Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich: engobomi, usapho, ubuchule

Namhlanje igama Mstislav Rostropovich - igama lomnye iimvumi ezinkulu wezifundo kwinkulungwane XX. Kwafuneka nje kuphela italente eyahlukileyo ukwenza, kodwa yena wayeyindoda umgaqo, wamelana umgaqo-nkqubo kwinkqubo owayenguzwilakhe USSR. Ebudeni belo Rostropovich wagxothwa lizwe. Entshonalanga, wenza umsebenzi yehlabathi-eklasini, emva koko wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe, apho ubukomanisi uwile.

ebuntwaneni

umqhubi elizayo kunye cello Mstislav Rostropovich wazalwa ngoMatshi 27 , 1927 in Baku. Abazali bakhe babazali abaziimvumi, ngoko ke ikamva lo mntwana echazwe kwangaphambi kokuba azalwe. Ngowe-1932-1937 gg. Rostropovich wafunda kwiSikolo Gnessin eMoscow. Yaba elinye lamaziko best zomculo lemfundo elo lizwe.

Xa kuqala imfazwe ikomkhulu, yaqalisa baphume ngobuninzi abahlali. Ndandiba kuyo, yaye Rostropovich oneminyaka eli-14 ubudala. Biography umqhubi kwakunxibelelene kwisixeko Chkalov (Orenburg). Zishiye uyise Mstislav, yaye elivisayo laba yintloko de facto yentsapho. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-elinesihlanu waqala ukufundisa esikolweni umculo yasekuhlaleni ngaloo ndlela wondla intsapho.

Kwakukho imisebenzi yokuqala ezimeleyo, abhaliweyo Rostropovich. Biography Umqambi oselula yabalasela nokudalwa mbongo ngenxa cello, ipiyano concerto kunye Preludes Piano. Ngexesha lemfazwe, le mvumi waba artist yokuhambela. Uye wenza kunye orchestra i Maly Theatre, ngokwenza imisebenzi yi Tchaikovsky. Rostropovich wanika iikonsathi ngeeyunithi, izibhedlele, amaziko ezithili yomkhosi kunye neefama.

ukubunjwa

Kwiminyaka eli-16, imvumi unesiphiwo bafika kwikomkhulu evela eMoscow Conservatory, apho waqalisa ukufunda ubugcisa yokudlala cello kunye nokwakha izakhono. utitshala wakhe wajika amadlozi Kozolup. Yena ngoko nangoko wabona amandla usithe a Rostropovich. Biography Umculi ukuba bemkile ngokwahlukileyo ukuba ebengabhenelanga wayebonakele kwi ingqalelo kwaye ufuna Kozolupov izandla.

Le somculo Rostropovich wadibana winky waza wambonisa score of eyakhe nepiyano concerto yakhe waza ukuze ukucaciselwa. NguDmitry kakhulu iinzame zomfundi uselula yaye wamcela ukuba bazibandakanye ngamnye ukuphucula izakhono compositional.

Kamva, Noko ke, Rostropovich yaye akazange ukuqamba umculo yakhe. Isizathu yayilula. Xa weva yesiBhozo Symphony of winky leyo luvelise ma enkulu kuye kuqala, cello wagqiba ekubeni iplagi uyitsale kwi umqambi wayo elizayo, eqonda ukuba akasoze ukufikelela master level. Mhlawumbi eli ubaxo zobutsha, Ke ukugqitywa kwalo Rostropovich ezifunyenweyo. Ixesha uye wabonisa ukuba wenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo, kuba ihlabathi lonke kumkhumbula igcisa elikhethekileyo nanto.

uprofesa

Ngowe-1945, wadlula ukhuphiswano All-Union elandelayo abaculi abaselula. I enikezela ngayo eAmsterdam Mstislav Rostropovich. Biography cello kwaphawula ibhaso lokuqala, nangona ngexesha ubomi bakhe wayeselapho inani elikhulu kubo. Le mpumelelo iye ukuba abafundi kunyaka wesibini-hamba ngqo wesihlanu. Ngowe-1950, i imvumi oselula iphumelele ugqatso ogama Hanuš Wigan, eyayibanjelwe ePrague.

