Primer: ngeentlobo zomhlaba. iimpawu imihlaba

Abaninzi owoyamaniswe ukuqonda indlela oko kwifomu apho ukuba thaca khona ngoku. Noko ke, izigidi uhlobo iminyaka abathatha inxaxheba nokubunjwa kwayo. Ekuqaleni, lo phezu kwaba eweni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, yena yathotyelwa kukhukuliseko, impembelelo imvula kunye neeminerali. Iintsalela zezityalo yokuqala elandelayo ukutyebisa umhlaba kunye wamatye. Ngenxa milo topsheet linyukile, ukuba ubume engcono kunye nesakhiwo. Ngokutsho yezizathu zejoloji, iimpawu mechanical nemichiza zahlukile kulo lonke komhlaba. Umhlaba - umhlaba, iyantlukwano yamatye, izakhiwo ezenziwe ngabantu. Konke oku ixesha elide iye zobunjineli oboktom kunye nemisebenzi yabantu.

ngezigaba

Kukho iindidi eziliqela ezisisiseko zomhlaba. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, ziquka:

• rock Monolithic and semi engqongqo kunye links zezakhiwo.
• Saa ngokwahlukeneyo-olungisiweyo ngaphandle noshowo onamandla wokujoyina. Uxokonyezelelwe - udongwe, hoywa - irhabaxa.

primer esebenzayo ekwakheni iziseko zezakhiwo, zobunjineli, kwakunye kwi ukutyabeka kweendlela, manzi kunye namadama. afaneleka kahle ukuba indalo lamajelo komhlaba imigudu, izitora kunye nabanye. isayensi Soil - intsimi inzululwazi zokufunda leyo nomhlaba.

Iintlobo Imihlaba kunye neempawu zazo

Ukuze kube nokwakhiwa isiseko njengemeleyo kufuneka ukuba uthathe ingqalelo umgangatho ebonakalayo komhlaba, apho emazantsi. Ulwazi olusisiseko luquka itafile zomhlaba. Phambi kokuqala umsebenzi ekufuneka Kwaqaliswa emhlabeni ukumelana calculation. Ekuvavanyeni ukufaneleka kwayo zobugcisa kufuneka ingqalelo imiba efana:

1. Le ukufana ye nokwakheka.
2. Ingqalelo kufuneka athathwe kwaye ngumlingani kunobunye iinginginya iindawo zomhlaba kunye.
3. Eli nani liphezulu ukufakwa kwamanzi, kwakunye unobumba ebusweni bakhe.
4. Isakhono zomhlaba ukugcina wendele ulwelo bona, nangona imigudu ukuba isuswe.
5. Erodibility namanzi ukunyibilika, compressibility, razryhlyaemost, ductility kunye neempawu ezifana.
6. Nokuhlangana, kunye imilo kunye isuntswana ubukhulu. Kulo mzekelo lithetha amandla ezintanjeni, leyo emhlabeni.

Iintlobo zomhlaba zahlulwe iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi, leyo awathethi isakhiwo, iimpawu zomzimba kunye neenkqubo zophuhliso. Kwakhona libhekisela kumaqela eliphakathi amatye ezinamatye eyaphukileyo. Ziqulethe amatye bangcoliswa onganxulumananga okanye idityaniswe. Le yokugqibela ngokuba conglomerates.

isakhiwo namanyala

Eli qela liqulethe iintlobo kumhlaba oyisanti, apho uDries singalahlekani umthamo wabo. Ngendlela esulungekileyo, ukuba iqhina phantse ayinamsebenzi phakathi kweengqakumbana. Kufakwe apha nodongwe. Kuyinto olukwazi ukwandisa umthamo wayo xa kumanzi naxa ngokuxhomekeke ukufuma kunokuba uxhulumaniso elungileyo. Sands akanayo plasticity. Emva ukusebenzisa amandla, ukuba zixinaniswe ngoko nangoko, kodwa musa abagcine imilo eletha. Kodwa udongwe ngokulula iSADC ukulungiswa. Yena uphantsi kweempembelelo kwemikhosi lwangaphandle kunokuba kancinane, kodwa zixinaniswe ngamandla.

isakhiwo rock

It aqinisa yaye welding phakathi eweni. Ngaphandle, ezi zakhiwo zimele uluhlu eqhubekayo okanye umaleko ambe. Okroqiweyo ngamanzi, abonisa ipesenti ephezulu amandla compressive. Ezi zithinteli kulula enyibilikayo emanzini kunye razmyagchimy. Bahlale kakuhle njengesiseko isiseko ngenxa iyahlala yayo, ukumelana ucinezelo kunye iqabaka. Inzuzo ukuqina kwezi ziseko yinto yokuba akukho ukuvulwa ezongezelelweyo nzulu kuzo.

