Kwamagciwane - yintoni na le nto? ngezigaba eziphilayo

Iintsholongwane - ophilayo incinane, eziphilayo ubukhulu becala single-ezineseli anokubonwa kuphela ngemicroscope ichanekile kakhulu. ubukhulu wabo incinane kangangokuba ulinganiswa microns (1 micron = 1/1000 mm), okanye neenanometer (1nm = 1/1000 mm).

Yintoni ofunda eziphilayo

Microbiology wabiza isayensi uphonononga umda eziphilayo: isakhiwo, umsebenzi, imeko yobomi, uphuhliso kunye ezintsha.

Umntu wokuqala lowo unako ukubona nokuchaza iintsholongwane, waye umDatshi A. Leeuwenhoek. Ukutshona kwelanga eli ngenkulungwane ye-17, anambeka owayibumbayo lens ikhulisa umfanekiso amaxesha ngaphezulu kwama-200. It ebona koko wabona ukuba kwiintsholongwane - lilizwe kunye iimpawu zayo yobukho. Athotywa wabeka isiseko nenzululwazi entsha - eziphilayo. iintsholongwane yimizobo kunye kuchazwe Leeuwenhoek wafunyanwa. Iifoto kunye nemifanekiso kunye nomfanekiso wabo baloo maxesha - ukwanda ukufota ngemicroscope.

uhlobo amagciwane

iyantlukwano abaninzi kweentlobo ngeentsholongwane ephawulekayo. Kwamagciwane - i mfutshane igama amakhulu iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ahluke ngembonakalo, isakhiwo, iimeko zobomi, ubuchule ukuzala. Ukwahlula iintsholongwane non-zeselula, multicellular kunye kwiseli enye. Iifoto kunye ngeso wabo inceda ngokulula zinxulumene ngamnye uhlobo oluthile. Ulwahlulo amagciwane :

• iintsholongwane;
• virus;
• phages;
• awafanele;
• microalgae;
• lenyama;
• nagwele.

bacteria

yonke ingxenye Microbiology - ngeebhakther - ivula ihlabathi elikhulu iintsholongwane - eziphilayo prokaryotic. Ukusuka eukaryotic (multicellular, lenyama, ulele, umngundo) luphawulwa ngokungabikho yiklorofili, ekhutshwe ngumongo ngezinto yemfuza kunye organelles. Ubungakanani amagciwane akwenzeki njalo, ingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle (ukusuka microns 0.1 ukuya 28). Ulwahlulo uthandwayo iintsholongwane - kubume morphological.

cocci

Wabiza iibhaktheriya cocci ungqukuva, nto leyo ukuthatha ungqukuva, iimbotyi, okweqanda okanye lanceolate.

1. Micrococci zingabekwa omnye mnye, ngababini okanye ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngabo babizwa saprophytes, ezihlala emanzini kunye nomoya.
2. Diplokokki zizalana ngokwahlula kwi indiza ezizibeni zozibini. Ezi ziquka meningococcus (meningitis media) kunye gonococci.
3. Streptococci ngokufanayo mbaxa-moya efanayo, kodwa lonke chain. Eyaziwa izifo ukuba iintlobo akhule yabantu isasazeka angina kunye erysipelas eliphezulu.
4. Tetrakokki ezicwangciswe iziqwenga ezimbini moya ezimbini nkqo. abantu ezingenelelayo inqabile kakhulu.
5. amabhali nelesardiyo ezi uphawu iiseli ukuya ku-8, 16 okanye ngaphezulu moya ezintathu macala nkqo. Phantse zonke abameli babo bahlala kuphela emoyeni.
6. Staphylococci kungabelwana ngexesha elinye iinqwelomoya ezininzi zilungiswe ngokungenamkhethe ngokuphathelele omnye komnye imbonakalo zifana ngamalunda yeediliya.

intonga-okwe

amagciwane zezindlu kakhulu eqhelekileyo kwezinye iintlobo ezininzi. Zahlula-hlulwe iintsholongwane engenanto ukukwazi sporulate (isifo somqala omhlophe, segazi, isifo sephepha, partifoznaya, Escherichia coli) kunye eletha ekwaziyo imbewu ukuvelisa (anthrax, hay, uminxano, anaerobic). Classification ngu indlela hlula:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly ayashiyana lungiselelo moya mnye iiseli ezimbini kuphela (inyumoniya).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly xa ngokucandeka ziyathandwa moya eyodwa apho ukwakha chain (anthrax).
• Isambuku iintsholongwane zezindlu zicwangciswe manqapha kwi lomuntu oyedwa.

crimped

iintsholongwane Crimped lungaluhlobo ibe likhefana, oko cholerae (umzekelo, ikholera). Spirilla abe ezimbalwa curls, spirochete - a yeentsasa ezingcakacileyo, ephothiweyo (negcushuwa).