Ngelo xesha ke sele waphumelela Conservatory yezifundiswa yesikolo. Rostropovich liye ngokukhawuleza abe engaqhelekanga kunye notitshala encomekayo. iminyaka 26 wasebenza e Moscow Conservatory kunye neminyaka-7 - eLeningrad. Ngenxa amashumi amathathu, Mstislav Rostropovich wafunda lukhulu leengcali-class ehlabathini. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Natalya Shahovskaya, uNatalia Gutman, iosif Feygelson Sergei Roldugin, uDavide Geringas, Yolwandle Villeruša Ivan Monighetti njalo njalo .. Uninzi lwaba bafundi kamva baba oonjingalwazi kwi oqeqesho umculo kunayo ehlabathini lonke.

nobuciko Rostropovich

Yintoni ekhunjulwa inkqenkqeza Mstislav Rostropovich? Umbethi kunye iintlobo enkulu ngemisebenzi. umsebenzi wakhe lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini. Okokuqala, yaba cello Rostropovich (ensemblist kunye odlala), kwaye okwesibini - umqhubi Symphonic kunye operatic. italente yakhe ezamkelwe jikelele - imisebenzi malunga 60 abaqambi ilungileyo zehlabathi ezibhaliweyo ingakumbi Mstislava Leopoldovicha. Yena kuqala wenza ngaphezu kwekhulu imisebenzi for cello waza wanikela omnye okhestra 70 inkulumbuso. Njengoko umqhubi Rostropovich neqembu yakhe ngo-1957, wathengiswa xa phantsi kwesikhokelo sakhe Bolshoi Theatre phandle "Eugene Onegin" yi Tchaikovsky. Yaba impumelelo enkulu.

Kweli xesha yiSoviet ngayo umsebenzi wakhe, cello Rostropovich liye lahlala kuyo eSoviet Union. Kwakhona wenza njengemvumi igumbi lomculo kunye Davidom Oystrahom kunye Svyatoslavom Rihterom. Nomkakhe, igcisa waba yimvumi opera Galina Vishnevskaya. Rostropovich wayesoloko wathetha naye kuchazo eqongeni, ehamba umfazi wakhe. Ngowe-1951, umqhubi bawongwa ngeMbasa Stalin ngowe-1965 - Lenin, yaye ngo-1966 waba Artist yaBantu ye-USSR.

protection Solzhenitsyn

Mstislav Rostropovich, ubomi lakhe siqu iye yanxulunyaniswa ezahlukeneyo nabahlobo, wayengoyiki kubakhusela phambi lukarhulumente yileyo, kwanokuba kwakufuneka esichengeni isikhundla sakhe. Ngowe-1969, umqambi lukhuselwe kwi dacha yakhe umbhali elubhacweni Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Xa wahlala elidlulileyo nobudlelwane Khrushchev kunye norhulumente Brezhnev waqalisa ukufaka ityhefu umbhali "Day One kwi Ivana Denisovicha" kunye neminye imisebenzi ezithandwayo kweminquba.

Kumongameli, lagubungela nje kuphela kwi Solzhenitsyn, kodwa kananjalo wabhala ekhusela incwadi evulekileyo, nto leyo iya kuthunyelwa iphephandaba omkhulu eSoviet "PRAVDA". Emva koko, lo cello Rostropovich wachaswa nemingeni emininzi. Abasemagunyeni abazange bamvumele ukuba enze amaqela ezinkulu yaye akazange avunyelwe ukubona amazwe. Lo matshini waqala ngoyaba cello. Enyanisweni, waba unguGxothiwe ukuba urhulumente waseSoviet kunye utshaba nesele.

