Kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa i oyile isebenza? Yimalini ioli anele? kwiinkampani ze-oyile

Xa aphume yeoli? Kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, ihlabathi sele walumkisa ukuba igcina lifike esiphelweni. Namhlanje oyile ngaphezu kuyimfuneko. Yintoni ulondla ukukhula zegolide omnyama?

idilesi Carter kaThixo nesinye

Ngokuhlwa, April 18, 1977, US uMongameli Dzhimmi Karter wamema neentatheli kumabonwakude kwi -Ofisi Khan weNdlu White kwaye ishwangusha bavakalisa ebantwini American ukuba ngoku ufuna ukuthetha kwisifundo engasi unengxaki nanto kwimbali United States. Wathetha lexikulu post-imfazwe ukhuseleko lwesizwe ingozi.

umngeni zibonwe, apho kuxoxwa khona amandla. Okanye mandithi ukungabikho kwayo. Ngokutsho uMongameli yama-39 eUnited States, umbhodamo oyile kuye kwabangela imfuneko lizinzise imfuno amandla ngenxa ukwehla ngokukhawuleza resources. Olusele oovimba hydrocarbon akhawunti ama-75% ye mithombo yelizwe amandla. UMongameli wabizwa ixesha xa ioli ubaleka - oko kuza kwenzeka kwiminyaka 6-7 ezayo.

Speech Carter kukwamkelwa ngaphandle ngomdla. AmaMelika akazange aqonde umyalezo YeApocalypse, yaye ngaphantsi - phuma umbono wayo kulo meko kunye mfuneko yayisetyenziselwa inkxaso ezihlangeneyo yokuziphatha. Kodwa akakho umntu ngokoqobo izibakala anikiweyo.

Kodwa, umongameli US wenza impazamo. Idatha kwi noninzi lwezinto petroleum kunye negesi yendalo kwaba engalunganga. Energy abazange hayi kuphela ekupheleni, baba, ukuba ongenasiphelo, iyinto enkulu. Akukho namnye wayesazi ngoko, kodwa namhlanje abaninzi banolwazi oku.

Yimalini ioli anele?

Ngaphandle iidipozithi hydrocarbon enzima e North America, eRashiya, Saudi Arabia kunye namanye amazwe ezivelisa kuMbindi Mpuma, kukho iidipozithi kakhulu bayimarike ekungekafikelelwa kuyo eMzantsi Merika, Afrika kunye Arctic: hayi ezigidi amabhakethi kunye zezigidi. Ngenxa yoko, emangalisiwe koko kuza kwenzeka xa ioli ade ekuqaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ngokutsho ingxelo evela kwiYunivesithi Harvard, ihlabathi ihamba ukuya hydrocarbon kwaneliswe.

iphepha-75 ingcali zokufunda kunye nomphathi ophezulu owayesakuba uLeonardo Modzheri Eni, leyo lacazulula uphuhliso kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamabala yeoli ehlabathini jikelele, ukuqikelela ulwando-20 ekhulwini kwimveliso yehlabathi 2020.

Ngokukodwa, ekubalaseliswe kule ngxelo:

• iidipozithi ezinzulu Brazilian Santos Basin, apho kukholeleka ukuba iqulathe ubuncinane 150 billion emilambo yeoli ;
• iidipozithi Venezuela "enzima" ioli Orinoco tar kwesanti, kuqikelelwa kwi-1.2 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi nemigqomo;
• ngwane oyile Canada kaThixo;
• Kwanza isitya e Angola,
• kwakunye iidipozithi ye Bakken amaThathu neefolokhwe e North Dakota kunye Montana eUnited States, apho, ngokutsho Modzheri ingaba yinto abalingana nePersian Gulf.

Kwaye isizathu sokuba le boom? I-revolution kwezobuchwepheshe esiguqula iindlela okufumana ukuvelisa ioli.

