Le eziphila ngayo amadlelo. Abathengi kunye amacandelo engcotyeni eziphila

Ecosystem - imbono ichaza indlela yonxulumano phakathi uluntu eziphilileyo, indawo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ( "oikos" (Gr) -. "Indawo yokuhlala" kwaye "inkqubo").

Ngoko, xa siqwalasela ulwalamano phakathi kwezityalo, izilwanyana, amakhalane, iintsholongwane awayengabemi isithuba emadlelweni, sithi ukuba konke oku - yendalo ze basike.

yendalo: systematization kumaqela

Zingakotshwa hlulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ground - kumathafa, hlathi, amahlathi wofika, amathafa engca, entlango.

2. yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo - imilambo, amachibi, amadama, imigxobhozo, amanzi afumileyo.

3. Marine - Ocean kwithala, upwelling (iindawo kunye ukubonakala ulwandlekazi anzongonzongo), ichweba (emlonyeni imilambo angena iilwandle kunye neelwandle), izixhobo.

Eziphilayo ingaba ubukhulu ilandelayo:

• micro - abambalwa kakhulu (umz, kumgxobhozo hummock);

• eziphakathi - medium size (oku kungenzeka, umzekelo, engcotyeni, okanye ichibi);

• macro - enkulu kakhulu (ocean okanye amazwekazi);

• Global - iplanethi.

amacandelo isambuku eziphilayo nezinto zendalo

Nayiphi ecosystem siqulathe uluhlu amacandelo zasemanzini: izinto eziphilayo abahlala kuyo, kwaye abiotic (non-eliphilileyo) - ngezimbiwa, umhlaba eziphilayo, initrogen, ikharbon, amanzi.

izinto zendalo igalelo ngqo ekuphuhlisweni koluntu yezinto eziphilayo, isithuba eliqingqiweyo nkqubo. Le radiation, ukufuma, ipatheni ubushushu xi lomoya elanga.

Kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya indlela yokungenelela kwabantu kubomi boluntu - kuba izinto ezenziwe ukuba awukwazi ukutshintsha kuphela ecosystem, kodwa ukuze ayonakalise.

Amadlelo aluhlaza: systematization

Emnandi ngokuba ndawo imiqathango, yimimango ngengca. Ngo-Russia, i Amadlelo ngokwesithethe yahlulwe zamani (zendalo zendalo) kunye ngumntu. (Ethathwe ujikelezo, ingakumbi kwizinto ezisongela elithile).

amadlelo Native baye basebenzisa ngokwesithethe ukuba haying kunye amadlelo iinkomo. Bathi zinika isivuno esihle womfuno kunye engcotyeni ecosystem ngokwayo ixhasa imfuno izidalwa ubudlelwane eziphilayo elide-ubomi. Intlekele imimandla ingqalelo ukuba ukhukuliseko lomhlaba, sene mahlathi (kufutshane ehlathini) kwaye andise ukhula. obuya Native ingaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi.

esinendawo Artificial kwiindawo zicingeleka livela amasimi izityalo okanye wabonakala emva kwamahlathi. Bona yodaka zengca ingaphelelwayo, leyo ukunika isivuno liphezulu. Basoko belwakhele umkhanya imeko zomhlaba, okwenza izimbiwa kunye organic nezichumiso kuyimfuneko. Esinendawo eziphilayo kule meko yahluke ngokupheleleyo ukusuka zendalo, wadala kwaye zigcinwe ngokuzenzela kuphela.

Kuba amadlelo zisetyenziswa omabini amadlelo yendalo neyenziweyo. Ilungelo uthathwa ucazululo webhsayithi kwicandelo ukusetyenziswa enye, oko ivumela inshorensi ingca wayibuyisela.

components zasemanzini amadlelo eziphilayo

Emnandi fanele uluntu medium size zezidalwa eziphilayo ukuze, ngoko ubunjwe zonke izinto obekwayo nayiphi na kuzo.

Abemi zibizwa ngokuba engca eziphila amacandelo zasemanzini. Ngokutsho ulwahlulohlulo eyamkelweyo, ukuba abavelisi, abathengi kunye eziphilayo.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Abavelisi - zizityalo aguqula amandla elanga iphotosynthesis isomer glucose C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (isiseko nayiphi na into ephilayo).

2. Consuments - abathengi emnandi ecosystem, lusidla izityalo, izinambuzane okanye ezinye izilwanyana.

3. Ezibolileyo - izinto eziphilayo awadli mba efile organic.

abavelisi amadlelo aluhlaza

The main imifuno engcotyeni - ingca. Bakholelwa ukuba square metre omnye khona ecaleni malunga nezityalo ezingamakhulu.

zengca emnandi Engundoqo - okuziinkozo (malunga amane iintlobo). It uTimoti, fescue ebomvu kunye engcotyeni, rye ingca, libhoma ingca, bluegrass , engcotyeni foxtail, engcotyeni brome, emhlophe onke. Benza i ubunzima oluhlaza, kunika Turf elungileyo, ukukhula ngokucothayo entwasahlobo, ekwindla kwakhona ukukhula (banikwa bangemva). Ezi imifuno - le kwenqanaba esezantsi basike.