Ubomi e USA

Ngowe-1974, Mstislav Rostropovich kunye nomfazi wakhe Galina Vishnevskaya, kokugxothwa USSR. Ngowe-1978, baye lobumi Soviet. yonke imbali opals ezinkulu mvumi kwaqala incwadi evulekileyo kwi "inyaniso". Kwanasemva kokuba ukuwa ubukomanisi ubuyele wedemokhrasi Rostropovich Russia kudliwano-ndlebe, wathi yena ukholelwa ukuba yesitshixo ekhusela nto ilungileyo Solzhenitsyn ukuba ayenze ebomini bam, ukuze kanye indlela ziyangqinelana umqhubi nomvandedwa wakhe.

Emva kokushiya eSoviet Union, le mvumi kunye nentsapho yakhe babehlala ingakumbi eUnited States. Yena waba nguyise neentombi ezimbini. Olga, Elena Rostropovich wazalelwa 50 kunye nabantwana bashiya kwilizwe labo. Ngowe-1977-1994 gg. umqhubi wakhokela Washington National Symphony Orchestra. Rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine iqela kudlalelwa kumiselwa uMongameli US. Rostropovich naye lwenziwa rhoqo ekonsathini owaziwa ngedinala sungula ku-4 Usuku Independence kaJulayi. Ngaphezu koko, uye wahambela kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ngelo isimemo ayimise amaqela ezinkulu eFransi, Great Britain, eJamani, Austria, Japan njalo njalo. D.

star umhlaba

isikhumbuzo sawo 60 Rostropovich wadibana eWashington. Ngowe-1987, kumsitho kwalo mhla kwi elikomkhulu US yasingatha Yokuqala World Congress of cellists. Ke Ronald Reagan wanika umqhubi ibhaso karhulumente liphezulu - ye Molteno yeNkululeko. Rostropovich watyelela nkqu Queen Elizabeth II.

Lo mculi ngemvelo umntu extroverted kunye yaso. Ngexesha iminyaka udumo zezilwanyana kumazwe aphesheya yena wafumana omkhulu abahlobo esiphezulu kunye nezihlobo. Ngomhla wakhe wokuzalwa KWENTLEKELE yehlabathi lonke musical elite. Rostropovich ababenobuhlobo uPicasso, Chagall, Dali, galich kunye Brodsky. Ngowe-1994, xa umqhubi isaziso ukupheliswa ngentsebenziswano Washington National Symphony Orchestra, wayebambe ikonsathi zegala grand. Iileta wokubonga wathumela Rostropovich zonke abongameli yaseMelika, kunye omzalayo athi adibane naye 'ofisi' yakhe: Carter, Reagan, Bush kunye Clinton.

Mvumi Citizen

Kwi-West, Rostropovich waba odumileyo kuphela njengemvumi elihle, kodwa nje elilwela amalungelo oluntu. Wayedla wanika Ikonsathi kwizithili ingakumbi wakhathazeka zehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1989, lo ncam waba Bach abandwendweli cello kwi i-Berlin Wall. Ngowe-1974, waphumelela imbasa, yanikezelwa kuye League of Human Rights.

Ngelo xesha, imeko ehlabathini itshintshile. ESoviet Union weza amandla isikhokelo entsha endleleni iinguqulelo. Ngowe-1990, uMikhail Gorbachev cancelled isigqibo apho Rostropovich kunye Vishnevskaya anqunyulwe amabhaso ubumi kunye nodumo. Nangona kunjalo, le mvumi wayefuna ukuhlala 'ummi ihlabathi. " Akazange athathe umva ubumi bakhe Soviet yaye kamva Russia. Ngowe-1991, xa nephika lokugqibela reactionaries inkqubo eSoviet abaqalise putsch kombuso, eParis Rostropovich ngokukodwa labhabha eMoscow wajoyina isihlwele, akhusela White House.

kuqhubekayo umsebenzi

Ekupheleni koo kunye zero, imvumi waqhubeka ukubona. Rostropovich cello bevuthela kwizixeko ezinkulu ehlabathini lonke. Njengoko umqhubi, ayimise kunye "Mchako Spades" eSan Francisco, kunye "Tsar xa uMtshakazi" - e Monte Carlo, with "Lady Macbeth" - eMunich. Le mvumi iqale kwakhona ukunika Ikonsathi eRashiya. Ngowe-1996 ayenze Bolshoi Theatre with "Khovanshchina".