"Namhlanje, ishishini uyakwazi ukubona into azabonakala ngaphambili, aze afumane into ngaphambili akwazi ukufumana - uthi uGerald Shotman, igosa eliyintloko technology yenkampani Shell, ngokusekelwe kwi The Hague. - Kodwa ke ikwazi ukufumana ngaphandle kwezo zolondolozo, a nenengqondo ngakumbi indlela kujamelana nazo ".

namafutha shale

Enye impumelelo enkulu kunye neendlela zokuvelisa oyile, leyo alawule iindaba kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kokubini ngendlela eyakhayo ngendlela engalunganga, kukho netheknoloji hydraulic, okanye freking. Okubalulekileyo, le ndlela yokukhulula hydrocarbon abhijelwe-shale, esebenzisa impompo enamandla kakhulu amanzi, ndinyanzelwe ukuba kwiitoni 14 / macala onke. m. iHydraulic fracturing sasetyenziswa yokuqala Kansas kwi novalo zenkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa kuphela kule minyaka yakutsha nje ngenxa yintlaninge kwixabiso ioli bewe le nkqubo ukuze ubuchwepheshe iye akhule aphuhle kwezoqoqosho. Izimbiwa, ngaphambili ingqalelo unrecoverable, ngoku ngaphakathi ethu.

Ndawo ezi mpumelelo nje ukuxhatshazwa kunye ihlombe ngakumbi kwi-US. Iminyaka emithandathu, inani imiphanda eziveliswa ukusuka Bakken ukwakheka, shale, emi ngummandla malunga 518 macala onke. M. km, ukususela Montana ukuya North Dakota landa ngokuphindwe 100 --6 lamawaka 600 lamawaka ngosuku - .. wenze North Dakota yesibini ngobukhulu oyile umlimi eUnited States emva eTexas. Inani labantu zesixeko Williston State uye kathathu kule minyaka ili-10. Apha baphumela beelori kunye nabasebenzi zamabala evela kwilizwe onesifo ukudodobala liphela. E North Dakota, vula amashishini amatsha kunye namasebe ezintsha ezibhedlele, kulandele izibonelelo, bayagcuma phantsi ubunzima yokufika kwabantu. amaqela kokusingqongileyo ubambe iphulo vociferous nxamnye frekinga, esithi ubuchwepheshe engcolisa imithombo yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ebangela inyikima zasekuhlaleni yonakalise okusingqongileyo eninzi inkunkuma.

Abaxhasi frekinga bathi ezi obungozi kuqingqwa kakhulu. Kwaye nangona sebekhomba loo iinzuzo ezinkulu indlela yotshintsho olululo. Ukukhula North Dakota kunye inguqu ngokukhawuleza eUnited States ukusuka ongenisa impahla net ukuya kumazwe angaphandle amandla net kunciphise ukuxhomekeka eli lizwe kwizibonelelo eneji yakuMbindi Mpuma. Enterprises yamafutha loshishino of China, Russia, Argentina, bachukunyiswa iziphumo eUnited States ngokwabo aqalile amkele le iteknoloji. Le nkampani Linc wezaMandla izicwangciso nemigodi 233 ezigidi emilambo yeoli ukusuka shale kwi ase Australian.

miso zetar

Kodwa kuthekani ukuba ntoni xa Uphelelwe shale yeoli? Freking - oku nje yenye le mpumelelo ezininzi ezintle emva boom entsha. Ukunceda ukuvelisa nzima-to-oyile iteknoloji ufumene indlela ukuba iphuma ngomxube wesanti nodongwe eyaziwa ngokuba tar okanye oli-lokuzala isandstone ke, iidiphozithi likhulu apho zifumaneka eKhanada.

Kanye shale, imveliso, ezizizembiwa waba sisivuno ngaphambili, kodwa iinkqubo ezintsha, eziquka umphunga kufudumeze isanti, wenza iteknoloji nomtsalane ngakumbi. Canada okwangoku ivelisa imiphanda yezigidi 1.9 ngemini yamafutha efunyenwe ngale ndlela, nangona, njengoko indlela freking iye yabangela uqhankqalazo enkulu. Albert Gor, umlweli kokusingqongileyo, yachaza kwesanti tar "umthombo dirtiest zepetroli lulwelo ukuba bacinge, wabiza iplani yokwakha umbhobho enkulu entsha evela emasimini ngeoli Alberta ukuya izicokisi« Texas Gulf "" crazy. "

ukubhola oxwesileyo

Le boom oyile iphenjelelwa entsha iindlela zokomba, yechaneke ngaphezulu. Le ukusungula indlela oxwesileyo kuthetha ukuba indawo kumphezulu yi kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka target. Iinkampani drill phantsi, uze kwicala ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo. Ende ise kulwandle evulekileyo kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-500 ukusuka elunxwemeni, iliwa inokuwisa phantsi km 7 kunye km 7, nishiye kanye indawo oyifunayo. Ngamafutshane, oku kuthetha ukuba cishe kungenakwenzeka ukuba sizakugrumba umngxuma elomileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2011 impumelelo kunokwembiwa iye yakwazi ngempumelelo 99% yamatyala.