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zonke iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya ke polymorphic, banalo ikhono elikhethekileyo ukutshintsha imilo layo phantsi kwempembelelo ezahlukeneyo izinto. Bume lwangaphandle, ubushushu, iasidi, njalo njalo ke obu buchule sisiseko lezifundo kwilebhu ezininzi eziphilayo, ezijolise kuphuhliso amayeza ukuba kuya kunceda kwixesha elizayo ukujongana iintsholongwane izifo zabantu.

virus

Virus - umphakathi obanzi amagciwane olwahlukileyo abanye nokungabikho yesakhiwo yeselula ngokwayo. Ukususela imilinganiselo emincinane obungako ngaphezu iintsholongwane, ukususela-5 ukuya 150 NM. Ukuze ubone kubo, kuyimfuneko ukuba imlungisele kwemikroskopu kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokuchanileyo. abameli ezininzi amagciwane wentsholongwane egazini kwenziwa kuphela protein nucleic acid (RNA, DNA).

Ezinye kwiintsholongwane zingabameli causative i kwezifo ezinzima yabantu (umkhuhlane, hepatitis, imasisi). Ngaphezu koko, kukho iintlobo yayintsholongwane eyosulela kakhulu izilwanyana (isibetho, unyawo kunye nezifo umlomo).

Mycophagous - iintsholongwane, nezinye izinto. Bacteriophages - virus, iintsholongwane, zifumaneka phantse naphi apho kukho ubuncinane ezithile ebomini. Ezinye phages babe nako luncedo kakhulu - ukutshabalalisa iseli ngeentsholongwane, ngoko ngokufuthi ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso ethile medicament lokhuseleko kunye nonyango losulelo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

RICKETTS - uhlobo olulodwa amagciwane kunganxulunyaniswa zombini iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane. Le intonga akasakwazi Izimfimfithi intracellular akakwazi zokubumba imbewu okanye njengezingxobo.

awafanele

Le Cya izityalo oswele yiklorofili ezizodwa kunye nesakhono nokulungelelanisa izinto zemvelo. ubomi babo Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka umcimbi eziphilayo nikulungele, ngoko phantse bonke kukhula ngokususela substrates lemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Kukho abathile yayintsholongwane eyosulela abantu, izilwanyana kunye neentlobo nezityalo zomngundo.

Iintsholongwane ayiyo kwahluka yibhaktheriya kuba iiseli zabo ziyafana kakhulu ukuba ndityale babe ngumongo kunye vacuoles. Bona thaca ngokohlobo hyphae - zixhobo elide ukuba lwamasebe kwaye edibene namanye.

Ayiyo ukwanda ngeendlela ezininzi: kwiyantlukawano kwezityalo, maqanda kunye ngokwesondo - ukuyilwa sikuyo. imingxunya abamelana kakhulu, aphile ixesha elide kwindawo ezahlukeneyo uzulazule ngexesha elifanayo imigama enkulu logama nje musa awele eliphakathi apho kamsinya similise hyphae.

Sikuyo zifumaneka thina badla kakhulu, ukuba kube lula ukubonakala ngeliso lenyama kwi mveliso sizibeke-ukutya. Zibonakala efana nelitye obufana umbala olungalinganiyo. Kukho ezinye iintlobo ze fungi ukuba musa nje ezonakalisa iimveliso bevelisa liseyityhefu abantu kunye nezilwanyana mitoksin ezifana Aspergillus okanye Fusarium.

Noko ke, fungi ayisoloko eziyingozi, iimpawu zazo ezininzi iluncedo ziye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo labavelisi amayeza. Le penicillin kakhulu ngempumelelo ethandwa zintsholongwane yaveliswa fungi lweentlobo IPenicillium.

Actinomycetes - umbono ezizodwa ezincinane, nto leyo eye isakhiwo neempawu iintsholongwane nomngundo indlela ukuzala efanayo.

okuze

Oku kwiseli kwamagciwane akasakwazi ubukhulu microns-10 ukuya kwi-15, nto leyo inokuba setyhula, okweqanda, zezindlu kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kunye nemilo Crescent. fungi igwele ayafana kubume ukuba singaqulatha vacuole kunye isiqalo. iindlela ezinokwenzeka yokuzala - hlula, lolu okanye imbambano. Baza kucinga ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni, ukutya, izityalo. Igwele Ukutya kumphezulu kukhokelela yokubola zabo Ukuba muncu. ibile utywala siguqule iswekile ibe utywala, inkqubo wabeka isiseko ushishino kotywala kunye iwayini ekhaya.