Rostropovich abhalwe rhoqo ngenxa eekonsathi kunomathotholo. Ngowe-2003, wafumana ibhaso lakhe yakutshanje "yeGrammy". Eli xesha, waba ohloniphekileyo -. Kuba 'ubomi kwiirekhodi "kunye" umsebenzi ongaqhelekanga " Total Mstislav waba oyiphumeleleyo "yeGrammy" ibhaso izihlandlo ezihlanu. Kuyo umsebenzi wakhe, abahlalutyi waphawula virtuosity, iimvakalelo, iphefumlelwe nobuhle mihle le womculo umdlalo.

Fund kunye Festival Rostropovich

Njengoko umfundisi umqhubi ngo-2004 wavula isikolo Valencia, apho wafundisa izakhono zomculo ngaphezulu. izakhono cello lombutho kubonakala emsebenzini wakhe ngokungadinwayo kunye nokudalwa wemithendeleko ezintsha. iziganeko ezinjalo ukuvumela ukuba ukuvula amagama amatsha wamagcisa aselula anetalente kwihlabathi. Namhlanje, inkumbulo le mvumi enkulu Rostropovich Festival ukwenzeka qho ngonyaka.

Umbhexeshi waba ngumongameli fund yakhe. imali yawo ukunceda abafundi abakrelekrele. Ngenxa kuye, eRashiya kwakukho yokufunda ezintsha izibonelelo iimvumi abantwana. Namhlanje ubaba Umculo Fund ikhokelwe Olga Mstislavovna Rostropovich.

medicine Help

Ngenxa yabantu, Rostropovich waduma kwakhona kwiiprojekthi yaso uncedo kumaziko zonyango Russia. Lo msebenzi ezibandakanyekayo wenza 'wesisa Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation. " Namhlanje ikhokelwe intombi igcisa Elena Rostropovich.

Ngo-2000, umbutho waqalisa ukuze kuphunyezwe inkqubo agonye abantwana nxamnye hepatitis B. Ngelo xesha, yaba inyathelo lokuqala ukususela ukuwa eSoviet.

ukufa

Ngo-2006, amajelo eendaba wabonakala ulwazi malunga kukwehla impilo Mstislava Leopoldovicha. Le mvumi uqhaqho, eyayibanjelwe e eGeneva, eSwitzerland. NgoDisemba, umqhubi ndasiwa esibhedlele emva kokubuyela eMoscow evela Voronezh.

Esibhedlele, wachitha iinyanga ezintathu. Kungekudala emva kokushiya ngoMatshi, lo ncam ukuba uthe nyaka-80 iminyaka. kufanele kwakhe wavuyisana nabo abaziwayo umculo ivenkile, abezopolitiko, amanani zoluntu kunye nabahlobo abadala. mbhiyozo ezingeyomfuneko yabanjwa kwi eMoscow yesicelo. Kungekudala kwakhona imeko Rostropovich mandundu. Aprili 27, 2007, wafa. Emva kokufa amavo e Moscow Rostropovich Umculo Festival kwenzeka rhoqo ngonyaka.

ukuqaphela

Rostropovich waba lilungu le-French Academy of Arts, i Academy of Sciences and Arts, i Royal Academy of Music eNgilani, etc. zedyunivesithi ngaphezu kwama-50 imvumi waba unjingalwazi, kwaye yentlaninge ezixeko ehlabathini lonke - .. An ummi yekhethelo. France wawongwa iButho Woqubuda kuye, kunye Japan Association of Art yabhiyozelwa umbhexeshi oziyilele i-Imperial Prize. Abasemagunyeni baseBritani abenze knight yekhethelo Rostropovich.

Kwi-US, le mvumi lafumana Molteno lukaMongameli, eSweden - i-Order "Polar Star". Zonke izigwebo kitty karhulumente babevela kumazwe 29. Ngomhla olwandulela isikhumbuzo 80th ka Rostropovich wafumana ibhaso Russian "Kuba Iinkonzo iLizwe loobawo» I isidanga.