Le elandelayo emnandi ixhaphakileyo - legumes (zenye elinesihlanu ukuya kumashumi amabini): i-, iertyisi, isikhundla. Bona sicebise umhlaba kunye nitrogen. Eli ezintlu yesibini.

Iindidi zengca zizityalo entsapho Umbelliferae, Labiatae, buttercup, clove - ethe wesithathu.

Ingca - ikhonkco yokuqala ebalulekileyo kwikhonkco lokutya, uluntu umhlaba. Akukho ngaphandle kunye engca eziphilayo. Izilwanyana (izilwanyana ezitya utyani), izinambuzane, iintaka ezitya amagqabi kunye nembewu. Grass zasendle kakhulu emadlelweni, basenokuba ngabaxhamli beenkonzo ezininzi ephila kule sayithi.

consuments

amadlelo Abaxumi eziphilayo zahlulwe zibe zii-odolo ezintathu:

1. Ukuze labathengi (abasebenzisi) i-odolo zokuqala abameli zezilo ondle ngqo abavelisi (abenzi), okt izityalo. Oku izinambuzane (amabhabhathane, iinyosi, iinkumba), ezincancisayo herbivorous (iimpuku, iinkomo, amahashe, iigusha, iibhokhwe, imivundla), emadlelweni iintaka (izagwityi, intaka, nesakhwatsha).

2. Umyalelo wesibini ukuphatha consuments ezitya inyama, ezitya utyani besidla. It iimpungutye, neencanda, intaka insectivorous (wagtail, corncrake, snipe, Tit, mane) kunye izigcawu.

3. Xa umyalelo yesithathu labathengi ezitya inyama, esidla ezitya inyama. Oku iintaka (kestrel, harrier, nesihuluhulu, noontloyiya) kunye nezilwanyana (umz, iimpungutye).

Abagungxuli amadlelo eziphilayo

Nayiphi ikhonkco lokutya kufuneka ivalwe, oko kubangelwa kwimijikelo yokuzala. Ngoko ke, kufuneka kubekho eziphilayo ikwazi thob zonke iintsalela organic. еструкторами. Zibizwa zizibolisi, okanye d estruktorami. Besenza umsebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu - oko ke uhlobo uthi, yavala kumjikelo biogeochemical.

Ziphi na iifosili? Lo komhlaba efile komhlaba (iingcambu) izityalo, yasekwindla bawile, ufile (okanye nasiphi na isifo, okanye wafa, nokuba sele igqibe inkqubo bobukho), iintaka kunye nezilwanyana, neentaka, iimveliso inkunkuma, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Konke oku mba eziphilayo-eneji sisityebi, ibizwa ngokuba detritus.

Le eziphila obukhula yenza kube lula khona izilwanyana zilandelayo awadli detritus (detritophages):

• iintaka - iinkozi, oontloyiya, Ingekalili, jackdaws;

• izinambuzane - iimbovane, kwindawo zizinambuzane, ukuphuhlisa komhlaba, kwathunyelwa, centipedes ngeembadada ezimbini;

• yimisundululu.

Zonke abameli zingentla izilwanyana emadlelweni e ngokuqhelekileyo ngabathengi, babe niche eyahlukileyo kuluhlu kwabathengi. Ezidla iintsalela abafileyo baze ngokwenjenjalo nyulu bume, ukuba ashiye ngasemva iintsalela eqinileyo undigested (ilindle).

esinendawo zizibolisi

Emadlelweni zengca, ezo abalimi, lokukhula kwabo uthabathe zomhlaba onyibilikisiweyo kuyo izimbiwa.

Kumhlaba (kubandakanywa engcotyeni) izinto yezimbiwa ngenisa umhlaba ngeendlela ezimbini - zasemanzini kunye abiotic.

1. Endalweni fungi kuphela kunye ezincane zomhlaba akwazi ukuguqula khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo zibe ezingaphiliyo elula organic. Zezona zizibolisi ezingundoqo eziphila ezisentlabathini. Le ndlela zasemanzini.

2. ukuphazamiseka Mechanical (ngumkhenkce-nobudlelwane), iikhemikhali kunye abasabela nomsi zisenzeka kwindalo, iguqulelwa oganikhi khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ezifumanekayo zizibolisi elula eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Le ndlela abiotic ukuba.