Conglomerates kunye nesakhiwo neskalnye

Uninzi lwezi zinto crystalline neskreplonnye kunye namatye ludaka irhabaxa. Ezi zithinteli ziyakwazi ukumelana ukwakhiwa imigangatho eziliqela. On ezi zizathu kwenziwa tab estrip lesiseko, ubunzulu ubuncinane sisiqingatha semitha. Ngomhla kummandla Russian Federation i kakhulu kwiintlobo ze kwezigaqa ukuba abe ezininzi iipropati emzimbeni.

isakhiwo Okubi

Kufuneka ke ukuba umhlaba-kwentlabathi uthathwa ukuba isakhiwo eliqhelekileyo. Yintoni na le didi? Ukubunjwa umxube kwamaqondo eparticulate iquka eninzi zwi yeenkozo, kunye nezinye izinto abaye wabonakala ngenxa yemozulu yamatye amasuntswana ubungakanani encinane kakhulu. Ezi zithinteli ihlelwa subgroups eziliqela. Oku, ingakumbi, lwegrabile, eliphakathi kunye namatye amakhulu, enothuli. Zonke ezi zakhiwo lula phantsi kuphuhliso, ezi kakhulu vodopropuskaemostyu phantsi koxinzelelo ayavalwa kakuhle. Xa elungiselela isanti ngokulinganayo kwi lexinene umthamo unako ukubeka isiseko esihle kuphuhliso olungaphezulu. Ukusebenzisa obungu- iimpawu zayo ziya kwenzeka kwimeko apho umgangatho ongaphezulu komhlaba yingqele. Konke oku kuxhomekeke iimpawu mmandla, apho ukwakhiwa. Ucinezelo isanti yenzeka ngexesha elifutshane, yaye ngaloo ndlela kwenze isakhiwo eso ayifuni ixesha elininzi. ubungakanani bayo yamasuntswana na umlinganiselo ngqo ukukwazi ukumelana umthwalo. Ubukhulu bamagaqa zesanti uthuli yahluka ukusuka 0,005 ukuya 0.05 mm. Akuyi kuba isiseko esihle ukwakha ebheka kubi imithwalo eziphakamileyo. kumhlaba oyisanti iyakwazi ukuzika phantsi koxinzelelo. Kwakhona, phantse akazange ngumkhenkce kwaye kulula ukuba lidlule amanzi. Ukuba isiseko isekelwe unazo ezi mpawu, kufuneka ibekwe kubunzulu elingagqithanga-70 cm, kodwa akukho cm ngaphantsi kwamashumi amane.

Isakhiwo iplastiki. kwaza kwabekwa

iimpawu ezitywiniweyo kwawo imihlaba ukuvumela ukuba bazohlule babe ngamaqela eziliqela kuzo. Cinga ezona ziphambili. isakhiwo ezikhululekileyo, umxholo leyo 5-10% udongwe, ebizwa obambe. Abanye babo phezu ukuxutywa ngamanzi kuba flowable efanayo ulwelo. Ngenxa yoko, primer ukwabizwa ngokuba floaters. izakhiwo ezinjalo ezifanele neziseko kwisiseko. Womile kumafa yalo ukusuka-10 ukuya kuma-30% udongwe. Baya kuza ekukhanyeni, eliphakathi kunye enzima. Ezi zikhombisi zinika indawo eliphakathi enjalo phakathi zomhlaba oludongwe nesanti.

