Le khemikhali formula yevodka

Yintoni Ifomula yevodka? Yintoni ngokwenene? Makhe siqale sihlolisise regia aqua. Le compound ulwelo Igcwele nitric kunye asidi zehydrochloric. HNO3 nitric kunye zehydrochloric HCl zithathwa ngokungqinelana 1: 3 yi umthamo. Apha ubunzima mzekeliso ngokwemiqathango kwento ehlambulukileyo 1: 2.

indaba

aqua regia Okokuqala wachaza NONE-gebhere. Yena waba esegumbini ayaziwa. azibhala lisanda eYurophu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Kudala phambi kokuba ekufumanekeni zehydrochloric acid in Latin isebenza formula yemichiza kwachazwa aqua regia. Le ulwelo elungiswe sublimation umxube ongumqwebedu ube ziindawo eziphuma alamu, nitrate, sulfate yobhedu ammonia ngesitya yeglasi waluqaba. Capacitance yafakwa nge ikepusi okanye cover yeglasi.

Albert Veliky kwiincwadi zakhe ebizwa aqua regia aqua eSecunda. Igama lithetha "ivodka eziziisekondari." Aqua achaza eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "ivodka ephambili" oko kuthetha nitric acid. Ngamanye abenzi bamachiza ivodka fomula kuthiwa aqua regia.

Bonaventure ngo-1270 ukuya bazise indlela yayo zokufumana ulwelo umqondiso; ke liquefies ammonia kwi "a ivodka esomeleleyo" (aqua fortis, nitric acid). Bonaventure wakwazi ukuseka ukuba nitric acid iyanyibilika isilivere, ukungena yona ngegolide. Wagqiba ukuba "aqua regia" bakwazi wavala "Ukumkani zesinyithi" - igolide. Kodwa kwabanye kwakukholelwa ukuba arhente ngeke phantsi ukutshintsha.

Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho regia igama aqua. Aqua regia steel zibonakaliswe uphawu alchemical owakhiwa ngayo "R" uphawu lwamanzi kunye neeleta.

Aqua regia and Alchemy

In Alchemy 1597 Andreas Libavius for uthixo lachazwa ekuqaleni lemveliso ngokuxuba aqua regia okroqiweyo asidi zehydrochloric kunye ne-nitric. Alkahest i sijike iphela. yayibonakala ukulungiswa kwayo isibonisa enye wemisebenzi ezibalulekileyo alchemy.

Aqua regia kulo mkhuba of alchemy zisetyenziswa ngokwaneleyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni kakhulu ulwazi reactions kwemichiza kunye nezinto. Ukongeza, imifuniselo ezifanayo negalelo ekumisweni kulingwa chemistry yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo.

Xa imisebenzi Lavoisier ivodka olungumgubo, "yasebukhosini" ekuthiwa nitromurievoy acid. Izazinzulu bacinga ukuba ime phandle zikarhulumente sukube kukho oxide of an element chloro Muria akayibizanga okanye zehydrochloric acid.

ERashiya, waba amagama amaninzi. Xa imisebenzi MV University of 1742 ukuba unalo igama "ivodka ukumkani." M. Parpua ngo-1796 wathi "aqua regia". VV Petrov ngo-1801 wawunika igama nitrate-zehydrochloric acid, kwaye GI Hess ngo-1831 walibiza azotnovodohlornoy acid. Common kunye namanye amagama yale ulwelo.

In Russian, igama elithi "ivodka" wabonakala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Kuyinto nesinciphiso igama elithi "amanzi" yaye wathabatha eli xabiso de kwinkulungwane yama-yeshumi elinesithoba. Ngaphezu koko, lo gama kufika "kusela", ekuqaleni ukuba lwesigodi. Kwaba kuphela ivodka kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini okuqala baba mimoya abangenagama.

izakhiwo

Aqua regia has a umbala omthubi--orenji kunye ivumba olomeleleyo -nitrogen dioxide kunye chlorine. Ingca walungisa ulwelo enemibala emihle, kodwa ngokukhawuleza uba eliorenji.