Iingxaki ultradeep imithombo

Iinkampani Oil yamba kakhulu ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Isixhobo "Hawk" kwisiqithi Sakhalin kufuphi kunxweme olusempuma iRashiya iye zimisele iirekhodi kushishino abaninzi, kuquka kunokwembiwa amaqula kunye zokutenxa ubunzulu ephumayo-12 345 m, amakhulu ubukhulu Mount Everest.

Okwangoku, wew elula kuthintela kugrunjwa kubunzulu omkhulu kakhulu. Njengoko sekuchaziwe Lens Kuk, iintloko igosa yokusebenza Shell eTshayina, kakuhle kufuneka kuqiniswe ngensimbi, ngoko ke akukho kutshatyalaliswa, kodwa ekuphela kwendlela ukuthoba istili - ukwenza yona sangqa sombhobho ngalinye elandelwa ngaphantsi kancinane kunalowo yangaphambili.

Le nto eyenza ubunzulu. "Ukuba ke ngoku inkampani efuna sizakugrumba-ikhilomitha mathathu kakuhle, ngoko, masithi, ngowokuqala istili kufuneka libelikulu isakhiwo apho ndiya kuhlala," - utsho Cook.

Inkqubela Noko ke, kukho isantya akhe phambili, yaye yintoni kubonakala ukuba hlamarisaka namhlanje, ngomso uya kuba mdala lixesha. Iminyaka 10 edlulileyo inkampani Shell livelise technology monobore ukuba kuyihlisa istili ngaphakathi omnye komnye, uze wandise ukuba alingane. Ngethiyori, oku kuya kwenza kube lula kunokwembiwa amaqula enzulu, nangona iinjineli kusekho Kufuneka sijonge phandle ukuba bangakunqanda njani ukunyibilika kombhobho kubunzulu ezinjalo. Ngelo xesha xa ioli iqhuba amasimi ezikhoyo, kwaye ingxaki uya kuconjululwa.

Khangela hydrocarbon: izitya wenyikima

Njengoko nomba apho ikuyo loo iidiphozithi ioli, ukufuna iimpendulo kwenzeka rhoqo. Izazi, ubuncinane, kungazi mntu apho akuyomfuneko ufune. Hydrocarbon akhiwa ngezityalo ezincinane ibolile, ulele neentsholongwane ezikhoyo kwinqanaba kweshelfu lizwekazi, kodwa hamba ngayo, ngoko ke ioli kugrunjwa phakathi kolwandle bekuya kuba nantsingiselo.

Futshane emhlabeni, ke, t. N. imikhumbi wenyikima 10 ukutsala iintambo-20, ngasinye km-15 ubude, isithuba ive elitsolo ekujongeni ubukho oyile negesi iidipozithi. "Kwangaxeshanye, baye bafune, ukuba izinto inkulu-ezenziwe emhlabeni," - uthi uRobin Uoker, vice mongameli lwezentengiso kwi WesternGeco, elingumnini iinkundla ezinjalo. Kwaye enkulu ngokwenene. Eyona inkulu kubo, Ramform Sterling, asisiso WesternGeco, PGS kunye kubaphangi kwaye kwibhodi iitoni 400 of high-ngqo izixhobo zombane ezibekwe indawo zebhola 830.

sisitya nganye seismic ukujikelezisa la ive emanzini kunye nomoya zixinaniswe usebenzisa umpu umoya. Amaza omsindo ke kubonakala ukusuka kwimigibe ndiyihlanganise scythe zenyikima exhotyiswe imibhobho kwamanzi. Ukufunda le datha, komhlaba kwenza iidiphozithi ikhadi amisiweyo, leyo ezaliswe - ioli, igesi, okanye amanzi nje.