Natural izinto for isiseko

Ubunjalo bomzimba umhlaba zibaluleke kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. Ayizizo zonke engxondorheni uyakwazi ukwakha isakhiwo. Ngokwahlukileyo kubume granular, udongwe unalo compressibility eliphezulu. Kulo mzekelo, ewalayishayo inkqubo ukugangatheka kakhulu kade. Ngako oko, izakhiwo elitshisiweyo emhlabeni oza kuthatha ixesha elininzi. layers zomhlaba Ludityanisiwe - wengxondorha kunye isakhiwo granular - abanalo ukumelana yokunyibilika. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba abe viral evelisa amandla. Ukwakheka primer iquka amasuntswana ngomzuzu, ubungakanani ogama ayidluli 0.005 mm. Kule isakhiwo nayo uqulathe imali encinane amasuntswana evakalala. Udongwe kulula efanele ucinezelo kunye kweso. Kuqukaniswa kule minyaka, esi sakhiwo siza kuba sisiseko esihle kakhulu ekubekeni isiseko sendlu. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho iqela bucala, kuba kwimo yendalo nzima ukufumana kowomileyo udongwe.

isakhiwo uhlobo Small ikhuthaza ukuyilwa isiphumo capillary. Oku kukhokelela udongwe rhoqo olumanzi. Kodwa ke ukungabikho olu hlobo lwesakhiwo ayikho yayo isiqulatho sokufuma, kunye ukungafani kobuhlanga. Yena ayilwamkeli amanzi. Ngenxa yoku, eli ulwelo ezihanjiswe ezingcolisa ezahlukeneyo komhlaba. Kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, udongwe uqalisa ngumkhenkce kwisakhiwo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukudumba yayo. Oku kunegalelo ekunyuseni isiseko. Ukufuma ngodongwe yokungalingani. Kwelinye icala, oku kuthetha ukuba uza kuvuka kwindawo nganye ngokwahlukileyo. Konke oku kukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni sakhiwo. Kwezinye iindawo, unamandla abanye kancinane, kodwa kulo lonke komhlaba kwi kwisiseko kuchaphazela umhlaba. Iintlobo zomhlaba, kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu echaphazela iziseko ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

isakhiwo macroporous

Esi udidi eqhiwukileyo, ebe ukhandwa kwimihlaba ngodongwe. Igama macroporous bamkela enkosi izikhewu ezinkulu phakathi kweengqakumbana. Pores ibonakala kuye ngeliso lenyama. Xa ucinga ungabona ukuba axhome kakhulu asemzimbeni lomhlaba. Esi sakhiwo iquka izinto loess. ukwakhiwa kwawo ekhoyo ngaphezu kwama-50% of nothuli. Ezi zithinteli luninzi engasezantsi Russia kunye East Far. Phantsi impembelelo ukufuma loo uhlobo bathele yaye ulahlekelwa uzinzo. Ukuba isanda kwimihlaba onodongwe wabumba ngenxa imvula kwisakhiwo emanzini, apho yazinyaswa ziinkqubo ekuzakuqalwa, ibizwa ngokuba lendle. Igcwele kakhulu kwiindawo ashiye izantyalantyala yaye umgxobhozo kunye kwindawo nja-. Ukuba lesiseko nakhelwe phezu intsimi apho okuba kukho loess nemihlaba uneentlenga, kuyimfuneko ukuba lithathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuze kuqiniswe ulwakhiwo.

Ukubekwa efanayo kule ndawo

Ubume kwimihlaba Udongwe kumiselwa uphuhliso umhlakulo abangaboniyo. Umzekelo, isixhobo anamathele umxube zeplastiki. Ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokwakhe uya kukhokela nzima kwibala. Iintlobo zemihlaba azimisele iqengqwa kuwo intambo okanye ngokukhuhla izandla zakhe. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuvavanya plasticity zabo. Imihlaba yodongwe ukuzilawula kakuhle, awucaci kwaye azidumbanga ngexesha amazinyo. Ezi zithinteli ziphakathi kakhulu ngenkani ukungaphatheki kakuhle ukwenzela ukwakhiwa isiseko. Ngokusekelwe kwiindawo ezinjalo kufuneka zibandakanywe kwi kubunzulu ngokupheleleyo iqabaka umthondo. Uvavanyo komhlaba kwisiza ekwakhiweni lwenziwa yi ukunkcankcashela. Lungisa ukufunxeka amanzi avela kumphezulu. Ukuba ukufakwa kwenzeka kwisithuba semizuzwana, ubume ezinamatye okanye wesanti. Ngokukhawuleza kufuna amanzi kunye ezimanzi peaty uhlobo. Kodwa phezu komhlaba ulwelo zomhlaba oludongwe igcinwe.