Kukho izifo kwiindidi umzimba womntu. Umzekelo, uhlobo eliqhelekileyo of Candida igwele ikhuthaza izifo krakra - candidiasis.

iintsholongwane yinzuzo emzimbeni womntu

Umzimba womntu nelinabemi zizigidi iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ibe yingozi kwaye siyingenelo. Kukho iintsholongwane ukuba ekusebenzeni eqhelekileyo yomzimba wethu. Ubunzima elipheleleyo bacterium yabantu abadala babe phezulu njengoko 4 kg, kunye ¾ kubo kuhlala nakwa KwaZulu yethu. Abanye bayaphumelela kule enzala kwinkqubo, isikhumba kunye mucosal imiphezulu. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, umzimba umntwana nelinabemi amagciwane sele kwinkqubo lokuzalwa kwakhe, kwaye kwiminyaka 10 microflora wamathumbu sele ukusekwa ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye amagciwane iyingozi kakhulu ukuba abantwana, ngoko ke kunyaka wokuqala wobomi lococeko omzimba womntwana kufuneka silumke kakhulu.

Ziziphi kwamagciwane abahlala ethunjini:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• streptococci;
• enterobacteria;
• awafanele;
• lenyama;
• virus.

Ukusetyenziswa bacterium ukuba abantu

1. Nge enterobacteria ephilayo iivithamini accustom B, C, kunye K, niacin kunye folic acid.
2. Unsplit ukunceda ukwetyisa ukutya.
3. Igcinina ukutya ionic kunye namanzi-ngetyuwa.
4. Zinqanda ukukhula ezincinane izifo.
5. Nceda ukugcina nezifo.
6. Ukuphuhlisa izixhobo lymphoid.
7. Kunciphisa ubuntununtunu kodonga wamathumbu kwiimveliso umhlaza.
8. Yandisa ukumelana neentsholongwane.
9. Ukuthatha inxaxheba balance bubushushu.

Bifidobacteria kunye lactobacilli nokuhlala ngaphezu kwesiqingatha microflora isisu, badlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi onempilo:

1. Lactic acid kunye acetate enziwa inxaxheba kwezi Cya bayakwazi ukwenza enjalo ethunjini, apho iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo awukwazi kuphila.
2. Bifidobacteria - antihistamine yendalo ofihla ziyabagulisa emzimbeni.
3. Baya kuba nesiphumo antioxidant yaye ubunzima kunye nokukhula iiseli ithumba.
4. Bifidobacteria othatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso iivithamini B
5. Bifidobacteria kunye noncedo lactobacilli ukwandisa ipesenti nokwenziwa lomfo zesinyithi, calcium kunye novithamini D.

Ixabiso ukuze iintsholongwane zendalo

Iintsholongwane equlathe enzyme ammonifying izame igalelo kwinkqubo kuwohloka iintsalela abantu, izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nenkunkuma ukutya. Ngexesha protein yokubola kwi atmosfera iigesi eyabelwe kubaluleke kakhulu: ammonia ne-nitrogen, ezo zibalulekile abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo.

Urobakterii nako ukubola urea wavelisa imihla ngumntu ngamnye kunye nokutya kweekati. Kwaye oku, ngokuzenzekelayo, ayikho ngaphantsi kwe million 55 iitoni ngonyaka ngamnye.

Iintsholongwane ekwaziyo nitrification, ammonia into oxidized. Cya Denitrifying igalelo ukukhutshwa ukusuka kumhlaba ioksijini eziphilayo.

Carbon - enye khompawundi ibalulekileyo cellular zehlabathi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Fiber, ezitya izilwanyana ezininzi, iqulethe eninzi carbon. Eziswini zazo usebenzisa iintsholongwane neselulosi enegwele kwaye ushiya umgquba emva kwindalo. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba ufumana wamatye, uthe wakhawula kakhulu ngakumbi, yaye umoya ugcwele carbon dioxide.

Ngenxa yoko, iintsholongwane kunye iintsholongwane - oku kuyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu lonke ihlabathi ophilayo. Ezininzi iintsholongwane luncedo rhoqo uhamba umntu ubomi nokukhusela umzimba wethu kubantu bangaphandle okungafunekiyo. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba ukuphazamisa emv-ethe phakathi kuyingenelo kunye amagciwane izifo.