Ndayivulela mna Athanasius Nikitin? "Journey Beyond Seas ezintathu" Afanasiya Nikitina

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukwazi ukuba ukwazi oko wavula Athanasius Nikitin. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda apho yayindwendwele umhambi enkulu. Iminyaka yobomi Afanasiya Nikitina - 1442-1474 (75). Kokuba azalelwe yaseTver, unyana ka-Nikita, omnye umlimi, ngoko Nikitin - a patronymic hayi igama lomqhubi. Uninzi abalimi ngelo xesha kwakungekho izibongo.

Kuphela ngokuyinxenye makwazeke mbali ngobomi bakhe. Akukho lwazi enokuthenjwa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe ebuntwaneni le umhambi. Yinto eyaziwayo nje ukuba waba umrhwebi kwiminyaka noko oselula waya eCrimea, ukuba Byzantium, Lithuania kunye namanye amazwe ishishini. Ingaba amashishini kakhulu ngempumelelo Athanasius ke babuyela evela phesheya ekhaya impahla.

Apha ngezantsi kukho oqingqiweyo Afanasy Nikitin, elise yaseTver.

Ngowe-1468 Athanasius walwenza kusini uhambo, ngexesha apho watyelela eMpuma, eAfrika, India namaPersi. Olu hambo kuchazwa kwincwadi ebizwa ngokuba "Journey Beyond Seas ezintathu" Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ormuz

Nikitin waya Baku nge iPersi, ngoko xa benyuka ezintabeni, ndaya phambili ngasezantsi. Wenza akukho Wakhawuleza uhambo lwabo, khefu ixesha elide kwiilali ze bafunde ulwimi lwasekuhlaleni, kwakunye yokuqhubeka kurhwebo. Athanasius wafika entwasahlobo ka-1449 kwi-Hormuz - isixeko enkulu ekudibaneni kweendlela zorhwebo: evela India, China, eAsia Minor neYiputa.

ERashiya, oko wayesele esaziwa iimveliso ze Hormuz. Ngokukodwa, i perile adumileyo Hormuz. Athanasius Nikitin, esazi ukuba isixeko Indian ukuthunyelwa kwamahashe kumazwe angaphandle, bagqiba ukwenza efunisela kwalo mzi. Wathenga i yehashe Arab kunye bakhwela inqanawa ngethemba ithengiswe inzuzo e-India. Athanasius waya kwisixeko Chaul. Ngoko yaqhubeka ukufunyanwa Russian of India. Athanasius Nikitin Kwathi apha ngolwandle.

okuvelayo kuqala nge India

Kwathabatha iiveki ezintandathu diving. A nomvakalelo womoya onamandla kwi yomthengisi wenze India. Mhambi, singalibalanga urhwebo, naye waba nomdla kuphando ngenkcazo. Awayibhala iinkcukacha ezincwadini zabo oko bakubonileyo. Kwiincwadi zakhe, India lizisa ilizwe emangalisayo apho kanti akunjalo, njengoko eRashiya. Athanasius wabhala ukuba bonke abantu apha uye benganxibanga namnyama. nqa bakhe nangezo uNothozamile abahlali ukunxiba izivatho zegolide. Nikitin ngokwakhe, ngasendleleni, nayo umxhelo amaNdiya. Ayifane ephakadeni phambi kokuba abahlali ukubona abantu abamhlophe. Nikitin ayikwazanga Chawla inzuzo athengise ihashe lakhe. Waya nzulu kweli lizwe, zakubon 'ukuba zenziwe kwidolophu encinane, ibekwe efikelela kuyo Sina, uze emva koko Dzhunnare.

Oko wabhala Athanasius Nikitin?