Emva koko ubhale embalwa ethile umaleko owomileyo ezo esandleni sakho. Ukuba isakhiwo ahlulwa abe iinkozo okanye ukuvuza ngokusebenzisa iminwe yakhe, oko ngxondorha lengxondorha okanye uyisanti. Clay iSADC ngokulula ku ucinezelo kwaye wenza ifomu intlama iphela. Ndandivakalelwa kakhulu mtyibilizi. Ukuba umhlaba kubonakala ukuba isepha, silky hayi kangako zixinaniswe, ngoko mhlawumbi, ukuba intlenga okanye obambe. Peaty Isakhiwo efana isiponji.

Indlela ukumisela ubume yeli khaya?

icephe elipheleleyo umhlaba ibekwe iglasi yamanzi acocekileyo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba mix bakushiye. Emva kweeyure ezimbalwa ungabona iziphumo. Ukuba emazantsi ezike sekhombuya, yaye amanzi ngokwako uhlambulukile kakhulu, ngoko usongeza umhlaba osisivunda. Sand, amatye emazantsi kunye engamanzi ecacileyo - na esinye isakhiwo. Kungenzeka ukuba eweni. Ingakumbi, le isenokuba isanti okanye emhlabeni ezilulwalwa. amanzi nombala kunye kuwuma abalinganiswa ezimhlophe kwisakhiwo lekalika. Peaty umhlaba uya kwenza amanzi lisibekele. Phezu kwamanzi, ngelo xesha uya abhabhe iziqwenga angamarhoqorhoqo, ukukhanya kunye intlenga amancinane ivela emazantsi. Ukuba udongwe amanzi intlenga, kuba lisibekele. Ngaloo ndlela, a kwenze obhityileyo emazantsi.

level pH

Umhlaba zingahlukaniswa kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo asidi. Ngoko ke, malunga nesakhiwo pH kuba nguvumazonke asidi, cala okanye ialakalin kancinane. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela asidi yomhlaba ukusukela kuma-6.5 ukuya 7.0. Akunto inkulu izityalo igadi, kuquka imifuno, kuba negalelo ekukhuleni ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi nophuhliso. Acid primer uye indices ukusuka 4.0 ukuya 6.5, kodwa ukususela 7.0 ukuya 9.0 - oko isakhiwo obrak. Ukongeza kwezi, kukho iingongoma esibi isikali - ukusuka ku-1 ukuya kwi-14, kodwa, kuphantse ukuba ziphinde zenzeke kulo mkhuba of horticulture yaseYurophu. Ulwazi ezi data kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhetho oluchanekileyo izityalo phezu komhlaba. Le asidi umhlaba kungancitshiswa ngenxa ukuxubana nesakhiwo ikalika. Phakamisa pH uncedo izimiso organic. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokugqibela unalo iindleko kunokuba phezulu. Kulo mba, umhlaba obrak acidophiles iindawo zingalinywa kwizikhongozeli kunye izitya bazaliswe isakhiwo asidi.

Ukukhulisa izityalo

Xa ukhetha umhlaba ekutyaleni kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kwizinto ezifana:

• nobukhulu bayo. Kukho umhlaba ngenxa iintyatyambo, izithole, kwakunye egadini kunye ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kuyenzeka ukuba uthenge nja-. Konke luxhomekeke kwinjongo apho umhlaba kuyimfuneko, yintoni isivuno zenkcubeko okanye zokuhomba ziya ikhule kuyo.
• Species. Ukuba uza ukukhula abameli kuhlobo olufanayo, ngoko ukukhetha ilungileyo iya kuba indawo okhethekileyo. Kodwa ukuba nje ezimbalwa, uya kuthetha jikelele.
• Ukusetyenziswa umthamo.

