthinjwa ekhoyo phantsi ngamandla impilo yiSakharov. Emva kokuba iingxabano rhoqo kwaye iinzame yanto ukungqina ukuchaneka yesifo sentliziyo ekhaya wafa sisazinzulu kunye namalungelo oluntu enkulu ntliziyo Saharov Andrey. Biography of le ndoda ezele imihla ebalulekileyo kunye neziganeko sibi. Igalelo lakhe ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nophuhliso physics yenyukliya.

Ngokuba yiSakharov Prize "inkululeko yokucinga"

Foreign kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, elidla ezopolitiko, njengoko abemi bamazwe Western, bawazisa ukubaluleka iinkolelo yiSakharov nobunzulu ngegalelo lakhe kwihlabathi-ngokubanzi ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu. E eJamani, Lithuania, i-United States kunye namanye amazwe kuba izitalato, izikwere kunye neepaki ogama emva kokuba le ndoda omkhulu.

I-European IPalamente sisephantsi ubomi lwezenzululwazi, ngowe-1988, ibhaso ngenxa 'inkululeko yokucinga "yiSakharov savunywa. Le mbasa inikezelwa qho ngonyaka ngo December yaye amawaka-50. Euro. The Prize ngokuba yiSakharov lunonikezelwa seempumelelo kuyo nayiphi na kwezi nkalo zilandelayo lobhengezo:

• nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye nokubaluleka kwenkululeko;
• ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa;
• bathobela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe;
• uphuhliso neenkqubo zedemokhrasi kunye nasekuziqiniseni kwam igunya incwadi yomthetho.

Abaphumelele "Kuba Inkululeko yebhaso Thought '

Abaphumeleleyo yokuqala, leyo lawongwa ngebhaso yiSakharov, yaba ukulwa yaseMzantsi Afrika nxamnye calulo, Mandela kunye nebanjwa kwezopolitiko Soviet Marchenko.

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, Andreya Saharova Prize yanikezelwa kumbutho Argentina "Oomama of the Plaza de Mayo" (1992), iphephandaba ka Bosnia and Herzegovina (1993), yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (2003), i-Belarus Association of kwiintatheli (2004), intshukumo Cuba "Manene e White" (2005) kunye nenani neminye imibutho kunye nabantu abo umsebenzi iqulathe ekulweleni amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko.

Umbutho yamalungelo oluntu "iSikhumbuzo"

Ngo-2009, unyaka Isikhumbuzo seminyaka engamashumi amabini kokufa Andrei yiSakharov, iPalamente YaseYurophu yajizeka lo Prize Uxolo yamalungelo oluntu "iSikhumbuzo". Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngomnye wabaseki lombutho kunye usihlalo yokuqala ngoxa kuluntu encinane kakhulu yaba Academician yiSakharov. "ISikhumbuzo" sathatha ngokupheleleyo zonke iingcamango yiSakharov malunga nokubaluleka kwamalungelo oluntu ingakumbi inkululeko ngokwasengqondweni ukuba abe nako uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili kwihlabathi liphela.

Okwangoku, i "iSikhumbuzo" - kuyinto enkulu Umbutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente kunye ofisi eJamani amazwe awayesakuba awodwa yiSoviet. Eyona misebenzi iphambili yale lomphakathi advocacy, uphando kunye nemfundo.

Namhlanje Abaphumelele ibhaso "for Freedom of Thought"

Ngo-2013, ngokuba imbasa ukuba zakhethwa owayesakuba arhente CIA E. Snowden kunye namabanjwa Belarusian ezopolitiko, yaye wawongwa ngokuba yiSakharov Prize elinesihlanu Pakistani yesikolo Malala Yousafzai, ngubani walwa silwa olungalinganiyo kunye Taliban yonke le nkqubo ikhoyo ukuba ilungelo kunezixhobo ukuya esikolweni. Iminyaka elishumi elinanye Malala wenza blog ngenxa BBC, nto leyo ichaza ngokweenkcukacha iingxaki zobomi kunye sengqondo Taliban kwimfundo for girls.

Ngo-2014, i-Prize ngokuba yiSakharov zanikezelwa Denis Mukvege, omnye ugqirha evela Congo. Kucelwa ukuba iPalamente yaseYurophu le ndoda umdla kukuba ihlelwe iziko elizweni, nto leyo enika uncedo zengqondo zonyango kumaxhoba obundlobongela kwezesondo.

Enye Prize ngokuba yiSakharov

Ngowe-2001, usomashishini kunye namalungelo oluntu ntliziyo Petrom Vinsom, owazalelwa eyayiseKiev ngo-1956, yasekwa Russian Andrei yiSakharov Prize "Kuba Journalism njenge Mvume". USihlalo yijaji eli bhaso umbhali, bhanya kunye namalungelo oluntu ntliziyo A. Simonov, kunye nabanye Iphaneli yabagwebi aqulethe kwezentlalo abadumileyo Russian, iintatheli kunye abavikeli amalungelo oluntu. Inxaxheba ekukhethweni kwe abaphumeleleyo kunye nenani iintatheli ukusuka eSpeyin, i-USA ne Austria.

Ngokuba yiSakharov Prize "Kuba Journalism njengokuba Mvume" inikwa ngababhali Russian bakukhuthaza kumsebenzi wabo iinqobo kunye neenjongo ekulandeleni apho balwa yiSakharov, ndizenzele ukuma kwabo ubomi.

Ngo-2012, umvuzo yawongwa Viktoru Shostko, correspondent ekhethekileyo iphephandaba Rostov "umlimi". Wafikelela ingqalelo uluntu kunye labagwebi yophando lwakhe journalistic kwezi ezithandwayo ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kwidolophana Kushchevskaya, ummandla Rostov.

Ngamanye iminyaka laureates baba eyaziwa iintatheli Russian Tatyana Sedykh, ekuthiwa nguElvira Gorukhino Galina Kowalska, Anna Politkovskaya kunye nabanye.

YiSakharov - yayindoda kwiminyaka engamashumi eyadlulayo walumkisa malunga iingxaki zehlabathi, wabona namhlanje. Wazama esoma ukubonisa imikhosi wabasemagunyeni iindlela ngqo yeengxaki zopolitiko noqoqosho. Kwifoto yiSakharov Andrei Dmitrievich zingaqondwa kungabonwa avuthayo amehlo mbono ngaphakathi. Le sisibane ingcamango Russian ekhohlo amasalela kwiincwadi zakhe ziyindlela ubulumko kwezopolitiko.