Athanasius Nikitin waphawula iinkcukacha yekhaya, echaza izinto kunye namasiko endawo amanqaku zokuhamba. Kwaba phantse nenkcazelo yokuqala Indian indlela yobomi, hayi kuphela iRashiya kodwa eYurophu. Athanasius wabhala ukuba ukutya abantu balapha bangayidlayo kwalusa iinkomo, yintoni iimveliso ukuthengisa, njani banxiba. Bona inkqubo lemveliso nkqu iziselo ezinxilisayo iye yachazwa, kwakunye ekhaya yesiko amakhaya India ukulala ebhedini enye kunye neendwendwe.

Eli bali lenzeka apho ke kuloo nqaba Dzhunnar

Le nqaba Dzhunnar umhambi yaqhubeka ngokunokwabo. Khan Local wathatha yehashe Athanasius, xa efumanisa ukuba undwendwe oluvela eRashiya, hayi basurmanin kunye neeNtlanga wabeka imeko; nokuba esamkela Islam, hayi kuphela akazange abuyele ihashe lakhe, kodwa uya kuthengiswa ebukhobokeni Khan. kweentsuku ezine lanikwa siyacamngca. ithuba kuphela wasindisa Umhambi Russian. Wahlangana Mohammed, nomhlobo ubudala ekuqinisekisa ukuba owasemzini phambi Khan.

Nikitin wafundela iinyanga ezimbini ayichitha Dzhunnare, balima labantu. Waphawula ukuba eIndiya, zokutyala elima ingqolowa, ertyisi kunye nerayisi ngexesha lemvula. Kwakhona uchaza iiwayini zalapha. Coconuts esisetyenziswe apha nje izinto ekrwada.

Njengoko Athanasius wathengisa ihashe

Athanasius bavelelwa Dzhunnara city Alland. Kwakukho enobulungisa enkulu. Umthengisi bafuna ukuthengisa ihashe Isidanish, kodwa kwakhona akuphumelelanga. Kwaye ngaphandle kuye kuloo mboniso yaba eninzi zamahashe ezilungileyo.

Afanasiyu Nikitinu ngo-1471 kuphela ukuba athengise ngayo, nokuba ngaphandle ingenelo, okanye kwi ilahleko. Kwathi kwisixeko Bidar, apho afika, elinde ixesha lemvula kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala. Yena ukuma ixesha elide apha, wenza abahlobo kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni. Athanasius waxelela abahlali ngokholo lwabo kunye emhlabeni. AmaNdiya waxelela okuninzi Iziseko zeentsapho zabo, imithandazo kunye namasiko. Nikitina ezininzi ushicilelo abazahluleleyo kwimiba balapha unqulo.

Parvat kwiingxelo Nikitin kaThixo

Okulandelayo, Ndawuvula ke Athanasius Nikitin umzi ongcwele ಪಾಸ್ಫ್ರೇಸ್ amazwi. Wafika apha kwi Krishna Beach ngo-1472. Esi sixeko aba abathembekileyo lonke India umthendeleko ngonyaka, nto leyo sanikezelwa kuthixo Shiva. Nikitin kubonisiwe kwidayari yakhe ukuba ibe yindawo ebaluleke elinganayo Indian Terms, eYerusalem kumaKristu.

zokuhamba Further Afanasy Nikitin

Enye konyaka onesiqingatha ohambahambayo nge India umrhwebi kwiinzame nezorhwebo funda amasiko endawo. Kodwa amashishini (oko kukuthi, kutheni Athanasius Nikitin wahamba iilwandle ezintathu) ayiphumelelanga. Ifanele ukuba kwamanye amazwe eRashiya kwempahla ukusuka eIndiya, akazange awufumane.