Ukuba umxube komhlaba kwaba friable ngakumbi, esebenzisa vermiculite. Ukuze iingcambu musa kubola emanzini amileyo emazantsi umaleko lokutyala sesixokelelwano akumiselweyo. Kuba Cacti kunye nezinye izityalo, umhlaba axutywe isakhiwo granular. Ukuba ukufika lwenzeka kwiindawo ezingafanelekanga, ngoko ke kuya kunceda ekuphuculeni umgangatho Turf. Hydrogel kuphucula iinkqubo air ukufuma kunye negumbi. Ukunciphisa le pH usebenzisa namalahle. Idityaniswa emhlabeni iintyatyambo (umz orchid) kunye nezinye izityalo.

elimsulwa eziluncedo

Imifuno ubume bomhlaba, busetyenziswa kakhulu umhlaba. Ke umda izakhiwo kunye ezahlukeneyo ubumdaka "luncedo" kuba banzi kakhulu ngenxa ngokuqukwa ilitye, udongwe, kunye namanye amacandelo. Ithini ipesenti izithako eziyimfuneko yingenelo? Ngokuqhelekileyo, umhlaba ochumileyo yintlanganisela-50% umgquba,-30% umhlaba omnyama ne-20% isanti. Ngaloo ndlela, kuquka umxholo eliphezulu iikhompawundi organic zingangeni kwezimbiwa. Primer waterproofness eliphezulu otyebileyo wahlukile. Esi sakhiwo sinika ukutya epheleleyo izityalo, kungakhathaliseki nqanaba lokukhula kwabo.

On amashishini ukulima, iifama kunye iziza zabucala umhlaba ochumileyo isetyenziswa ngenkuthalo. Alwa kakuhle kunye neenjongo apho zibekwa inkqubo ukulinywa kwezityalo zenkcubeko. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba kuyanceda ukuphucula ubume bomhlaba, kwandisa imveliso. Ngaphezu koko, umxube onjalo akukho mfuneko ukusetyenziswa kwesichumiso olongezelelweyo.

Indlela ukuphucula ubume bomhlaba?

Kuba Kwimihlaba ezinamatye kwaye uyisanti abahluphekayo kusetyenziswa overrotten ubulongwe ugalelwe straw. Nika bakhethe equine ngcono iinkomo. Yena kunegalelo yokulibaziseka ohlukileyo ukufuma kunye nezimbiwa kwinkqubo plant ingcambu. Kodwa umgquba ayikwazi ukufakwa entsha. Ukulungiselela iinjongo ezifanayo ingasetyenziswa kwiyadi umgquba. Umxube bethunana ihashe umgquba, ikalika umgquba ekuthiwa mushroom umgquba. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza ukusabela awana kwimihlaba cala, umxube onjalo ugqibelele. Leaf kufuma izityalo ezifuna umhlaba acid, oko kukuthi, ngokuba acidophiles yamanzi-onothando. Kuyinto umoya-conditioner, mulches kwaye acidify emhlabeni. Ukuze ezi njongo, ungasebenzisa chips iinkuni kunye kwimbuphu yesarha. umhlaba nja- lisetyenziswa igcwala. Ibola ngokukhawuleza, kodwa iqulethe phantse akukho izondlo. Ebusika ungasebenzisa eliboya buqhamileyo, leyo osisityebi phosphorus. Kwakhona, bona ezidityaniswe kwimimandla apho ufuna ukuya utyala iitapile. Ukuphucula permeability kwamanzi kunye nesakhiwo imihlaba ngodongwe, ukusetyenziswa iinkuni sicanda. Ixolo Iyasetyenziswa kufuma, ngenxa imbonakalo kunye neempawu. Kunqweneleka ukuba usebenzise air conditioner ngexesha elifanayo okanye endaweni eziphilayo. Iziza somhlaba ukuba kuhlelwe kuphela ukuba ahlwayele, wemba phezulu kwaye oxutywe iinyanga eziliqela phambi kokutyala. Kuba isichumiso izityalo eseyityaliwe wabatyebisa umaleko umhlaba isitroyi ukusuka moya organic izinto kunye izichumisi ekuqaleni nasekugqibeleni ixesha.