Yintoni ulungiselela aqua regia? Formula ngayo kakhulu umdla. Xa indlela HNO3 kunye HCI, umxube oluntsonkothileyo iimveliso umsebenzi omkhulu, phakathi kuzo abahlobo kunye radicals simahla. Olu lwelo yenye oxidizers zinamandla. Lo mxube sikulungele phambi ngqo ukuyisebenzisa, njengaxa nokuyigcina yaphula yaye ulahlekelwa iimpawu oxidative:

3HCl + HNO3 = 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O

NOCl = NO + Cl

2NO + O2 = 2No2

Ukusebenza aqua regia njengoko oxidant ukhathazeke kakhulu kunye nokunciphisa ithuba igcwala zesinyithi. Oku kungenxa ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo chloride. Complexation ngendlela oxidizing enamandla acid medium yenza kunokwenzeka ukuxozwa zesinyithi ezinjalo umsebenzi osezantsi ezifana platinum, igolide kunye palladium, nangona lobushushu igumbi.

isicelo

Le ulwelo elisetyenziswa reagent kwiilebhu imichiza. It zokubhala ezingcwalisile imizila into ephilayo. Aqua regia isetyenziswa akukulinga izinyithi highborn kunye aluminium zabo, xa Enye into esinceda sisulungeke ye platinum negolide ekulungiseleleni kloride zesinyithi njalo njalo.

vodka

ivodka ekuthiwa, utywala enemibala. Le lulwelo amanzi utywala kungekho livumba zibonakala kunye nemvakalo. amandla yevodka kunokuba ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo: ngokuvisisana nemilinganiselo Russian - 40-45% kunye 50-56% ngu volume, ngomhla yoMthetho i-EU - hayi ngaphantsi kwe-37,5%.

Ifomula ivodka Classical kuyinto umdla - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. Inkqubo yokuvelisa yokulungiselela ulwelo ubunjwe amanzi alungiswe kwaye wokuxuba mazilungiswe ethyl utywala enencindi izinto ekrwada ukutya, kunye namanzi lifinyele. Umxube wamanzi-utywala okanye starch modified adluliselwa kunye namalahle ziyasebenza. Emva kokuba ecociweyo, okwenza ugalelwe yi ukuhluza ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye uyasuswa kwi nokupakishwa yabathengi izithako. Hombisa imveliso ndigqibile, ngokulandelelana.

Akukho ngaphantsi umdla i formula eekhemikhali amandla ivodka 40,0 - 45,0%, livumba ekhethekileyo kunye nemvakalo. Le ulwelo kuthiwa ezizodwa. Her uvelise ngokufaka iintlobo bako, flavoring kunye nezongezelelo enuka kamnandi.

Xa kakhulu nokusetyenziswa rhoqo yevodka yi lotywala kunye likhoboka.

Mendeleev

yamabali amaninzi eRashiya malunga "krakra". Enye zeemposiso obalatha ngokunxulumene ukubonakala umsebenzi di yevodka Mendeleev. Wawusebenza njengesiseko yethisisi yakhe zobugqirha, yayibizwa ngokuba "Xa uxhulumaniso utywala ngamanzi."

Owu, le fomyula Mendeleev yevodka! Yintoni ngokwenene? Le Intsomi isixelela oku kulandelayo:

• Sinqanda thesis, kwafunyaniswa ngosoonzululwazi iimpawu angaqhelekanga engamanzi yamanzi-utywala. Lo mxube waba xi 43% ethanol ngokomthamo nangumnqakathi nefuthe esiphilayo.
• Ekubeni ingqalelo loo engamanzi yamanzi-utywala zifumaneka kuphela ngokuxuba iindawo ngokobunzima utywala kunye namanzi.
• Ngokusekelwe kwezi zibakala, Mendeleev wakwazi ukuvelisa ethile ebizwa ngokuba "eMoscow ekhethekileyo". Oku kuphela ngo-1894, yaye abenzi ngurhulumente Russian njenge ivodka kazwelonke Russian.

Kakade ke, di Mendeleev akazange inxaxheba ekudalweni okanye yotshintsho yevodka. Kuphela nje ezimbalwa yemisebenzi yakhe yasetyenziswa kamva ngenjongo eyimveliso ulwelo.