Afanasii Nikitin watyelela endleleni emva Afrika (East Coast). Ilizwe Ethiopian, ngokuvumelana iidayari, yena wasinda inkunzi. Umhambi hlenga isonka kunye nerayisi evela wabaphangi.

ukubuya

uhambo Afanasiya Nikitina waqhubeka yi yokuba wabuyela Ormuz uye emantla nge Iran, apho ngelo xesha alwa. Athanasius wegqitha Kashan, Shiraz, Erzinzhan waye e Trabzon, kwidolophu Turkish, ibekwe kunxweme olusemazantsi kuLwandle Black. Return kwabonakala kufutshane, kodwa mo sele yajikayo Nikitin. abasemagunyeni Turkish bamsa eluvalelweni, njengoko Wayengachananga ukuba hlola Iranian. Ngoko Athanasius Nikitin, yomrhwebi Russian kunye mhambi, umnakekeli yonke impahla yakhe. Yonke into eseleyo kuye - idayari yakhe.

Athanasius wathabatha imali yokuya kwi ngok. Wayefuna ukuya Feodosia, apho wayefuna ukuhlangabezana abarhwebi Russian uze uhlawule amatyala kunye nawo. In Kafu (Feodosiya), oko elifikeleleka kuphela ngo-1474, ekwindla. Nikitin wachitha ubusika apha, ngokuzalisa amanqakwana hambo. Entlakohlaza wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele eRashiya kwi Dnieper River yaseTver. Oku ephetha uhambo ukuya India Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ukufa Afanasiya Nikitina

Kodwa Imbuyekezo ukuba umhambi: wafa ESmolensk kwiimeko ncam. Mhlawumbi iminyaka ubunzima kunye nokutshutshiswa phantsi Athanasius zempilo. Satellites ke abarhwebi Moscow, bazisa eMoscow wabanika umbhalo wakhe umcebisi wazo Mamyrevu, Sexton, Ivan III. kamva Amangenelo kuquka encwadini yeembali 1480.

Bathi eyafunyanwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 Karamzin yaza yapapashwa phantsi isihloko umbhali ngo-1817. Ekubhekiswe kuyo kwisihloko lo msebenzi iilwandle amathathu - lweCaspian, Sea Black kunye Indian Ocean.

Ndayivulela mna Athanasius Nikitin?

Kudala phambi kokufika umlungu Indiya kweli lizwe yaba umthengisi Russian. Indlela ulwandle lavulwa apha Vasco da Gama, umrhwebi Portuguese, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.

Nangona ithagethi intengiso ayizange iphumelele, isiphumo yaba inkcazo yokuqala yokuhamba in India. In Russia yamandulo phambi kokuba wayesaziwa kuphela iintsomi iincwadi. Le ndoda kwinkulungwane ye-15 yakwazi ukubona eli lizwe ngamehlo abo kunye italente ukuba lo mfo. Wabhala malunga nenkqubo yezopolitiko, unqulo, urhwebo, exotic (iindlovu, iinyoka, iinkawu), amasiko endawo, zaza zarekhodwa ezinye mshini.

Nikitin wachaza ngemihlaba nesixeko, akayi uyawuvelela, kodwa ngawo waxelela amaNdiya. Zichazwa ingakumbi kwisiqithi eCeylon, yaseCalcutta, Indochina, ngelo xesha ezazingaziwa ku Russian. Ngoko ke yintoni wavula Athanasius Nikitin, waba ixabiso elikhulu. Ngoku data ngononophelo eqokelelweyo ukuvumela ukuba agwebe iminqweno politiko kunye zomkhosi babalawuli India ngelo xesha, nomkhosi wawo.

"Journey Beyond Seas ezintathu" Afanasiya Nikitina - okubhaliweyo yokuqala hlobo yayo kwimbali iincwadi Russian. Bhala isandi eyahlukileyo unokuvelisa ukuba umhambi a kuphela ukuchaza iindawo ezingcwele, njengoko ngezonqulo phambi kwakhe. Hayi izinto ezahlukeneyo unqulo lwamaKristu eyele entsimini yakhe mbono, kunye nabantu kunye nezinye iinkolelo kunye nendlela yokuphila. Notes akanayo self-ukuhluza iindaba kunye Okusemthethweni ngaphezu ingakumbi ezixabisekileyo.