Ngeminyaka, izitya wenyikima baguquka izikhephe zokuloba, kodwa iteknoloji onamacala amabini kuphela. Namhlanje ke zakhiwa ngokukodwa ukuba malini $ 200 ezigidi kwaye isebenzisa nokuthelekelela-ntathu, nto leyo eye ngcono kakhulu ukulunga kwabo. Le ndlela ayikho akunampazamo. Ngamanye amaxesha ezihamba simane bedidekile. "Le ipleyiti inkulu ehlabathini ungumcu - Walker uthi. - Kuthatha iiveki ezimbalwa ukuxazulula kubo. Sekunjalo, izinga entsonkothileyo entsonkothe ngayo. "

iindleko space

"Kwenzeka ntoni kukho elingana elwandle yenkqubo isithuba, - Wathi uRobert Bryus, umbhali waseMerika nentatheli ngokukodwa kwimiba eneji. - Kwaye konke oku inkxaso evela kwimithombo yabucala ".

Ezi zixa-mali abandakanyeka apha, ngubani into entloko. Xa iyonke, inkampani babandakanyeka ukuhlola kunye nemveliso ngonyaka omnye kuphela bachitha ngaphezulu kwe $ 1 billion. inkampani Oli Shell, umzekelo, ahlawule million 63 neekhilogram amalungelo ukuba ukuhlola ummandla we-13 amawaka macala onke. M. km kunxweme olusempuma Canada. Bekungayi kuba aza ngaphandle data omkhulu ubukho hydrocarbon, kodwa isindululo kakhulu awayeza kweli nqaku leendaba bezishumayela deal kwaba ngeendlela ezininzi oku kulandelayo: «Shell wathi uhlala ukuba uzimisele, aligcine iindawo ezintsha oyile okanye igesi yendalo. " Akunamsebenzi nokuba kangakanani Shell ihlawulwe, ukuba ngendingakuxelelanga na xa bendisazi ukuba?

pool Santos

Ukhuphiswano phakathi Abathengisi, abasebenzi, searchers kunye abalamleli onzima kakhulu. Wonke umntu ufuna ukufumana isabelo sabo, yaye iinkokeli kufuneka uthenge ilungelo ngokukhawuleza.

Enye okanye umhlobo wakhe zinamandla kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo Brazil. Ngaphambili Santos isitya, ummandla ulwandle ngo-320 km-kumzantsi mpuma Sao Paulo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba baphande ubukho leoli ngenxa ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze ityuwa, kuba ayiqondakali lokudlulisa lokungcangcazela. Kodwa ke uphuhliso ngezakhi ngequbuliso wenza ummandla ngenjongo bemibutho amandla ekhobokisayo, yaye ngowe-1999 inkampani oyile Petrobras wafumana apha endle equlathe malunga 700 million nemigqomo.

pool Kwanza

Impumelelo e Brazil zabangela komhlaba ukukhangela ngaphesheya Atlantic ukuya Angola pre-ityuwa Ukwakheka. Ukwazi ukuba kunxweme Brazil, iminyaka eli-100 yezigidi eyadlulayo, adjoined ukuya kunxweme olusentshona Afrika, babekholelwa ukuba ukuze ezi zolondolozo apho. NgoFebruwari 2012, le ngcamango eye yaqinisekiswa ukufunyanwa yesibambiso kwi Kwanza sokuhlambela, ogama amandla ifikelela malunga 1.5 billion nemigqomo. Ukususela ngoko, iinkampani ioli abaninzi, kuquka BP kunye Total, balinqabisa amalungelo okuhlola e Angola.

bidders eziphumeleleyo abayityhilela ubungakanani iibhonasi utyikityo ebizwa ngokuba yiyo, kodwa kukhuselekile ukucingela ukuba omkhulu. Ngo-2006, isigebenga Chinese Sinopec umise irekhodi ihlabathi ngokubhatala kwindawo ulwandle ka-1.1 billion zeerandi. Oko kuya kwenza ukuba imali iza ukuze abantu Angola - ingongoma moot. Imbali oyile wokuhlola e-Afrika akonwabanga kakhulu. Eli lizwe ithatha phandle othobekileyo 168th kumazwe 182 kwi uRhwaphilizo Transparency International.

Bekuya kuba siyazikhohlisa ukukholelwa ukuba genie kwanto ndayibuyisela kwakuwo ebhotileni. Robert Brays Uthi, ihlabathi isebenza ioli, ixesha. Ayikho enye into ayikwazi ukukhuphisana nalo, xa kufikwa mninzi amandla, bhetyebhetye, lula yokujongwa lula yokuhamba. Ukuba ayisekho ioli, bekuya kufuneka ukuba zizakhele.